[{"id":"akhsar-al-mukhtasarat","title":"Akhṣar al-Mukhtaṣarāt","titleAr":"أَخْصَرُ المُخْتَصَرَاتِ","subtitle":"Ibn Balbān’s shortest of the short handbooks of Ḥanbalī law","author":"Ibn Balbān al-Dimashqī","authorAr":"محمد بن بدر الدين بن بلبان الدمشقي الحنبلي","description":"A very short handbook of Ḥanbalī law by the Damascene jurist Ibn Balbān (d. 1083/1672), abridged from his own Kāfī al-Mubtadī so that beginners could memorise it. In terse lists of conditions, pillars and rulings it covers the whole of the law: purification, prayer, funerals, alms, fasting and pilgrimage; jihad; sales and the other dealings; bequests, inheritance and the freeing of slaves; marriage, divorce and their consequences; crimes and penalties, food, oaths and vows; and judgeship, testimony and acknowledgement. It is one of the first texts of the Ḥanbalī school, and has been taught with the commentaries of ʿUthmān ibn Jāmiʿ and others.","source":"Arabic text from the edition of ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAdnān al-ʿĪdān and Anas ibn ʿĀdil al-Yatāmā, collated from four manuscripts in the author’s own hand (Kuwait: Dār Rakāʾiz; Riyadh: Dār al-Ṣumayʿī, 2017); each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"al-ʿĪdān and al-Yatāmā’s edition (Dār Rakāʾiz, 1st ed., 1438/2017)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-hanbali","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/akhsar-al-mukhtasarat.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"tahara-1","name":"The Author’s Introduction and the Book of Purification (Part 1)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ وَكِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-2","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"salat-3","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٣)","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"janaiz","name":"The Book of Funerals","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجَنَائِزِ","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"zakat","name":"The Book of Alms","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"siyam","name":"The Book of Fasting","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصِّيَامِ","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-1","name":"The Book of the Ḥajj and the ʿUmra (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-2","name":"The Book of the Ḥajj and the ʿUmra (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"jihad","name":"The Book of Jihad","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِهَادِ","order":11,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-1","name":"The Book of Sale and the Other Dealings (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ وَسَائِرِ المُعَامَلَاتِ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-2","name":"The Book of Sale and the Other Dealings (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ وَسَائِرِ المُعَامَلَاتِ (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-3","name":"The Book of Sale and the Other Dealings (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ وَسَائِرِ المُعَامَلَاتِ (٣)","order":14,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-4","name":"The Book of Sale and the Other Dealings (Part 4)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ وَسَائِرِ المُعَامَلَاتِ (٤)","order":15,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-5","name":"The Book of Sale and the Other Dealings (Part 5)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ وَسَائِرِ المُعَامَلَاتِ (٥)","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"wasaya","name":"The Book of Bequests","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الوَصَايَا","order":17,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"faraid","name":"The Book of Inheritance","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ","order":18,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"itq","name":"The Book of Freeing Slaves","nameAr":"كِتَابُ العِتْقِ","order":19,"paraCount":3,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-1","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-2","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"talaq-1","name":"The Book of Divorce (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّلَاقِ (١)","order":22,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"talaq-2","name":"The Book of Divorce (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّلَاقِ (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"jinayat","name":"The Book of Crimes against the Person","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِنَايَاتِ","order":24,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"hudud-1","name":"The Book of Prescribed Punishments (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحُدُودِ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"hudud-2","name":"The Book of Prescribed Punishments (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحُدُودِ (٢)","order":26,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qada","name":"The Book of Judgeship","nameAr":"كِتَابُ القَضَاءِ","order":27,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"shahadat","name":"The Book of Testimony","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الشَّهَادَاتِ","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"iqrar","name":"The Book of Acknowledgement","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الإِقْرَارِ","order":29,"paraCount":5,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-arbain-al-nawawiyya","title":"al-Arbaʿūn al-Nawawiyya","titleAr":"الأَرْبَعُونَ النَّوَوِيَّةُ","subtitle":"al-Nawawī’s forty-two hadiths on the foundations of the religion","author":"al-Nawawī","authorAr":"يحيى بن شرف النووي","description":"The most widely memorised hadith collection in the Muslim world: forty-two short hadiths chosen by Imam al-Nawawī (d. 676/1277), each of which scholars have described as one of the great foundations of the religion. They cover intention, Islam, faith and excellence, the lawful and the unlawful, sincere counsel, good character, trust in God, charity, the Sunna, brotherhood and God’s forgiveness. Al-Nawawī gives each hadith without its chain, naming only the Companion and the collections that record it.","source":"The hadiths from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s manuscript-based edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 1 (6th ed., 2018); the author’s introduction, which that edition leaves out, from the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Beirut, 2009).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 1 (6th ed., 1439/2018); the introduction, the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Beirut, 1430/2009)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"hadith","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-arbain-al-nawawiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-01-04","name":"Hadiths 1–4: Intention, Islam and Destiny","nameAr":"الأَحَادِيثُ مِنَ الأَوَّلِ إِلَى الرَّابِعِ","order":2,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-05-11","name":"Hadiths 5–11: Innovation, the Doubtful and Sincere Counsel","nameAr":"الأَحَادِيثُ مِنَ الخَامِسِ إِلَى الحَادِيَ عَشَرَ","order":3,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-12-19","name":"Hadiths 12–19: Character and Trust in God","nameAr":"الأَحَادِيثُ مِنَ الثَّانِيَ عَشَرَ إِلَى التَّاسِعَ عَشَرَ","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-20-24","name":"Hadiths 20–24: Modesty, Uprightness and God’s Justice","nameAr":"الأَحَادِيثُ مِنَ العِشْرِينَ إِلَى الرَّابِعِ وَالعِشْرِينَ","order":5,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-25-29","name":"Hadiths 25–29: Charity, Righteousness and the Sunna","nameAr":"الأَحَادِيثُ مِنَ الخَامِسِ وَالعِشْرِينَ إِلَى التَّاسِعِ وَالعِشْرِينَ","order":6,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-30-36","name":"Hadiths 30–36: Limits, Rights and Brotherhood","nameAr":"الأَحَادِيثُ مِنَ الثَّلَاثِينَ إِلَى السَّادِسِ وَالثَّلَاثِينَ","order":7,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-37-42","name":"Hadiths 37–42: God’s Generosity and Forgiveness","nameAr":"الأَحَادِيثُ مِنَ السَّابِعِ وَالثَّلَاثِينَ إِلَى الثَّانِي وَالأَرْبَعِينَ","order":8,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-bina","title":"al-Bināʾ fī al-Ṣarf","titleAr":"البِنَاءُ فِي الصَّرْفِ","subtitle":"The thirty-five verb patterns: a first primer of morphology","author":"Anonymous","authorAr":"مجهول","description":"A short anonymous primer on the verb, also called Bināʾ al-Afʿāl or Matn al-Bināʾ, long taught as the first or second book of morphology in Ottoman and Indian madrasas, alongside al-Amthila, al-Maqṣūd, al-ʿIzzī and Marāḥ al-Arwāḥ. It sets out the thirty-five patterns [abwāb] of the verb, each with its model verb, its sign, its usual meaning and an example, and closes with the eight divisions and the seven classes of the verb by the soundness or weakness of its letters. Its author is unknown.","source":"Arabic text from Ṣuhayb Mullā Muḥammad Nūrī ʿAlī’s edition in Majmūʿat al-ṣarf wa-shurūḥihā wa-ḥawāshīhā (Dār Nūr al-Ṣabāḥ, 2016), checked against the matn as quoted in al-Kafawī’s commentary in the same volume.","edition":"Ṣuhayb Mullā Muḥammad Nūrī ʿAlī’s edition in Majmūʿat al-ṣarf (Dār Nūr al-Ṣabāḥ, 2016)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"sarf","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-bina.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"thulathi","name":"The Triliteral Verb: Bare and Augmented","nameAr":"الثُّلَاثِيُّ المُجَرَّدُ وَالمَزِيدُ فِيهِ","order":1,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"rubai","name":"The Quadriliteral Verb and the Verbs Made Like It","nameAr":"الرُّبَاعِيُّ وَالمُلْحَقُ بِهِ","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam","name":"The Divisions and Classes of the Verb","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ الفِعْلِ","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-durra-al-mudiyya","title":"al-Durra al-Muḍiyya","titleAr":"الدُّرَّةُ المُضِيَّةُ فِي القِرَاءَاتِ الثَّلَاثِ","subtitle":"Ibn al-Jazarī’s poem on the three readings that complete the ten","author":"Ibn al-Jazarī","authorAr":"محمد بن محمد بن محمد ابن الجزري","description":"A 241-line poem in the ṭawīl metre, rhyming in lām like the Shāṭibiyya, by Shams al-Dīn Ibn al-Jazarī (751–833 AH), the master of the Qurʾānic readings. It sets out the readings of Abū Jaʿfar, Yaʿqūb and Khalaf, with their transmitters, wherever they differ from the Shāṭibiyya’s readers whom they follow (Nāfiʿ, Abū ʿAmr and Ḥamza), so that together the two poems give the ten readings. Using a code of letters for the readers, it covers the principles of recitation and then the individual words sūra by sūra. Composed in 823 AH, it is memorised by students of the ten readings after the Shāṭibiyya.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad Tamīm al-Zuʿbī’s edition, edited and vowelled by him (Dār al-Hudā, 2nd ed., 1421/2000), via turath.io (book 7749).","edition":"al-Zuʿbī’s edition (Dār al-Hudā, 2nd ed., 1421/2000)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"tajwid","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-durra-al-mudiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-muqaddima-wal-usul","name":"The Introduction and the Principles","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ وَالأُصُولُ","order":1,"paraCount":37,"published":true},{"id":"al-baqara-ila-al-maida","name":"The Individual Words: From Sūrat al-Baqara to Sūrat al-Māʾida","nameAr":"فَرْشُ الحُرُوفِ: مِنْ سُورَةِ البَقَرَةِ إِلَى سُورَةِ المَائِدَةِ","order":2,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-anam-ila-al-kahf","name":"The Individual Words: From Sūrat al-Anʿām to Sūrat al-Kahf","nameAr":"فَرْشُ الحُرُوفِ: مِنْ سُورَةِ الأَنْعَامِ إِلَى سُورَةِ الكَهْفِ","order":3,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"maryam-ila-al-saffat","name":"The Individual Words: From Sūrat Maryam to Sūrat al-Ṣāffāt","nameAr":"فَرْشُ الحُرُوفِ: مِنْ سُورَةِ مَرْيَمَ إِلَى سُورَةِ الصَّافَّاتِ","order":4,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"sad-ila-akhir-al-quran","name":"The Individual Words: From Sūrat Ṣād to the End of the Qurʾān, and the Conclusion","nameAr":"فَرْشُ الحُرُوفِ: مِنْ سُورَةِ ص إِلَى آخِرِ القُرْآنِ، وَالخَاتِمَةُ","order":5,"paraCount":23,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-fawz-al-kabir","title":"al-Fawz al-Kabīr","titleAr":"الفَوْزُ الكَبِيرُ فِي أُصُولِ التَّفْسِيرِ","subtitle":"Shāh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī’s principles of Qurʾānic interpretation, in the early Arabic translation","author":"Shāh Walī Allāh al-Dihlawī","authorAr":"شاه ولي الله الدهلوي","description":"A short handbook on the principles of tafsīr by the Indian scholar Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi (d. 1176/1762), written in Persian. It sets out the five sciences the Qurʾān teaches (rulings, debate with the four misguided groups, God’s blessings, God’s dealings with past nations, and death and what follows), the causes that make parts of the Qurʾān hard for later readers (unusual words, abrogation, occasions of revelation, ellipsis and other features of its style), the Qurʾān’s own manner of arranging its sūras and verses, and the methods of the different kinds of commentators. The Arabic text here is the early anonymous translation printed in Cairo in 1346/1928.","source":"Arabic text: the early anonymous Arabic translation of Shāh Walī Allāh’s Persian al-Fawz al-Kabīr, printed as the introduction to Muḥammad Munīr al-Dimashqī’s Irshād al-rāghibīn fī al-kashf ʿan āy al-Qurʾān al-mubīn (Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibāʿa al-Munīriyya, 1346/1928), transcribed from the scan on archive.org.","edition":"the Arabic translation printed in Irshād al-rāghibīn (Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibāʿa al-Munīriyya, 1346/1928)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"usul-tafsir","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-fawz-al-kabir.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ","order":0,"paraCount":3,"published":true},{"id":"al-ulum-al-khamsa","name":"The Five Sciences and the Qurʾān’s Manner of Teaching Them","nameAr":"العُلُومُ الخَمْسَةُ وَأُسْلُوبُ بَيَانِهَا","order":1,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-mushrikun","name":"Debate with the Four Groups: the Idolaters’ Religion and Their Errors","nameAr":"المُخَاصَمَةُ مَعَ الفِرَقِ الأَرْبَعِ: دِينُ المُشْرِكِينَ وَضَلَالَاتُهُمْ","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"jawab-al-mushrikin","name":"How the Qurʾān Answers the Idolaters","nameAr":"جَوَابُ المُشْرِكِينَ","order":3,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-yahud-1","name":"The Jews (Part 1): Alteration of the Torah","nameAr":"اليَهُودُ (١): تَحْرِيفُ التَّوْرَاةِ","order":4,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-yahud-2","name":"The Jews (Part 2): Concealment, Fabrication and Rejecting the Prophet","nameAr":"اليَهُودُ (٢): الكِتْمَانُ وَالِافْتِرَاءُ وَاسْتِبْعَادُ الرِّسَالَةِ","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-nasara","name":"The Christians","nameAr":"النَّصَارَى","order":6,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-munafiqun","name":"The Hypocrites","nameAr":"المُنَافِقُونَ","order":7,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"baqiyyat-al-ulum-1","name":"The Rest of the Five Sciences (Part 1): God’s Attributes, Blessings and Days","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي بَقِيَّةِ مَبَاحِثِ العُلُومِ الخَمْسَةِ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"baqiyyat-al-ulum-2","name":"The Rest of the Five Sciences (Part 2): the Stories, Death and the Hereafter","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي بَقِيَّةِ مَبَاحِثِ العُلُومِ الخَمْسَةِ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"baqiyyat-al-ulum-3","name":"The Rest of the Five Sciences (Part 3): Rulings, and Verses Tied to Events","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي بَقِيَّةِ مَبَاحِثِ العُلُومِ الخَمْسَةِ (٣)","order":10,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"wujuh-al-khafa","name":"The Causes of Obscurity, and Unusual Words","nameAr":"وُجُوهُ الخَفَاءِ، وَشَرْحُ غَرِيبِ القُرْآنِ","order":11,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-naskh-1","name":"Abrogation (Part 1): the Two Meanings of Naskh, and Sūrat al-Baqara","nameAr":"النَّاسِخُ وَالمَنْسُوخُ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-naskh-2","name":"Abrogation (Part 2): From Āl ʿImrān to al-Muzzammil","nameAr":"النَّاسِخُ وَالمَنْسُوخُ (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-nuzul-1","name":"Occasions of Revelation (Part 1)","nameAr":"أَسْبَابُ النُّزُولِ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-nuzul-2","name":"Occasions of Revelation (Part 2): Tawjīh","nameAr":"أَسْبَابُ النُّزُولِ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"baqiyyat-al-mabahith-1","name":"The Rest of the Chapter’s Topics (Part 1): Ellipsis","nameAr":"بَقِيَّةُ مَبَاحِثِ البَابِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"baqiyyat-al-mabahith-2","name":"The Rest of the Chapter’s Topics (Part 2): Substitution","nameAr":"بَقِيَّةُ مَبَاحِثِ البَابِ (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"baqiyyat-al-mabahith-3","name":"The Rest of the Chapter’s Topics (Part 3): Word Order, Additions and Scattered Reference","nameAr":"بَقِيَّةُ مَبَاحِثِ البَابِ (٣)","order":18,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-muhkam-wa-al-mutashabih","name":"The Clear and the Ambiguous, Metonymy, Allusion and Figurative Attribution","nameAr":"المُحْكَمُ وَالمُتَشَابِهُ وَالكِنَايَةُ وَالتَّعْرِيضُ وَالمَجَازُ العَقْلِيُّ","order":19,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tartib-al-suwar","name":"The Arrangement of the Sūras","nameAr":"تَرْتِيبُ السُّوَرِ","order":20,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-ayat-1","name":"Verses and Their Endings (Part 1): Metre and Rhyme","nameAr":"تَقْسِيمُ السُّوَرِ إِلَى الآيَاتِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-ayat-2","name":"Verses and Their Endings (Part 2): Breath and Verse Endings","nameAr":"تَقْسِيمُ السُّوَرِ إِلَى الآيَاتِ (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid","name":"Benefits: Repetition, Order and Metre","nameAr":"فَوَائِدُ","order":23,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ijaz-al-quran","name":"The Inimitability of the Qurʾān","nameAr":"إِعْجَازُ القُرْآنِ","order":24,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"funun-al-tafsir","name":"The Kinds of Commentators","nameAr":"فُنُونُ التَّفْسِيرِ","order":25,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-athar-al-marwiyya-1","name":"The Reports in the Hadith Scholars’ Tafsīr (Part 1): Occasions and Stories","nameAr":"الآثَارُ المَرْوِيَّةُ فِي الكُتُبِ التَّفْسِيرِيَّةِ (١)","order":26,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-athar-al-marwiyya-2","name":"The Reports in the Hadith Scholars’ Tafsīr (Part 2): Unusual Words and Abrogation","nameAr":"الآثَارُ المَرْوِيَّةُ فِي الكُتُبِ التَّفْسِيرِيَّةِ (٢)","order":27,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"lataif-al-bab","name":"The Remaining Fine Points of Tafsīr","nameAr":"فِيمَا بَقِيَ مِنْ لَطَائِفِ هَذَا البَابِ","order":28,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"gharaib-al-quran","name":"The Remarkable Passages of the Qurʾān, and the God-Given Sciences","nameAr":"غَرَائِبُ القُرْآنِ وَالعُلُومُ الوَهْبِيَّةُ","order":29,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-ibana","title":"al-Ibāna ʿan Uṣūl al-Diyāna","titleAr":"الإِبَانَةُ عَنْ أُصُولِ الدِّيَانَةِ","subtitle":"Elucidating the Foundations of the Religion","author":"Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī","authorAr":"أبو الحسن الأشعري","description":"Al-Ashʿarī’s statement and defence of the creed of the people of the sunna against the Muʿtazila and other sects. After a short creed, he argues from the Qurʾān, the hadith and reason for the vision of God in the hereafter, the uncreated Qurʾān, God’s establishment on the Throne, His face, eyes and hands, His knowledge and power, His will, the decree and human acts, intercession, the Pool, the punishment of the grave and the imamate of Abū Bakr.","source":"Arabic text from the edition of Fawqiyya Ḥusayn Maḥmūd (Cairo: Dār al-Anṣār, 1397/1977), based on four manuscripts with an Alexandria manuscript as its main copy, via turath.io (book 8178). Doubtful readings were checked against Ṣāliḥ al-ʿUṣaymī’s edition from six manuscripts (Riyadh: Dār al-Faḍīla, 2011; turath 911) and, for the opening chapters, Ibn ʿAsākir’s quotation in Tabyīn kadhib al-muftarī (turath 6549); each chapter’s notes list the corrections and the passages found only in Fawqiyya’s main manuscript.","edition":"Fawqiyya Ḥusayn Maḥmūd’s edition (Cairo: Dār al-Anṣār, 1397/1977)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-ibana.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مقدمة المصنف","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-zaygh","name":"The Doctrine of the People of Deviation and Innovation","nameAr":"فصل في قول أهل الزيغ والبدع","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-haqq-1","name":"The Doctrine of the People of Truth and the Sunna (Part 1)","nameAr":"فصل في إبانة قول أهل الحق والسنة (١)","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-haqq-2","name":"The Doctrine of the People of Truth and the Sunna (Part 2)","nameAr":"فصل في إبانة قول أهل الحق والسنة (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ruya-1","name":"The Vision of God with the Eyes in the Hereafter (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب الأول: الكلام في إثبات رؤية الله بالأبصار في الآخرة (١)","order":5,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"ruya-2","name":"The Vision of God with the Eyes in the Hereafter (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب الأول: الكلام في إثبات رؤية الله بالأبصار في الآخرة (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ruya-3","name":"The Vision of God with the Eyes in the Hereafter (Part 3)","nameAr":"الباب الأول: الكلام في إثبات رؤية الله بالأبصار في الآخرة (٣)","order":7,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"quran-1","name":"The Qurʾān Is God’s Uncreated Speech (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب الثاني: الكلام في أن القرآن كلام الله تعالى غير مخلوق (١)","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"quran-2","name":"The Qurʾān Is God’s Uncreated Speech (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب الثاني: الكلام في أن القرآن كلام الله تعالى غير مخلوق (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"quran-3","name":"The Qurʾān Is God’s Uncreated Speech (Part 3)","nameAr":"الباب الثاني: الكلام في أن القرآن كلام الله تعالى غير مخلوق (٣)","order":10,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"quran-4","name":"The Qurʾān Is God’s Uncreated Speech (Part 4)","nameAr":"الباب الثاني: الكلام في أن القرآن كلام الله تعالى غير مخلوق (٤)","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"riwaya-1","name":"The Reports on the Qurʾān (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب الثالث: في ذكر الرواية في القرآن (١)","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"riwaya-2","name":"The Reports on the Qurʾān (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب الثالث: في ذكر الرواية في القرآن (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tawaqquf","name":"Those Who Suspend Judgement on the Qurʾān","nameAr":"الباب الرابع: الكلام على من توقف في القرآن","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"istiwa-1","name":"God’s Establishment on the Throne (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب الخامس: ذكر الاستواء على العرش (١)","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"istiwa-2","name":"God’s Establishment on the Throne (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب الخامس: ذكر الاستواء على العرش (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"wajh-yadan-1","name":"God’s Face, Eyes, Sight and Hands (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب السادس: الكلام في الوجه والعينين والبصر واليدين (١)","order":17,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"wajh-yadan-2","name":"God’s Face, Eyes, Sight and Hands (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب السادس: الكلام في الوجه والعينين والبصر واليدين (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-qudra-1","name":"Against the Jahmī Denial of God’s Knowledge, Power and Attributes (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب السابع: الرد على الجهمية في نفيهم علم الله وقدرته وجميع صفاته (١)","order":19,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-qudra-2","name":"Against the Jahmī Denial of God’s Knowledge, Power and Attributes (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب السابع: الرد على الجهمية في نفيهم علم الله وقدرته وجميع صفاته (٢)","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"irada-1","name":"God’s Will, against the Muʿtazila (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب الثامن: الكلام في الإرادة والرد على المعتزلة في ذلك (١)","order":21,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"irada-2","name":"God’s Will, against the Muʿtazila (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب الثامن: الكلام في الإرادة والرد على المعتزلة في ذلك (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"irada-3","name":"God’s Will, against the Muʿtazila (Part 3)","nameAr":"الباب الثامن: الكلام في الإرادة والرد على المعتزلة في ذلك (٣)","order":23,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qadar-1","name":"The Decree of Human Acts and the Capacity to Act (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب التاسع: الكلام في تقدير أعمال العباد والاستطاعة والتعديل والتجوير (١)","order":24,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qadar-2","name":"The Decree of Human Acts and the Capacity to Act (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب التاسع: الكلام في تقدير أعمال العباد والاستطاعة والتعديل والتجوير (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qadar-3","name":"The Decree of Human Acts and the Capacity to Act (Part 3)","nameAr":"الباب التاسع: الكلام في تقدير أعمال العباد والاستطاعة والتعديل والتجوير (٣)","order":26,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"qadar-4","name":"The Decree of Human Acts and the Capacity to Act (Part 4)","nameAr":"الباب التاسع: الكلام في تقدير أعمال العباد والاستطاعة والتعديل والتجوير (٤)","order":27,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qadar-5","name":"The Decree of Human Acts and the Capacity to Act (Part 5)","nameAr":"الباب التاسع: الكلام في تقدير أعمال العباد والاستطاعة والتعديل والتجوير (٥)","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qadar-6","name":"The Decree of Human Acts and the Capacity to Act (Part 6)","nameAr":"الباب التاسع: الكلام في تقدير أعمال العباد والاستطاعة والتعديل والتجوير (٦)","order":29,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"riwayat-qadar-1","name":"The Reports on the Decree (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب العاشر: ذكر الروايات في القدر (١)","order":30,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"riwayat-qadar-2","name":"The Reports on the Decree (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب العاشر: ذكر الروايات في القدر (٢)","order":31,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"shafaa-hawd-qabr","name":"Intercession, the Pool and the Punishment of the Grave","nameAr":"الأبواب الحادي عشر إلى الثالث عشر: الشفاعة، والحوض، وعذاب القبر","order":32,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"imamat-abi-bakr","name":"The Imamate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq","nameAr":"الباب الرابع عشر: الكلام في إمامة أبي بكر الصديق ﵁","order":33,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-jawhar-al-maknun","title":"al-Jawhar al-Maknūn","titleAr":"الجَوْهَرُ المَكْنُونُ فِي صَدَفِ الثَّلَاثَةِ الفُنُونِ","subtitle":"The Hidden Pearl in the Shell of the Three Arts: rhetoric in verse, by al-Akhḍarī","author":"ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī","authorAr":"عبد الرحمن بن محمد الصغير الأخضري","description":"A 291-line poem in rajaz metre on the three sciences of Arabic rhetoric, by the Algerian Mālikī scholar ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575, or by some accounts 953/1546), completed in Dhū al-Ḥijja 950/1544. Drawn from al-Qazwīnī’s Talkhīṣ al-Miftāḥ, it sets out eloquence, then the science of meanings (predication, the subject and predicate, restriction, non-declarative speech, disjunction and conjunction, concision and prolixity), the science of clear expression (simile, figurative speech, metaphor and metonymy) and the science of embellishment, with many examples drawn from the Sufi path. Al-Akhḍarī wrote a commentary on it himself, and al-Damanhūrī’s Ḥilyat al-lubb al-maṣūn is the best-known of the later ones.","source":"Arabic text from the matn printed with al-Fajījī and al-Bayḍāwī’s edition of al-Damanhūrī’s Ḥilyat al-lubb al-maṣūn (Dār al-Rashād, 2018), checked at doubtful lines against the edition of the poem made from al-Akhḍarī’s own commentary.","edition":"al-Fajījī and al-Bayḍāwī’s edition of al-Damanhūrī’s Ḥilyat al-lubb al-maṣūn bi-sharḥ al-Jawhar al-maknūn (Dār al-Rashād, 2018), pp. 135–157","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"balagha","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-jawhar-al-maknun.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Opening and Introduction","nameAr":"الخُطْبَةُ وَالمُقَدِّمَةُ","order":1,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"maani-1","name":"The Science of Meanings (Part 1)","nameAr":"عِلْمُ المَعَانِي (١)","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"maani-2","name":"The Science of Meanings (Part 2)","nameAr":"عِلْمُ المَعَانِي (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"bayan","name":"The Science of Clear Expression","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَيَانِ","order":4,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"badi","name":"The Science of Embellishment","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَدِيعِ","order":5,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"khatima","name":"Conclusion","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ","order":6,"paraCount":3,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-bayquniyya","title":"al-Manẓūma al-Bayqūniyya","titleAr":"المَنْظُومَةُ البَيْقُونِيَّةُ","subtitle":"The Poem of al-Bayqūnī on hadith terminology","author":"ʿUmar al-Bayqūnī","authorAr":"عمر بن محمد البيقوني","description":"A 34-line poem in rajaz metre that defines the main kinds of hadith, from the sound to the forged. Composed by ʿUmar al-Bayqūnī, who was living before 1065/1655, it is the first text most students memorise in hadith terminology, and many commentaries have been written on it.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s edition from eleven manuscripts, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 3 (5th ed., 2019).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 3 (5th ed., 2019)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"mustalah","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-bayquniyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-bayquniyya","name":"The Poem of al-Bayqūnī","nameAr":"مَنْظُومَةُ البَيْقُونِيِّ","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-munqidh","title":"al-Munqidh min al-Ḍalāl","titleAr":"المُنْقِذُ مِنَ الضَّلَالِ وَالمُفْصِحُ بِالأَحْوَالِ","subtitle":"Deliverance from Error and the Disclosure of States","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī (450–505 AH / 1058–1111 CE)","authorAr":"أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي","description":"Al-Ghazālī’s account of his own search for certain knowledge, written when he was past fifty. He tells how he lost the inherited beliefs of childhood, passed through a crisis of doubt about the senses and reason itself, and was rescued by a light God cast into his heart. He then examines the four groups of seekers of his day, the theologians, the philosophers, the Bāṭinīs who claimed an infallible teacher, and the Sufis, and explains why he left his chair at the Niẓāmiyya in Baghdad for the Sufi path, what prophecy is and why all people need it, and why he returned to teaching in Nishapur.","source":"Arabic text from the critical edition of the Dār al-Minhāj Centre for Studies (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 1st ed., 1436/2015), based on seven manuscripts, read from its page images and compared with ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd’s edition (Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Ḥadītha).","edition":"the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 1436/2015)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"philosophy","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-munqidh.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"safsata","name":"The Ways into Sophistry and the Denial of Knowledge","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي مَدَاخِلِ السَّفْسَطَةِ وَجَحْدِ العُلُومِ","order":2,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"kalam","name":"Theology: Its Aim and Result","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي بَيَانِ مَقْصُودِ عِلْمِ الكَلَامِ وَحَاصِلِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"asnaf-al-falasifa","name":"The Kinds of Philosophers","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي أَصْنَافِهِمْ وَشُمُولِ سِمَةِ الكُفْرِ كَافَّتَهُمْ","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-ulumihim-1","name":"The Divisions of Their Sciences (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي أَقْسَامِ عُلُومِهِمْ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-ulumihim-2","name":"The Divisions of Their Sciences (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي أَقْسَامِ عُلُومِهِمْ (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"afat-al-radd-wa-l-qabul","name":"The Danger of Rejecting and the Danger of Accepting","nameAr":"آفَةُ الرَّدِّ وَآفَةُ القَبُولِ","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"talim-1","name":"The School of Teaching and Its Danger (Part 1)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي مَذْهَبِ التَّعْلِيمِ وَغَائِلَتِهِ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"talim-2","name":"The School of Teaching and Its Danger (Part 2)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي مَذْهَبِ التَّعْلِيمِ وَغَائِلَتِهِ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"talim-3","name":"The School of Teaching and Its Danger (Part 3)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي مَذْهَبِ التَّعْلِيمِ وَغَائِلَتِهِ (٣)","order":10,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"turuq-al-sufiyya-1","name":"The Ways of the Sufis (Part 1)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي طُرُقِ الصُّوفِيَّةِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"turuq-al-sufiyya-2","name":"The Ways of the Sufis (Part 2)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي طُرُقِ الصُّوفِيَّةِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"turuq-al-sufiyya-3","name":"The Ways of the Sufis (Part 3)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي طُرُقِ الصُّوفِيَّةِ (٣)","order":13,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nubuwwa-1","name":"The Reality of Prophethood (Part 1)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي حَقِيقَةِ النُّبُوَّةِ وَاضْطِرَارِ كَافَّةِ الخَلْقِ إِلَيْهَا (١)","order":14,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nubuwwa-2","name":"The Reality of Prophethood (Part 2)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي حَقِيقَةِ النُّبُوَّةِ وَاضْطِرَارِ كَافَّةِ الخَلْقِ إِلَيْهَا (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"muawadat-al-tadris-1","name":"Why He Returned to Teaching (Part 1)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي سَبَبِ مُعَاوَدَةِ نَشْرِ العِلْمِ بَعْدَ الإِعْرَاضِ عَنْهُ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"muawadat-al-tadris-2","name":"Why He Returned to Teaching (Part 2)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي سَبَبِ مُعَاوَدَةِ نَشْرِ العِلْمِ بَعْدَ الإِعْرَاضِ عَنْهُ (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"muawadat-al-tadris-3","name":"Why He Returned to Teaching (Part 3)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي سَبَبِ مُعَاوَدَةِ نَشْرِ العِلْمِ بَعْدَ الإِعْرَاضِ عَنْهُ (٣)","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"muawadat-al-tadris-4","name":"Why He Returned to Teaching (Part 4)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي سَبَبِ مُعَاوَدَةِ نَشْرِ العِلْمِ بَعْدَ الإِعْرَاضِ عَنْهُ (٤)","order":19,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"muawadat-al-tadris-5","name":"Why He Returned to Teaching (Part 5)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي سَبَبِ مُعَاوَدَةِ نَشْرِ العِلْمِ بَعْدَ الإِعْرَاضِ عَنْهُ (٥)","order":20,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"muawadat-al-tadris-6","name":"Why He Returned to Teaching (Part 6)","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي سَبَبِ مُعَاوَدَةِ نَشْرِ العِلْمِ بَعْدَ الإِعْرَاضِ عَنْهُ (٦)","order":21,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"muqaddimat-ibn-khaldun","title":"al-Muqaddima","titleAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ","subtitle":"The Introduction to History","author":"Ibn Khaldūn (732–808 AH / 1332–1406 CE)","authorAr":"عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون","description":"Ibn Khaldūn’s introduction to his universal history: why historians go wrong, and how human society, tribes, dynasties, cities, livelihoods, crafts and sciences arise and decline. Published part by part; the author’s preface, the introduction on the merit of history and Book 1, Chapter 1 come first.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Salām al-Shaddādī’s critical edition of al-Muqaddima, based on the manuscripts including copies corrected by the author (Casablanca: Bayt al-Funūn wa-l-ʿUlūm wa-l-Ādāb, 2005), read from its page images; Khalīl Shaḥāda’s typed text (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1981, via turath.io) served as a working draft. Each chapter’s notes list the corrections made and the readings to check.","edition":"al-Shaddādī’s edition (Casablanca: Bayt al-Funūn wa-l-ʿUlūm wa-l-Ādāb, 2005)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"history","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/muqaddimat-ibn-khaldun.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khutba-1","name":"The Author’s Preface (Part 1)","nameAr":"خطبة الكتاب (١)","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"khutba-2","name":"The Author’s Preface (Part 2)","nameAr":"خطبة الكتاب (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-1","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 1)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-2","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 2)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-3","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 3)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٣)","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-4","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 4)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٤)","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-5","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 5)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٥)","order":7,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-6","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 6)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٦)","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-7","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 7)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٧)","order":9,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-8","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 8)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٨)","order":10,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-9","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 9)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (٩)","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-10","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 10)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (١٠)","order":12,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-11","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 11)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (١١)","order":13,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-12","name":"The Introduction: the merit of history (Part 12)","nameAr":"المقدمة في فضل علم التاريخ (١٢)","order":14,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"kitab1-tamhid-1","name":"Book 1: introduction (Part 1)","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: تمهيد (١)","order":15,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"kitab1-tamhid-2","name":"Book 1: introduction (Part 2)","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: تمهيد (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"kitab1-tamhid-3","name":"Book 1: introduction (Part 3)","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: تمهيد 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(١)","order":406,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-10-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 10 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٠ (٢)","order":407,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-11-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 11 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١١ (١)","order":408,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-11-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 11 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١١ (٢)","order":409,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-11-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 11 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١١ (٣)","order":410,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-12-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 12 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٢ (١)","order":411,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-12-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 12 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٢ (٢)","order":412,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-12-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 12 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٢ (٣)","order":413,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-12-4","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 12 (Part 4)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٢ (٤)","order":414,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-12-5","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 12 (Part 5)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٢ (٥)","order":415,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-13-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 13 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٣ (١)","order":416,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-13-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 13 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٣ (٢)","order":417,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-13-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 13 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٣ (٣)","order":418,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-14-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 14 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٤ (١)","order":419,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-14-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 14 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٤ (٢)","order":420,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-14-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 14 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٤ (٣)","order":421,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-14-4","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 14 (Part 4)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٤ (٤)","order":422,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-14-5","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 14 (Part 5)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٤ (٥)","order":423,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-14-6","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 14 (Part 6)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٤ (٦)","order":424,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-15-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 15 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٥ (١)","order":425,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-15-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 15 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٥ (٢)","order":426,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-15-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 15 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٥ (٣)","order":427,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-15-4","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 15 (Part 4)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٥ (٤)","order":428,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-15-5","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 15 (Part 5)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٥ (٥)","order":429,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-16-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 16 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٦ (١)","order":430,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-16-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 16 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٦ (٢)","order":431,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-16-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 16 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٦ (٣)","order":432,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-16-4","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 16 (Part 4)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٦ (٤)","order":433,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-16-5","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 16 (Part 5)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٦ (٥)","order":434,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-16-6","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 16 (Part 6)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٦ (٦)","order":435,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-16-7","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 16 (Part 7)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٦ (٧)","order":436,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-17-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 17 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٧ (١)","order":437,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-17-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 17 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٧ (٢)","order":438,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-18-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 18 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٨ (١)","order":439,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-18-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 18 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٨ (٢)","order":440,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-19-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 19 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٩ (١)","order":441,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-19-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 19 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٩ (٢)","order":442,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-19-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 19 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ١٩ (٣)","order":443,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-20","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 20","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ٢٠","order":444,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-21","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 21","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ٢١","order":445,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-22-1","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 22 (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ٢٢ (١)","order":446,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-22-2","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 22 (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ٢٢ (٢)","order":447,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-22-3","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Section 22 (Part 3)","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ٢٢ (٣)","order":448,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-23-24","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Sections 23–24","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ٢٣–٢٤","order":449,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"bab6-25-26","name":"Book 1, Chapter 6: Sections 25–26","nameAr":"الفصل السادس: ٢٥–٢٦","order":450,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-jazariyya","title":"al-Muqaddima al-Jazariyya","titleAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ الجَزَرِيَّةُ","subtitle":"What the reader of the Qurʾān must know: Ibn al-Jazarī’s poem on tajwīd","author":"Ibn al-Jazarī","authorAr":"محمد بن محمد بن محمد ابن الجزري","description":"A 107-line poem in rajaz metre that sets out what every reader of the Qurʾān must know before reciting: the points of articulation and qualities of the letters, the rules of thinning and thickening, nūn and mīm, prolongation, stopping and starting, and the spelling of the Qurʾān’s copies. Composed by Shams al-Dīn Ibn al-Jazarī (751–833 AH), the master of the readings, it is the standard text of tajwīd and is memorised and taught throughout the Muslim world.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s edition from two manuscripts read to the author and bearing his hand, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, supplementary series 3 (1st ed., 2020).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, supplementary series 3 (1st ed., 2020)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"tajwid","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-jazariyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"makharij-sifat","name":"The Poet’s Introduction, the Points of Articulation and Qualities of the Letters, and Tajwīd","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ النَّاظِمِ، وَمَخَارِجُ الحُرُوفِ وَصِفَاتُهَا، وَالتَّجْوِيدُ","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ahkam","name":"Thinning and Thickening, Ḍād and Ẓāʾ, Nūn and Mīm, and Prolongation","nameAr":"التَّرْقِيقُ وَالتَّفْخِيمُ، وَالظَّاءَاتُ، وَأَحْكَامُ النُّونِ وَالمِيمِ، وَالمَدُّ","order":2,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"waqf-rasm","name":"Stopping, Separate and Joined Words, the Tāʾs, the Connecting Hamza and the Conclusion","nameAr":"الوُقُوفُ، وَالمَقْطُوعُ وَالمَوْصُولُ، وَالتَّاءَاتُ، وَهَمَزَاتُ الوَصْلِ، وَالخَاتِمَةُ","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-murshid-al-muin","title":"al-Murshid al-Muʿīn","titleAr":"المُرْشِدُ المُعِينُ عَلَى الضَّرُورِيِّ مِنْ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ","subtitle":"The Helpful Guide to the essentials of the religion","author":"ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Ibn ʿĀshir","authorAr":"عبد الواحد بن أحمد بن عاشر الأنصاري الأندلسي الفاسي","description":"A rajaz poem of about 314 lines by the Fez scholar ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Ibn ʿĀshir (d. 1040/1631), known simply as “Ibn ʿĀshir”. In the author’s words it teaches “the creed of al-Ashʿarī, the law of Mālik and the path of al-Junayd”: a short Ashʿarī creed, a preface on legal rulings, the Mālikī law of purification, prayer, zakāt, fasting and pilgrimage, and a closing section on repentance, piety and the stations of the spiritual path. It has been memorised by students across North and West Africa for four centuries.","source":"Arabic text from the vowelled Cairo print of Maktabat al-Qāhira (ʿAlī Yūsuf Sulaymān), checked against the matn quoted in Mayyāra’s commentary al-Durr al-thamīn (ed. al-Minshāwī, Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2008).","edition":"the Cairo print of Maktabat al-Qāhira (ʿAlī Yūsuf Sulaymān, n.d.)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-maliki","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-murshid-al-muin.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-aqida","name":"Introduction and the Creed","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ وَالعَقِيدَةُ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tahara","name":"Legal Rulings and Purification","nameAr":"الأَحْكَامُ وَالطَّهَارَةُ","order":2,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-siyam","name":"Zakāt and Fasting","nameAr":"الزَّكَاةُ وَالصِّيَامُ","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"hajj","name":"Pilgrimage","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tasawwuf","name":"The Principles of Sufism","nameAr":"كِتَابُ مَبَادِئِ التَّصَوُّفِ","order":7,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-nuqaya","title":"al-Nuqāya","titleAr":"النُّقَايَةُ","subtitle":"al-Suyūṭī’s outline of fourteen sciences, from creed and the sciences of the Qurʾān to medicine and Sufism","author":"Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī","authorAr":"جلال الدين عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر السيوطي","description":"A compact outline of fourteen sciences by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (d. 911/1505), written as a first text for students: the foundations of the religion, the sciences of the Qurʾān (its largest part, in fifty-five kinds), hadith, legal theory, inheritance, grammar, morphology, orthography, the three sciences of rhetoric, anatomy, medicine and Sufism, with a closing word on the ranks of knowledge and deeds. Each science opens with a one-line definition and is then reduced to its essential terms and rules. Al-Suyūṭī explained it himself in Itmām al-Dirāya li-Qurrāʾ al-Nuqāya.","source":"Arabic text from the standalone matn printed at the end of al-Suyūṭī’s Itmām al-Dirāya li-Qurrāʾ al-Nuqāya, ed. Ibrāhīm al-ʿAjūz (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1985), checked against the matn as it is quoted in the same commentary; each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"al-ʿAjūz’s edition of Itmām al-Dirāya (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1405/1985)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"ulum-quran","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-nuqaya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"usul-al-din","name":"The Author’s Preface and the Foundations of the Religion","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ وَأُصُولُ الدِّينِ","order":1,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tafsir-1","name":"The Science of Tafsīr (Part 1)","nameAr":"عِلْمُ التَّفْسِيرِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tafsir-2","name":"The Science of Tafsīr (Part 2)","nameAr":"عِلْمُ التَّفْسِيرِ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"hadith","name":"The Science of Hadith","nameAr":"عِلْمُ الحَدِيثِ","order":4,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"usul-al-fiqh","name":"The Science of Legal Theory","nameAr":"عِلْمُ أُصُولِ الفِقْهِ","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"faraid","name":"The Science of Inheritance","nameAr":"عِلْمُ الفَرَائِضِ","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"nahw","name":"The Science of Grammar","nameAr":"عِلْمُ النَّحْوِ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tasrif","name":"The Science of Morphology","nameAr":"عِلْمُ التَّصْرِيفِ","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"khatt","name":"The Science of Orthography","nameAr":"عِلْمُ الخَطِّ","order":9,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"maani","name":"The Science of Meanings","nameAr":"عِلْمُ المَعَانِي","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"bayan","name":"The Science of Clarity","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَيَانِ","order":11,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"badi","name":"The Science of Embellishment","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَدِيعِ","order":12,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tashrih","name":"The Science of Anatomy","nameAr":"عِلْمُ التَّشْرِيحِ","order":13,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tibb","name":"The Science of Medicine","nameAr":"عِلْمُ الطِّبِّ","order":14,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tasawwuf","name":"The Science of Sufism","nameAr":"عِلْمُ التَّصَوُّفِ","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"khatima","name":"Conclusion","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةٌ","order":16,"paraCount":4,"published":true}]},{"id":"risalat-ibn-abi-zayd","title":"al-Risāla","titleAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ","subtitle":"Ibn Abī Zayd’s Epistle on Mālikī creed, law and manners","author":"Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī","authorAr":"أبو محمد عبد الله بن أبي زيد عبد الرحمن النفزي القيرواني","description":"The classic summary of the Mālikī school by Ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawānī (d. 386/996), written, in his words, for teaching children “as they are taught the letters of the Qurʾān”. It opens with a creed, then sets out purification, prayer, funerals, fasting, zakāt, pilgrimage, sacrifice, oaths, marriage and divorce, sales, gifts and endowments, crimes and punishments, judgments and testimony and inheritance, and closes with chapters on manners: greeting, eating, dress, medicine and dreams. It has been memorised and taught across the Mālikī world for a thousand years.","source":"Arabic text from Ibrāhīm al-Sanārī’s edition of the recension of al-Tatāʾī (Cairo: Institute of Arabic Manuscripts, 2021), collated with two manuscripts of the Risāla and five commentaries.","edition":"al-Sanārī’s edition (Cairo: Institute of Arabic Manuscripts, 2021)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-maliki","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/risalat-ibn-abi-zayd.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ الرِّسَالَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"iman","name":"What the Tongue Utters and the Heart Believes","nameAr":"بَابُ مَا تَنْطِقُ بِهِ الأَلْسِنَةُ وَتَعْتَقِدُهُ الأَفْئِدَةُ مِنْ وَاجِبِ أُمُورِ الدِّيَانَاتِ","order":2,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"mujibat-al-wudu","name":"What Requires Ablution and the Ritual Bath; Purity of Water, Clothes and Place","nameAr":"بَابُ مَا يَجِبُ مِنْهُ الوُضُوءُ وَالغُسْلُ","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-wudu","name":"How to Perform Ablution, Its Sunnas and Obligations, and Cleaning after Relieving Oneself","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ الوُضُوءِ وَمَسْنُونِهِ وَمَفْرُوضِهِ وَذِكْرِ الاسْتِنْجَاءِ وَالاسْتِجْمَارِ","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ghusl-tayammum","name":"The Ritual Bath, Dry Ablution and Wiping over Leather Socks","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الغُسْلِ","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"awqat-adhan","name":"The Times and Names of the Prayers; the Call to Prayer","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي أَوْقَاتِ الصَّلَاةِ وَأَسْمَائِهَا","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-1","name":"How to Perform the Obligatory Prayers (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ العَمَلِ فِي الصَّلَوَاتِ المَفْرُوضَةِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-2","name":"How to Perform the Obligatory Prayers (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ العَمَلِ فِي الصَّلَوَاتِ المَفْرُوضَةِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"imama-jami-1","name":"Leading the Prayer; General Rulings on Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الإِمَامَةِ وَحُكْمِ الإِمَامِ وَالمَأْمُومِ","order":9,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"jami-2","name":"General Rulings on Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابٌ جَامِعٌ فِي الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"sujud-safar-jumua","name":"Prostrations of the Qurʾān; the Travel Prayer; the Friday Prayer","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي سُجُودِ القُرْآنِ","order":11,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"khawf-idayn-khusuf-istisqa","name":"The Prayers of Fear, the Two Festivals, Eclipses and Rain","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي صَلَاةِ الخَوْفِ","order":12,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"muhtadar-janaiz","name":"The Dying, Washing and Shrouding the Dead; the Funeral Prayer","nameAr":"بَابُ مَا يُفْعَلُ بِالمُحْتَضَرِ وَفِي غَسْلِ المَيِّتِ وَكَفَنِهِ","order":13,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"tifl-siyam","name":"The Funeral Prayer for a Child; Fasting","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الدُّعَاءِ لِلطِّفْلِ وَالصَّلَاةِ عَلَيْهِ وَغَسْلِهِ","order":14,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"itikaf-zakat","name":"Retreat in the Mosque; Zakāt on Money, Crops and Mines","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الاعْتِكَافِ","order":15,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-mashiya-fitr","name":"Zakāt on Livestock; the Zakāt of Breaking the Fast","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي زَكَاةِ المَاشِيَةِ","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"hajj","name":"Pilgrimage and the Lesser Pilgrimage","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ","order":17,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"dahaya","name":"Sacrifices, Slaughter, the Birth Sacrifice, Hunting, Circumcision and Forbidden Foods","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الضَّحَايَا وَالذَّبَائِحِ وَالعَقِيقَةِ وَالصَّيْدِ وَالخِتَانِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ مِنَ الأَطْعِمَةِ وَالأَشْرِبَةِ","order":18,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"jihad-ayman","name":"Jihad; Oaths and Vows","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الجِهَادِ","order":19,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-1","name":"Marriage and Divorce (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي النِّكَاحِ وَالطَّلَاقِ وَالرَّجْعَةِ وَالظِّهَارِ وَالإِيلَاءِ وَاللِّعَانِ وَالخُلْعِ وَالرَّضَاعِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-2","name":"Marriage and Divorce (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي النِّكَاحِ وَالطَّلَاقِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"idda","name":"The Waiting Period, Maintenance and Establishing an Empty Womb","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي العِدَّةِ وَالنَّفَقَةِ وَالاسْتِبْرَاءِ","order":22,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-1","name":"Sales and What Resembles Them (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي البُيُوعِ وَمَا شَاكَلَ البُيُوعَ (١)","order":23,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-2","name":"Sales and What Resembles Them (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي البُيُوعِ وَمَا شَاكَلَ البُيُوعَ (٢)","order":24,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"wasaya","name":"Wills, Freeing Slaves and Clientage","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الوَصَايَا وَالمُدَبَّرِ وَالمُكَاتَبِ وَالمُعْتَقِ وَأُمِّ الوَلَدِ وَالوَلَاءِ","order":25,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"shufa-hiba","name":"Pre-emption, Gifts, Charity, Endowments, Pledges, Loans, Deposits, Lost Property and Seizure","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الشُّفْعَةِ وَالهِبَةِ وَالصَّدَقَةِ وَالحَبْسِ وَالرَّهْنِ وَالعَارِيَّةِ وَالوَدِيعَةِ وَاللُّقَطَةِ وَالغَصْبِ","order":26,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"dima-1","name":"Rulings on Bloodshed and Prescribed Punishments (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي أَحْكَامِ الدِّمَاءِ وَالحُدُودِ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"dima-2","name":"Rulings on Bloodshed and Prescribed Punishments (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي أَحْكَامِ الدِّمَاءِ وَالحُدُودِ (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"aqdiya","name":"Judgments and Testimony","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الأَقْضِيَةِ وَالشَّهَادَاتِ","order":29,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-1","name":"Inheritance (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الفَرَائِضِ (١)","order":30,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-2","name":"Inheritance (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الفَرَائِضِ (٢)","order":31,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"jumal-1","name":"Obligations, Binding Sunnas and Desirable Acts (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ جُمَلٍ مِنَ الفَرَائِضِ وَمِنَ السُّنَنِ الوَاجِبَةِ وَالرَّغَائِبِ (١)","order":32,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"jumal-2","name":"Obligations, Binding Sunnas and Desirable Acts (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابُ جُمَلٍ مِنَ الفَرَائِضِ وَمِنَ السُّنَنِ الوَاجِبَةِ وَالرَّغَائِبِ (٢)","order":33,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"fitra-taam","name":"Natural Practices, Dress and Covering; Food and Drink","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الفِطْرَةِ وَالخِتَانِ وَحَلْقِ الشَّعْرِ وَاللِّبَاسِ وَسَتْرِ العَوْرَةِ، وَبَابٌ فِي الطَّعَامِ وَالشَّرَابِ","order":34,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"salam","name":"Greeting, Asking Permission, Private Talk, Recitation, Supplication and Travel","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي السَّلَامِ وَالاسْتِئْذَانِ وَالتَّنَاجِي وَذِكْرٍ فِي القِرَاءَةِ وَفِي الدُّعَاءِ وَذِكْرِ اللهِ ﷿ وَالقَوْلِ فِي السَّفَرِ","order":35,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"taaluj-ruya","name":"Medical Treatment and Animals; Dreams, Yawning, Sneezing, Games and Races; Conclusion","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي التَّعَالُجِ وَذِكْرِ الرُّقَى، وَبَابٌ فِي الرُّؤْيَا وَالتَّثَاؤُبِ وَالعُطَاسِ وَاللَّعِبِ بِالنَّرْدِ وَالسَّبْقِ","order":36,"paraCount":19,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-shafiya","title":"al-Shāfiya fī ʿIlmay al-Taṣrīf wa-l-Khaṭṭ","titleAr":"الشَّافِيَةُ فِي عِلْمَيِ التَّصْرِيفِ وَالخَطِّ","subtitle":"Ibn al-Ḥājib’s concise classic of morphology and orthography","author":"Ibn al-Ḥājib","authorAr":"جمال الدين أبو عمرو عثمان بن عمر ابن الحاجب","description":"Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646 AH) wrote al-Shāfiya as a companion to his grammar, al-Kāfiya: a dense, exact summary of Arabic morphology [taṣrīf], followed by a short treatise on orthography [khaṭṭ]. After defining morphology and the morphological scale, it treats the patterns of nouns and verbs and the forms built from them (the past and present tenses, the resembling adjective, verbal nouns, nouns of time, place and instrument), then diminutives, relative adjectives and plurals, the meeting of two quiescents, beginning and pausing, shortened and lengthened nouns, added letters, inclination [imāla], lightening of hamza, weak-letter change [iʿlāl], substitution, assimilation [idghām] and deletion, with practice exercises. The closing section sets out the rules of Arabic spelling. Its commentaries, above all al-Raḍī al-Astarābādī’s, made it the standard advanced text of the subject.","source":"Arabic text from Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān’s critical edition (Makka: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1415/1995), edited from three dated manuscripts (Istanbul, Shehid Ali Paşa 2582, copied 711 AH, his base; Damascus, Ẓāhiriyya 1799, 738 AH; Istanbul, Ayasofya 4609, 764 AH), via turath.io (book 22391), checked word for word against Ṣāliḥ ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Shāʿir’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat al-Ādāb, 2010; turath 122235) and, at doubtful places, against the matn in the commentaries of al-Raḍī and Rukn al-Dīn al-Astarābādī.","edition":"Ḥasan Aḥmad al-ʿUthmān’s edition (Makka: al-Maktaba al-Makkiyya, 1995)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"sarf","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-shafiya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction: Morphology, the Scale and the Patterns of the Noun","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ الكِتَابِ وَأَبْنِيَةُ الاسْمِ","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-madi","name":"The Past Tense and the Patterns of the Verb","nameAr":"المَاضِي","order":2,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudari-wal-masadir","name":"The Present Tense, the Resembling Adjective and the Verbal Noun","nameAr":"المُضَارِعُ وَالصِّفَةُ المُشَبَّهَةُ وَالمَصْدَرُ","order":3,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-tasghir","name":"The Diminutive","nameAr":"التَّصْغِيرُ","order":4,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-nasab","name":"The Relative Adjective","nameAr":"النَّسَبُ","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-jam-1","name":"The Plural (Part 1): Triliteral Nouns and Adjectives","nameAr":"الجَمْعُ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-jam-2","name":"The Plural (Part 2): Longer Patterns and Quasi-Plurals","nameAr":"الجَمْعُ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"iltiqa-al-sakinayn-wal-ibtida","name":"The Meeting of Two Quiescents and Beginning a Word","nameAr":"التِقَاءُ السَّاكِنَيْنِ وَالابْتِدَاءُ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-waqf-wal-maqsur","name":"Pausing, and Shortened and Lengthened Nouns","nameAr":"الوَقْفُ وَالمَقْصُورُ وَالمَمْدُودُ","order":9,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"dhu-al-ziyada-1","name":"Words with Added Letters (Part 1): Attachment and Derivation","nameAr":"ذُو الزِّيَادَةِ (١)","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhu-al-ziyada-2","name":"Words with Added Letters (Part 2): Other Tests and the Letters One by One","nameAr":"ذُو الزِّيَادَةِ (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-imala-wa-takhfif-al-hamza","name":"Inclination and the Lightening of Hamza","nameAr":"الإِمَالَةُ وَتَخْفِيفُ الهَمْزَةِ","order":12,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-ilal-1","name":"Weak-Letter Change (Part 1): The Weak Letters as First and Middle Radicals","nameAr":"الإِعْلَالُ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-ilal-2","name":"Weak-Letter Change (Part 2): Hamza for the Middle Radical, Silencing and Deletion, and the Final Radical","nameAr":"الإِعْلَالُ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-ibdal","name":"Substitution","nameAr":"الإِبْدَالُ","order":15,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-idgham-1","name":"Assimilation (Part 1): Identical Letters, the Points of Articulation and the Qualities of the Letters","nameAr":"الإِدْغَامُ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-idgham-2-wal-hadhf","name":"Assimilation (Part 2): Near Letters; and Deletion","nameAr":"الإِدْغَامُ (٢) وَالحَذْفُ","order":17,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"masail-al-tamrin","name":"Practice Exercises","nameAr":"مَسَائِلُ التَّمْرِينِ","order":18,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-khatt-1","name":"Orthography (Part 1): Principles, and the Writing of Hamza","nameAr":"الخَطُّ (١)","order":19,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-khatt-2","name":"Orthography (Part 2): Joining, Addition, Omission and Substitution","nameAr":"الخَطُّ (٢)","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-siyasa-al-shariyya","title":"al-Siyāsa al-Sharʿiyya","titleAr":"السِّيَاسَةُ الشَّرْعِيَّةُ فِي إِصْلَاحِ الرَّاعِي وَالرَّعِيَّةِ","subtitle":"Governance according to the Sharīʿa, for the good of shepherd and flock","author":"Ibn Taymiyya (661–728 AH / 1263–1328 CE)","authorAr":"تقي الدين أحمد بن عبد الحليم بن عبد السلام ابن تيمية الحراني","description":"Ibn Taymiyya’s treatise on government, written as counsel to a ruler and built on the “verse of the rulers” (Qurʾān 4:58–59). The first part, on fulfilling trusts, covers appointing the fittest people to public office, the two pillars of office (strength and trustworthiness), and the lawful sources and uses of public wealth: spoils, alms and fayʾ. The second part, on judging with justice, covers the prescribed penalties and discretionary punishments, jihad and the rights of individuals in life, body, honour and property, and the book closes with consultation and the duty of rule as a religious act.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-ʿImrān’s critical edition (Āthār Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyya 14; Riyadh: Dār ʿAṭāʾāt al-ʿIlm, 4th ed., 2019), the first complete edition, based on the Şehid Ali Paşa manuscript copied in 780 AH from a copy taken mostly from the author’s hand and compared with seven other manuscripts.","edition":"al-ʿImrān’s edition (Riyadh: Dār ʿAṭāʾāt al-ʿIlm; Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 4th ed., 2019)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"governance","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-siyasa-al-shariyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-wilayat-1","name":"Offices of Authority: Appointing the Fittest","nameAr":"الوِلَايَاتُ: تَوْلِيَةُ الأَصْلَحِ","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-wilayat-2","name":"Office as a Trust; Strength and Trustworthiness","nameAr":"الوِلَايَةُ أَمَانَةٌ، وَرُكْنَاهَا: القُوَّةُ وَالأَمَانَةُ","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-wilayat-3","name":"When Strength and Trustworthiness Are Not Found Together","nameAr":"اجْتِمَاعُ القُوَّةِ وَالأَمَانَةِ فِي النَّاسِ قَلِيلٌ","order":4,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-wilayat-4","name":"The Purpose of Office: Setting Religion and the World Right","nameAr":"مَقْصُودُ الوِلَايَاتِ: إِصْلَاحُ الدِّينِ وَالدُّنْيَا","order":5,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-wilayat-5","name":"Two Kinds of Strength; the Example of the Rightly Guided Caliphs","nameAr":"القُوَّةُ فِي الوِلَايَاتِ وَسُنَّةُ الخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-amwal-1","name":"Wealth as a Trust Between Rulers and Subjects","nameAr":"الأَمْوَالُ أَمَانَةٌ بَيْنَ الرُّعَاةِ وَالرَّعِيَّةِ","order":7,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghanima","name":"Public Wealth: Spoils of War","nameAr":"الأَمْوَالُ السُّلْطَانِيَّةُ: الغَنِيمَةُ","order":8,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-sadaqat-wa-l-fay","name":"Public Wealth: Alms and Fayʾ","nameAr":"الأَمْوَالُ السُّلْطَانِيَّةُ: الصَّدَقَاتُ وَالفَيْءُ","order":9,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"matl-al-huquq","name":"Withholding Dues and Gifts to Officials","nameAr":"مَطْلُ الحُقُوقِ وَهَدَايَا العُمَّالِ","order":10,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-taawun","name":"Helping in Righteousness, Not in Wrongdoing","nameAr":"التَّعَاوُنُ عَلَى البِرِّ لَا عَلَى الظُّلْمِ","order":11,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-masarif","name":"Spending Public Wealth; Those Whose Hearts Are Won Over","nameAr":"المَصَارِفُ وَالمُؤَلَّفَةُ قُلُوبُهُمْ","order":12,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-sakha-wa-l-shajaa","name":"Generosity and Courage: The Three Ways","nameAr":"السَّخَاءُ وَالشَّجَاعَةُ وَافْتِرَاقُ النَّاسِ فِيهِمَا","order":13,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-hudud-1","name":"Judging with Justice: The Penalties Must Be Applied","nameAr":"الحُكْمُ بِالعَدْلِ: وُجُوبُ إِقَامَةِ الحُدُودِ","order":14,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-hudud-2","name":"No Money May Buy Off a Penalty","nameAr":"تَحْرِيمُ أَخْذِ المَالِ عَلَى تَعْطِيلِ الحُدُودِ","order":15,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-amr-bi-l-maruf","name":"Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong; Prayer and Jihad","nameAr":"الأَمْرُ بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيُ عَنِ المُنْكَرِ","order":16,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-muharibun-1","name":"Highway Robbers: Their Punishment","nameAr":"عُقُوبَةُ المُحَارِبِينَ قُطَّاعِ الطَّرِيقِ","order":17,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-muharibun-2","name":"Crucifixion, Mutilation, and Robbery in Towns","nameAr":"الصَّلْبُ وَالتَّمْثِيلُ وَالمُحَارَبَةُ فِي البُنْيَانِ","order":18,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-muharibun-3","name":"Robbers Who Resist; Defending Oneself and One’s Property","nameAr":"قِتَالُ المُحَارِبِينَ المُمْتَنِعِينَ وَدَفْعُ الصَّائِلِ","order":19,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-muharibun-4","name":"Pursuing Robbers; Those Who Shelter and Conceal Them","nameAr":"طَلَبُ المُحَارِبِينَ وَعُقُوبَةُ مَنْ آوَاهُمْ","order":20,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-muharibun-5","name":"Protecting Wrongdoers: Partisanship of the Age of Ignorance","nameAr":"حِمَايَةُ الظَّالِمِ مِنْ حَمِيَّةِ الجَاهِلِيَّةِ","order":21,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-sariq","name":"The Thief","nameAr":"حَدُّ السَّارِقِ","order":22,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-zani","name":"Fornication and Sodomy","nameAr":"حَدُّ الزَّانِي وَاللُّوطِيِّ","order":23,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-shurb","name":"The Penalty for Drinking Wine","nameAr":"حَدُّ الشُّرْبِ","order":24,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-hashisha","name":"Evidence of Drinking; Hashish; Every Intoxicant Is Forbidden","nameAr":"الحَشِيشَةُ وَكُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ","order":25,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-qadhf-wa-l-tazir","name":"The Penalty for Slander; Discretionary Punishment","nameAr":"حَدُّ القَذْفِ وَالتَّعْزِيرُ","order":26,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-qatl-taziran","name":"Execution as Discretionary Punishment; How Flogging Is Done","nameAr":"القَتْلُ تَعْزِيرًا وَصِفَةُ الجَلْدِ","order":27,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-jihad-1","name":"Fighting Those Who Resist; The Command of Jihad","nameAr":"قِتَالُ الطَّائِفَةِ المُمْتَنِعَةِ وَفَرْضُ الجِهَادِ","order":28,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-jihad-2","name":"The Merits of Jihad","nameAr":"فَضَائِلُ الجِهَادِ","order":29,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"man-yuqatal","name":"Whom Jihad Is Fought Against; Captives and the Jizya","nameAr":"مَنْ يُقَاتَلُ فِي الجِهَادِ","order":30,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-khawarij","name":"Fighting Groups That Refuse the Laws of Islam; the Khawārij","nameAr":"قِتَالُ الطَّوَائِفِ المُمْتَنِعَةِ وَالخَوَارِجِ","order":31,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"jihad-al-daf-wa-l-salat","name":"Offensive and Defensive Jihad; Enforcing the Prayer; the Duty of Those Who Lead","nameAr":"جِهَادُ الطَّلَبِ وَالدَّفْعِ، وَإِلْزَامُ النَّاسِ بِالصَّلَاةِ","order":32,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"thalathat-awn","name":"The Three Greatest Helps: Prayer, Beneficence and Patience","nameAr":"أَعْظَمُ العَوْنِ: الصَّلَاةُ وَالإِحْسَانُ وَالصَّبْرُ","order":33,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-rifq-bi-l-raiyya","name":"Gentleness with the Subjects","nameAr":"الرِّفْقُ بِالرَّعِيَّةِ","order":34,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"huzuz-al-nafs","name":"The Soul’s Due Shares; Spending on Oneself and One’s Family First","nameAr":"حُظُوظُ النَّفْسِ وَتَقْدِيمُ النَّفَقَةِ عَلَى الأَهْلِ","order":35,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubahat","name":"Permitted Pleasures and the Intention behind Them","nameAr":"المُبَاحَاتُ وَالنِّيَّةُ","order":36,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-targhib","name":"Encouraging Good: Incentives alongside Punishments","nameAr":"التَّرْغِيبُ فِي الخَيْرِ وَالإِعَانَةُ عَلَيْهِ","order":37,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"sadd-al-dharai","name":"Blocking the Means to Evil","nameAr":"سَدُّ الذَّرَائِعِ إِلَى الشَّرِّ","order":38,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-istifada-wa-l-ihtiras","name":"Acting on Public Repute; Guarding against Evil","nameAr":"العَمَلُ بِالِاسْتِفَاضَةِ وَالِاحْتِرَاسُ مِنَ الشَّرِّ","order":39,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-khibra-wa-l-taghafur","name":"Shrewdness, Knowledge and Overlooking Hidden Sins","nameAr":"الخِبْرَةُ وَالتَّغَافُلُ عَنِ العَوْرَاتِ","order":40,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-allah-wa-l-wilayat","name":"The Rights of God and the Offices That Uphold Them","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ اللَّهِ وَالوِلَايَاتُ القَائِمَةُ بِهَا","order":41,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-dima-1","name":"Rights of Particular Persons: Blood; Intentional Killing and Retaliation","nameAr":"الدِّمَاءُ: القَتْلُ العَمْدُ وَالقَوَدُ","order":42,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-dima-2","name":"Retaliation as Equality; Feuds and the Equal Blood of Muslims","nameAr":"القِصَاصُ وَتَكَافُؤُ دِمَاءِ المُسْلِمِينَ","order":43,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-dima-3","name":"Pardon; Equivalence in Retaliation; Quasi-Intentional and Accidental Killing","nameAr":"العَفْوُ وَالتَّكَافُؤُ، وَشِبْهُ العَمْدِ وَالخَطَأُ","order":44,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-jirah","name":"Retaliation for Wounds and Blows","nameAr":"القِصَاصُ فِي الجِرَاحِ وَالضَّرْبِ","order":45,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-qisas-fi-l-ird","name":"Retaliation in Matters of Honour","nameAr":"القِصَاصُ فِي الأَعْرَاضِ","order":46,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-qadhf","name":"The Penalty for False Accusation of Fornication","nameAr":"حَدُّ القَذْفِ","order":47,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-sadaq-wa-l-nafaqa","name":"Marriage Rights: The Dower and Maintenance","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الزَّوْجَيْنِ: الصَّدَاقُ وَالنَّفَقَةُ","order":48,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-zawjayn","name":"Marriage Rights: Intimacy and the Husband’s Rights","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الزَّوْجَيْنِ: العِشْرَةُ وَالمُتْعَةُ وَحَقُّ الزَّوْجِ","order":49,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-mawarith-wa-l-muamalat","name":"Judging in Property: Inheritance and Dealings","nameAr":"الحُكْمُ فِي الأَمْوَالِ: المَوَارِيثُ وَالمُعَامَلَاتُ","order":50,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghishsh","name":"Fraud in Trade, Crafts and Coinage","nameAr":"الغِشُّ فِي البُيُوعِ وَالصِّنَاعَاتِ وَالأَثْمَانِ","order":51,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-kimiya-wa-l-hisba","name":"Alchemy, Sorcery and the Market Inspectors","nameAr":"الكِيمِيَاءُ وَالسِّيمِيَاءُ وَوُلَاةُ الحِسْبَةِ","order":52,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-mushawara","name":"Consultation","nameAr":"المُشَاوَرَةُ","order":53,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajib-bi-hasab-al-imkan","name":"Duties According to Ability","nameAr":"الوَاجِبُ بِحَسَبِ الإِمْكَانِ","order":54,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"wujub-al-wilaya","name":"Authority as a Duty of Religion","nameAr":"وُجُوبُ الوِلَايَةِ","order":55,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-wilaya-qurba","name":"Rule as an Act of Worship; The Four Kinds of People","nameAr":"الإِمَارَةُ قُرْبَةٌ، وَأَقْسَامُ النَّاسِ الأَرْبَعَةُ","order":56,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-sultan-wa-l-din","name":"Power and Religion","nameAr":"السُّلْطَانُ وَالدِّينُ","order":57,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-sirat-al-mustaqim","name":"The Straight Path: The Book and the Sword Together","nameAr":"الصِّرَاطُ المُسْتَقِيمُ: الكِتَابُ وَالحَدِيدُ","order":58,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-yaqut-al-nafis","title":"al-Yāqūt al-Nafīs","titleAr":"اليَاقُوتُ النَّفِيسُ فِي مَذْهَبِ ابْنِ إِدْرِيسَ","subtitle":"The Precious Ruby on the School of Ibn Idrīs","author":"Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar al-Shāṭirī","authorAr":"أحمد بن عمر الشاطري","description":"A compact handbook of Shāfiʿī law by the Ḥaḍramī jurist Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar al-Shāṭirī of Tarīm (d. 1360/1941), written for young students at the request of his teacher. For each topic it gives a definition in the language and in the Sacred Law, then the integrals, conditions, sunnas and things that spoil it, and for contracts a sample of the words that conclude them. It covers the whole of the law, from purification and prayer through transactions, inheritance, marriage, crimes and penalties, jihād, oaths and judgeship to the freeing of slaves, and is taught across Ḥaḍramawt and in schools such as Dār al-Muṣṭafā in Tarīm.","source":"Arabic text of the matn from the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah), edited from two manuscripts and the Ḥalabī print, read from the page images of the scan on archive.org; the author’s notes and the editors’ footnotes are left out.","edition":"the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-yaqut-al-nafis.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-wudu","name":"Introduction, Purification and Ablution","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ وَالطَّهَارَةُ وَالوُضُوءُ","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ghusl-hayd","name":"The Purificatory Bath, Filth, Dry Ablution and Menstruation","nameAr":"الغُسْلُ وَالنَّجَاسَةُ وَالتَّيَمُّمُ وَالحَيْضُ","order":2,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"salat","name":"Prayer","nameAr":"الصَّلَاةُ","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"jamaa-jumua-janaiz","name":"Group Prayer, Shortening and Joining, Friday and Funerals","nameAr":"الجَمَاعَةُ وَالقَصْرُ وَالجَمْعُ وَالجُمُعَةُ وَالجَنَائِزُ","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-sawm-hajj","name":"Zakāt, Fasting, Retreat and Pilgrimage","nameAr":"الزَّكَاةُ وَالصَّوْمُ وَالاعْتِكَافُ وَالحَجُّ","order":5,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"bay-riba-salam-rahn-qard","name":"Sale, Usury, Advance Purchase, Pledge and Loan","nameAr":"البَيْعُ وَالرِّبَا وَالسَّلَمُ وَالرَّهْنُ وَالقَرْضُ","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"hajr-sulh-hawala-daman-sharika","name":"Restriction, Settlement, Transfer of Debt, Guarantee and Partnership","nameAr":"الحَجْرُ وَالصُّلْحُ وَالحَوَالَةُ وَالضَّمَانُ وَالشَّرِكَةُ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"wakala-musaqat","name":"Agency, Acknowledgement, Loan of Use, Usurpation, Pre-emption, Silent Partnership and Crop-Sharing","nameAr":"الوَكَالَةُ وَالإِقْرَارُ وَالعَارِيَّةُ وَالغَصْبُ وَالشُّفْعَةُ وَالقِرَاضُ وَالمُسَاقَاةُ","order":8,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ijara-wadia","name":"Hire, Reviving Dead Land, Endowment, Gift, Found Property, Foundlings, Reward and Deposit","nameAr":"الإِجَارَةُ وَإِحْيَاءُ المَوَاتِ وَالوَقْفُ وَالهِبَةُ وَاللُّقَطَةُ وَاللَّقِيطُ وَالجِعَالَةُ وَالوَدِيعَةُ","order":9,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-wasiyya","name":"Inheritance, Bequests and Appointing an Executor","nameAr":"الفَرَائِضُ وَالوَصِيَّةُ وَالإِيصَاءُ","order":10,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-talaq","name":"Marriage, Dower, the Wedding Feast, Equal Division, Defiance, Release and Divorce","nameAr":"النِّكَاحُ وَالصَّدَاقُ وَالوَلِيمَةُ وَالقَسْمُ وَالنُّشُوزُ وَالخُلْعُ وَالطَّلَاقُ","order":11,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"rajaa-idda","name":"Taking Back, the Oath of Abstinence, Ẓihār, Mutual Cursing and the Waiting Period","nameAr":"الرَّجْعَةُ وَالإِيلَاءُ وَالظِّهَارُ وَاللِّعَانُ وَالعِدَّةُ","order":12,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"istibra-hadana","name":"Establishing a Slave Woman’s Freedom from Pregnancy, Suckling, Maintenance and Custody","nameAr":"الاسْتِبْرَاءُ وَالرَّضَاعُ وَالنَّفَقَةُ وَالحَضَانَةُ","order":13,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"jinaya-shurb","name":"Injuries, Blood Money, Oaths of Compurgation, and the Penalties for Fornication, False Accusation and Drinking","nameAr":"الجِنَايَةُ وَالدِّيَةُ وَالقَسَامَةُ وَالحُدُودُ","order":14,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"sariqa-jizya","name":"Theft, Highway Robbery, Apostasy, Discretionary Punishment, Rebels and Jihād","nameAr":"السَّرِقَةُ وَقَطْعُ الطَّرِيقِ وَالرِّدَّةُ وَالتَّعْزِيرُ وَالبُغَاةُ وَالجِهَادُ","order":15,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"sayd-musabaqa","name":"Hunting and Slaughter, Sacrifice, the ʿAqīqa, Food and Racing","nameAr":"الصَّيْدُ وَالذَّبَائِحُ وَالأُضْحِيَةُ وَالعَقِيقَةُ وَالأَطْعِمَةُ وَالمُسَابَقَةُ","order":16,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ayman-qada","name":"Oaths, Vows and Judgeship","nameAr":"الأَيْمَانُ وَالنَّذْرُ وَالقَضَاءُ","order":17,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qisma-dawa","name":"Division of Property, Testimony, Claims and Proofs","nameAr":"القِسْمَةُ وَالشَّهَادَةُ وَالدَّعْوَى وَالبَيِّنَاتُ","order":18,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"itq-mustawlada","name":"Manumission, Clientage, Freeing on Death, Contracts of Freedom and the Mother of a Master’s Child","nameAr":"العِتْقُ وَالوَلَاءُ وَالتَّدْبِيرُ وَالكِتَابَةُ وَالمُسْتَوْلَدَةُ","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"bidayat-al-hidaya","title":"Bidāyat al-Hidāya","titleAr":"بِدَايَةُ الهِدَايَةِ","subtitle":"al-Ghazālī’s guide to the outward beginning of guidance","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"Al-Ghazālī’s short manual for the student who wants knowledge for the sake of guidance. It sets out the outward beginning of God-fearing in three parts: the acts of obedience that fill a Muslim’s day, from waking through purification, the mosque and the prayers to sleep, with the Friday prayer and fasting; the avoidance of sins, those of the limbs and those of the heart, above all envy, showing off and pride; and the right conduct of companionship with God and with people: scholars, students, parents, strangers, friends and acquaintances.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad Zaynhum Muḥammad ʿAzab’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1993), compared with Wāʾil al-Buḥayrī’s Bulūgh al-ghāya min tahdhīb Bidāyat al-hidāya.","edition":"ʿAzab’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1413/1993)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/bidayat-al-hidaya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"istiqaz","name":"Opening; Waking from Sleep; Entering the Privy","nameAr":"تَوْطِئَةٌ، وَآدَابُ الِاسْتِيقَاظِ وَدُخُولِ الخَلَاءِ","order":2,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"wudu","name":"Ablution and the Ritual Bath","nameAr":"آدَابُ الوُضُوءِ وَالغُسْلِ","order":3,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"tayammum","name":"Dry Ablution; Going to the Mosque and Entering It","nameAr":"آدَابُ التَّيَمُّمِ وَالخُرُوجِ إِلَى المَسْجِدِ وَدُخُولِهِ","order":4,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-sabah","name":"In the Mosque (continued): the Call to Prayer and the Devotions until Sunrise","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ آدَابِ دُخُولِ المَسْجِدِ","order":5,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"duha","name":"From Sunrise to Noon","nameAr":"آدَابُ مَا بَعْدَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ إِلَى الزَّوَالِ","order":6,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"salawat","name":"Preparing for the Other Prayers","nameAr":"آدَابُ الِاسْتِعْدَادِ لِسَائِرِ الصَّلَوَاتِ","order":7,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"nawm","name":"Sleep","nameAr":"آدَابُ النَّوْمِ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"salat","name":"The Prayer","nameAr":"آدَابُ الصَّلَاةِ","order":9,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"imama","name":"Leading and Following in Prayer; the Friday Prayer","nameAr":"آدَابُ الإِمَامَةِ وَالقُدْوَةِ وَآدَابُ الجُمُعَةِ","order":10,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"siyam","name":"Fasting","nameAr":"آدَابُ الصِّيَامِ","order":11,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"lisan","name":"Opening; the Eye, the Ear and the Tongue: Lying, Broken Promises, Backbiting","nameAr":"تَوْطِئَةٌ، وَآدَابُ العَيْنِ وَالأُذُنِ وَاللِّسَانِ","order":12,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"mira","name":"The Tongue (continued): Disputing, Self-Praise, Cursing, Imprecation, Mockery; the Belly","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ آفَاتِ اللِّسَانِ، وَآدَابُ البَطْنِ","order":13,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"jawarih","name":"The Private Parts, the Hands and the Feet","nameAr":"آدَابُ الفَرْجِ وَاليَدَيْنِ وَالرِّجْلَيْنِ","order":14,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qalb","name":"The Sins of the Heart: Envy, Showing Off and Pride","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي مَعَاصِي القَلْبِ: الحَسَدُ وَالرِّيَاءُ وَالعُجْبُ","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"hadith-jami","name":"A Comprehensive Hadith on the Sins of the Heart (Part 1)","nameAr":"حَدِيثٌ جَامِعٌ فِي مَعَاصِي القَلْبِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-thani","name":"A Comprehensive Hadith on the Sins of the Heart (Part 2); the End of Part Two","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ حَدِيثِ مُعَاذٍ وَخَاتِمَةُ القِسْمِ الثَّانِي","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"suhba","name":"Companionship with God; the Scholar, the Student and Parents; Strangers","nameAr":"آدَابُ الصُّحْبَةِ مَعَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، وَآدَابُ العَالِمِ وَالمُتَعَلِّمِ وَالوَلَدِ، وَالعَوَامِّ المَجْهُولِينَ","order":18,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"asdiqa","name":"Brothers and Friends: the Conditions of Companionship","nameAr":"آدَابُ العَلَاقَةِ بِالإِخْوَانِ وَالأَصْدِقَاءِ: شُرُوطُ الصُّحْبَةِ وَالصَّدَاقَةِ","order":19,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"huquq","name":"The Rights of Companionship; Acquaintances","nameAr":"مُرَاعَاةُ حُقُوقِ الصُّحْبَةِ، وَآدَابُ العَلَاقَةِ بِالمَعَارِفِ","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"maarif","name":"Acquaintances (continued); General Manners; Conclusion","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ آدَابِ العَلَاقَةِ بِالمَعَارِفِ، وَخَاتِمَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":21,"paraCount":22,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-01-kitab-al-ilm","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Knowledge","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ العِلْمِ","subtitle":"The first book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences, with his preface to the whole work","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The opening book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, preceded by his preface to the whole work. In seven chapters it sets out the merit of knowledge, learning and teaching; which knowledge is an individual and which a communal obligation; the sciences people wrongly count as religious, and how the names of the sciences have shifted; the dangers of disputation; the duties of the student and the teacher; the marks that distinguish the scholars of the next world from the scholars of evil; and the nobility and nature of the intellect.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images and collated with the Dār al-Maʿrifa text on turath.io (book 9472).","edition":"the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah, 1st ed., 1432/2011), vol. 1","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-01-kitab-al-ilm.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khutba","name":"The Author’s Preface to the Iḥyāʾ","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ","order":0,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-ilm-1","name":"The Book of Knowledge: Its Seven Chapters; the Merit of Knowledge (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ العِلْمِ، وَفَضِيلَةُ العِلْمِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-ilm-2","name":"The Merit of Knowledge (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ العِلْمِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-taallum","name":"The Merit of Knowledge (Part 3); the Merit of Learning","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ العِلْمِ (٣)، وَفَضِيلَةُ التَّعَلُّمِ","order":3,"paraCount":39,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-talim","name":"The Merit of Teaching","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ التَّعْلِيمِ","order":4,"paraCount":38,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-aqliyya-1","name":"The Rational Evidence (Part 1): Why Knowledge Is the Best of Things","nameAr":"فِي الشَّوَاهِدِ العَقْلِيَّةِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-aqliyya-2","name":"The Rational Evidence (Part 2): Why Teaching Is the Noblest Craft","nameAr":"فِي الشَّوَاهِدِ العَقْلِيَّةِ (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"fard-ayn-1","name":"The Knowledge That Is an Individual Obligation (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ عَيْنٍ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"fard-ayn-2","name":"The Knowledge That Is an Individual Obligation (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ عَيْنٍ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-1","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-2","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-3","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٣)","order":11,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-4","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 4)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٤)","order":12,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-5","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 5)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٥)","order":13,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-6","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 6)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٦)","order":14,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-7","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 7)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٧)","order":15,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-8","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 8)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٨)","order":16,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"fard-kifaya-9","name":"The Knowledge That Is a Communal Obligation (Part 9)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ العِلْمِ الَّذِي هُوَ فَرْضُ كِفَايَةٍ (٩)","order":17,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-madhmum-1","name":"Why Blameworthy Knowledge Is Blamed (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَّةِ ذَمِّ العِلْمِ المَذْمُومِ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-madhmum-2","name":"Why Blameworthy Knowledge Is Blamed (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَّةِ ذَمِّ العِلْمِ المَذْمُومِ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz-1","name":"How the Names of the Sciences Have Been Changed (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بُدِّلَ مِنْ أَلْفَاظِ العُلُومِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz-2","name":"How the Names of the Sciences Have Been Changed (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بُدِّلَ مِنْ أَلْفَاظِ العُلُومِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz-3","name":"How the Names of the Sciences Have Been Changed (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بُدِّلَ مِنْ أَلْفَاظِ العُلُومِ (٣)","order":22,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz-4","name":"How the Names of the Sciences Have Been Changed (Part 4)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بُدِّلَ مِنْ أَلْفَاظِ العُلُومِ (٤)","order":23,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz-5","name":"How the Names of the Sciences Have Been Changed (Part 5)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بُدِّلَ مِنْ أَلْفَاظِ العُلُومِ (٥)","order":24,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"qadr-mahmud-1","name":"The Praiseworthy Measure of the Praiseworthy Sciences (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ القَدْرِ المَحْمُودِ مِنَ العُلُومِ المَحْمُودَةِ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"qadr-mahmud-2","name":"The Praiseworthy Measure of the Praiseworthy Sciences (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ القَدْرِ المَحْمُودِ مِنَ العُلُومِ المَحْمُودَةِ (٢)","order":26,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"qadr-mahmud-3","name":"The Praiseworthy Measure of the Praiseworthy Sciences (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ القَدْرِ المَحْمُودِ مِنَ العُلُومِ المَحْمُودَةِ (٣)","order":27,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-al-khilaf","name":"Why People Turned to the Science of Disputed Questions","nameAr":"سَبَبُ إِقْبَالِ الخَلْقِ عَلَى عِلْمِ الخِلَافِ","order":28,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"talbis-1","name":"The Deception in Likening Debate to the Companions’ Consultations (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ التَّلْبِيسِ فِي تَشْبِيهِ المُنَاظَرَاتِ بِمُشَاوَرَاتِ الصَّحَابَةِ (١)","order":29,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"talbis-2","name":"The Deception in Likening Debate to the Companions’ Consultations (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ التَّلْبِيسِ فِي تَشْبِيهِ المُنَاظَرَاتِ بِمُشَاوَرَاتِ الصَّحَابَةِ (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"talbis-3","name":"The Deception in Likening Debate to the Companions’ Consultations (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ التَّلْبِيسِ فِي تَشْبِيهِ المُنَاظَرَاتِ بِمُشَاوَرَاتِ الصَّحَابَةِ (٣)","order":31,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"afat-al-munazara-1","name":"The Dangers of Debate (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آفَاتِ المُنَاظَرَةِ (١)","order":32,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"afat-al-munazara-2","name":"The Dangers of Debate (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آفَاتِ المُنَاظَرَةِ (٢)","order":33,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"afat-al-munazara-3","name":"The Dangers of Debate (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آفَاتِ المُنَاظَرَةِ (٣)","order":34,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-1","name":"The Duties of the Student (Part 1)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ وَوَظَائِفُهُ (١)","order":35,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-2","name":"The Duties of the Student (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ وَوَظَائِفُهُ (٢)","order":36,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-3","name":"The Duties of the Student (Part 3)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ وَوَظَائِفُهُ (٣)","order":37,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-4","name":"The Duties of the Student (Part 4)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ وَوَظَائِفُهُ (٤)","order":38,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-5","name":"The Duties of the Student (Part 5)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ وَوَظَائِفُهُ (٥)","order":39,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-6","name":"The Duties of the Student (Part 6)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ وَوَظَائِفُهُ (٦)","order":40,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"wazaif-al-muallim-1","name":"The Duties of the Teacher (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَظَائِفِ المُرْشِدِ المُعَلِّمِ (١)","order":41,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"wazaif-al-muallim-2","name":"The Duties of the Teacher (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَظَائِفِ المُرْشِدِ المُعَلِّمِ (٢)","order":42,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"wazaif-al-muallim-3","name":"The Duties of the Teacher (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَظَائِفِ المُرْشِدِ المُعَلِّمِ (٣)","order":43,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-su-1","name":"The Dangers of Knowledge and the Scholars of Evil","nameAr":"آفَاتُ العِلْمِ وَالعُلَمَاءُ السُّوءُ","order":44,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-1","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 1)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١)","order":45,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-2","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 2)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٢)","order":46,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-3","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 3)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٣)","order":47,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-4","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 4)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٤)","order":48,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-5","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 5)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٥)","order":49,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-6","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 6)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٦)","order":50,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-7","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 7)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٧)","order":51,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-8","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 8)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٨)","order":52,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-9","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 9)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٩)","order":53,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-10","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 10)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٠)","order":54,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-11","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 11)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١١)","order":55,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-12","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 12)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٢)","order":56,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-13","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 13)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٣)","order":57,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-14","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 14)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٤)","order":58,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-15","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 15)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٥)","order":59,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-16","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 16)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٦)","order":60,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-17","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 17)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٧)","order":61,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-18","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 18)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٨)","order":62,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-19","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 19)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (١٩)","order":63,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-20","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 20)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٢٠)","order":64,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-21","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 21)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٢١)","order":65,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ulama-al-akhira-22","name":"The Signs of the Scholars of the Next World (Part 22)","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ عُلَمَاءِ الآخِرَةِ (٢٢)","order":66,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-aql-1","name":"The Intellect (Part 1)","nameAr":"العَقْلُ (١)","order":67,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-aql-2","name":"The Intellect (Part 2)","nameAr":"العَقْلُ (٢)","order":68,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-aql-3","name":"The Intellect (Part 3)","nameAr":"العَقْلُ (٣)","order":69,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-aql-4","name":"The Intellect (Part 4)","nameAr":"العَقْلُ (٤)","order":70,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-aql-5","name":"The Intellect (Part 5)","nameAr":"العَقْلُ (٥)","order":71,"paraCount":13,"published":true}]},{"id":"matn-abi-shuja","title":"Matn Abī Shujāʿ","titleAr":"مَتْنُ أَبِي شُجَاعٍ","subtitle":"Ghāyat al-Ikhtiṣār, also called al-Taqrīb: the classic first text of Shāfiʿī law","author":"Abū Shujāʿ al-Iṣfahānī","authorAr":"القاضي أبو شجاع أحمد بن الحسين الأصفهاني","description":"The best-known short text of the Shāfiʿī school, written by the judge Abū Shujāʿ al-Iṣfahānī (5th–6th century AH) at a friend’s request for a work that a beginner could memorise. It covers the whole of the law in a few pages, from purification, prayer, alms, fasting and pilgrimage to sales and contracts, inheritance, marriage and divorce, crimes and penalties, jihad, hunting and slaughter, oaths, judgeship and testimony, and the freeing of slaves. Its rulings are given as counted lists of conditions, pillars and kinds, and it has been taught with the commentaries of Ibn Qāsim al-Ghazzī, al-Ḥiṣnī and al-Khaṭīb al-Shirbīnī for centuries.","source":"Arabic text from the standalone print of Matn Abī Shujāʿ al-musammā al-Ghāya wa-l-Taqrīb (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub), checked word by word against the matn in al-Bughā’s al-Tadhhīb and the commentaries of Ibn Qāsim, al-Ḥiṣnī and al-Shirbīnī; each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"the ʿĀlam al-Kutub print of Matn Abī Shujāʿ (Beirut)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/matn-abi-shuja.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"tahara","name":"The Author’s Introduction and the Book of Purification","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ وَكِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"zakat","name":"The Book of Alms","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"sawm","name":"The Book of Fasting","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّوْمِ","order":5,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"hajj","name":"The Book of Pilgrimage","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ","order":6,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-1","name":"The Book of Sales and Other Transactions (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البُيُوعِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-2","name":"The Book of Sales and Other Transactions (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البُيُوعِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"faraid","name":"The Book of Inheritance and Bequests","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ وَالوَصَايَا","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-1","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (١)","order":10,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-2","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"jinayat","name":"The Book of Crimes against the Person","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِنَايَاتِ","order":12,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"hudud","name":"The Book of Prescribed Penalties","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحُدُودِ","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"jihad","name":"The Book of Jihad","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِهَادِ","order":14,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"sayd","name":"The Book of Hunting and Slaughter","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّيْدِ وَالذَّبَائِحِ","order":15,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"sabq","name":"The Book of Racing and Archery","nameAr":"كِتَابُ السَّبْقِ وَالرَّمْيِ","order":16,"paraCount":2,"published":true},{"id":"ayman","name":"The Book of Oaths and Vows","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الأَيْمَانِ وَالنُّذُورِ","order":17,"paraCount":3,"published":true},{"id":"aqdiya","name":"The Book of Judgeship and Testimony","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الأَقْضِيَةِ وَالشَّهَادَاتِ","order":18,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"itq","name":"The Book of Freeing Slaves","nameAr":"كِتَابُ العِتْقِ","order":19,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"mukhtasar-al-akhdari","title":"Mukhtaṣar al-Akhḍarī","titleAr":"مُخْتَصَرُ الأَخْضَرِيِّ فِي العِبَادَاتِ عَلَى مَذْهَبِ الإِمَامِ مَالِكٍ","subtitle":"The Mālikī primer on purification and prayer","author":"ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī","authorAr":"عبد الرحمن بن محمد الصغير الأخضري","description":"The first book of Mālikī law for generations of students in North and West Africa, by the Algerian scholar ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575, or by some accounts 953/1546). It opens with the duties of the responsible person and the sins of the tongue and heart, then sets out purification (water, ablution, the ritual bath, dry ablution, menstruation and lochia) and prayer (its times, conditions, obligatory acts, sunnas and humility), and ends with a long chapter on forgetfulness in prayer and the prostrations that repair it.","source":"Arabic text from the vowelled Cairo print of Muḥammad ʿAlī Ṣubayḥ and Sons.","edition":"the Cairo print of Muḥammad ʿAlī Ṣubayḥ and Sons (n.d.)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-maliki","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/mukhtasar-al-akhdari.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"What Is Obligatory on the Responsible Person","nameAr":"مَا يَجِبُ عَلَى المُكَلَّفِ","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tahara","name":"Purification and Ablution","nameAr":"الطَّهَارَةُ وَالوُضُوءُ","order":2,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ghusl-tayammum","name":"The Ritual Bath, Dry Ablution, Menstruation and Lochia","nameAr":"الغُسْلُ وَالتَّيَمُّمُ وَالحَيْضُ وَالنِّفَاسُ","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"awqat-shurut","name":"Prayer Times, Conditions and the Acts of Prayer","nameAr":"الأَوْقَاتُ وَشُرُوطُ الصَّلَاةِ وَأَفْعَالُهَا","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"khushu-qada","name":"Humility in Prayer, Its States, and Making Up Missed Prayers","nameAr":"الخُشُوعُ فِي الصَّلَاةِ وَأَحْوَالُهَا وَقَضَاءُ الفَوَائِتِ","order":5,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"sahw-1","name":"Forgetfulness in Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي السَّهْوِ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"sahw-2","name":"Forgetfulness in Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي السَّهْوِ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sahw-3","name":"Forgetfulness in Prayer (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي السَّهْوِ (٣)","order":8,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"muqaddima-usul-al-tafsir","title":"Muqaddima fī Uṣūl al-Tafsīr","titleAr":"مُقَدِّمَةٌ فِي أُصُولِ التَّفْسِيرِ","subtitle":"Ibn Taymiyya’s introduction to the principles of Qurʾānic interpretation","author":"Ibn Taymiyya","authorAr":"ابن تيمية","description":"A short treatise by Taqī al-Dīn Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328), written at a student’s request, setting out general principles for understanding the Qurʾān and sifting the books of tafsīr. It argues that the Prophet explained the Qurʾān’s meanings to his Companions, that most of the early scholars’ disagreement in tafsīr is variety rather than contradiction, how transmitted reports and reasoned interpretations go wrong, and that the best tafsīr is of the Qurʾān by the Qurʾān, then by the Sunna, the Companions and the Followers, while tafsīr by mere opinion is forbidden.","source":"Arabic text from Majmūʿ al-fatāwā, vol. 13 (King Fahd Complex print, 1425/2004, with the Dār al-Wafāʾ and al-Fahd corrections), compared with the standalone print and al-Ṭayyār’s commentary.","edition":"Majmūʿ al-fatāwā, vol. 13 (Medina: Mujammaʿ al-Malik Fahd, 1425/2004)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"usul-tafsir","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/muqaddima-usul-al-tafsir.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction and the Prophet’s Explanation of the Qurʾān","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ وَبَيَانُ النَّبِيِّ مَعَانِيَ القُرْآنِ","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-1","name":"Disagreement among the Salaf (Part 1): Different Expressions for One Thing","nameAr":"اخْتِلَافُ السَّلَفِ فِي التَّفْسِيرِ (١): التَّعْبِيرُ عَنِ المُسَمَّى الوَاحِدِ","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-2","name":"Disagreement among the Salaf (Part 2): Examples of a General Term and Occasions of Revelation","nameAr":"اخْتِلَافُ السَّلَفِ فِي التَّفْسِيرِ (٢): ذِكْرُ بَعْضِ أَنْوَاعِ العَامِّ وَأَسْبَابُ النُّزُولِ","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-3","name":"Disagreement among the Salaf (Part 3): Ambiguous Words and Near-Synonyms","nameAr":"اخْتِلَافُ السَّلَفِ فِي التَّفْسِيرِ (٣): الأَلْفَاظُ المُحْتَمِلَةُ وَالمُتَقَارِبَةُ","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"naql-1","name":"Disagreement from Transmission (Part 1): What Cannot Be Known and What Can","nameAr":"الِاخْتِلَافُ مِنْ جِهَةِ النَّقْلِ (١): مَا لَا يُمْكِنُ مَعْرِفَةُ صَحِيحِهِ وَمَا يُمْكِنُ","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"naql-2","name":"Disagreement from Transmission (Part 2): Independent Routes Establish a Report","nameAr":"الِاخْتِلَافُ مِنْ جِهَةِ النَّقْلِ (٢): تَعَدُّدُ الطُّرُقِ مِنْ غَيْرِ مُوَاطَأَةٍ","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"naql-3","name":"Disagreement from Transmission (Part 3): Single Reports, Defects and Fabrications","nameAr":"الِاخْتِلَافُ مِنْ جِهَةِ النَّقْلِ (٣): خَبَرُ الوَاحِدِ وَالعِلَلُ وَالمَوْضُوعَاتُ","order":7,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"istidlal-1","name":"Disagreement from Inference (Part 1): Reading Doctrines into the Qurʾān","nameAr":"الِاخْتِلَافُ مِنْ جِهَةِ الِاسْتِدْلَالِ (١): حَمْلُ أَلْفَاظِ القُرْآنِ عَلَى المَذَاهِبِ","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"istidlal-2","name":"Disagreement from Inference (Part 2): Sectarian Interpretations and Departing from the Salaf","nameAr":"الِاخْتِلَافُ مِنْ جِهَةِ الِاسْتِدْلَالِ (٢): تَفَاسِيرُ أَهْلِ البِدَعِ وَمُخَالَفَةُ السَّلَفِ","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"turuq-1","name":"The Best Methods of Tafsīr (Part 1): The Qurʾān, the Sunna and the Companions","nameAr":"أَحْسَنُ طُرُقِ التَّفْسِيرِ (١): القُرْآنُ وَالسُّنَّةُ وَأَقْوَالُ الصَّحَابَةِ","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"turuq-2","name":"The Best Methods of Tafsīr (Part 2): Reports from the People of the Book and Reporting Disagreement","nameAr":"أَحْسَنُ طُرُقِ التَّفْسِيرِ (٢): الإِسْرَائِيلِيَّاتُ وَحِكَايَةُ الخِلَافِ","order":11,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tabiun-wa-ray-1","name":"The Followers’ Tafsīr and Tafsīr by Opinion (Part 1)","nameAr":"تَفْسِيرُ التَّابِعِينَ وَالتَّفْسِيرُ بِالرَّأْيِ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tabiun-wa-ray-2","name":"The Followers’ Tafsīr and Tafsīr by Opinion (Part 2): The Salaf’s Caution","nameAr":"تَفْسِيرُ التَّابِعِينَ وَالتَّفْسِيرُ بِالرَّأْيِ (٢): تَحَرُّجُ السَّلَفِ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"nukhbat-al-fikar","title":"Nukhbat al-Fikar","titleAr":"نُخْبَةُ الفِكَرِ فِي مُصْطَلَحِ أَهْلِ الأَثَرِ","subtitle":"Ibn Ḥajar’s digest of hadith terminology","author":"Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī","authorAr":"ابن حجر العسقلاني","description":"A short prose digest of hadith terminology by the great hadith master Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī (d. 852/1449). In a few pages it arranges the whole science as a set of divisions: reports by the number of their routes, the accepted and the rejected, the gaps and faults that weaken a chain, where a chain ends, the forms of transmission, and the knowledge of narrators. Ibn Ḥajar later explained it himself in Nuzhat al-Naẓar.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s edition from eight manuscripts, among them copies read to the author (2nd ed., 2020).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition (2nd ed., 1441/2020)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"mustalah","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/nukhbat-al-fikar.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khabar","name":"The Author’s Introduction and the Kinds of Report","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ وَأَقْسَامُ الخَبَرِ","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mardud","name":"The Rejected Report","nameAr":"المَرْدُودُ","order":2,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"isnad","name":"The Chain of Transmission","nameAr":"الإِسْنَادُ","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"khatima","name":"Conclusion","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةٌ","order":4,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"nur-al-idah","title":"Nūr al-Īḍāḥ","titleAr":"نُورُ الإِيضَاحِ وَنَجَاةُ الأَرْوَاحِ","subtitle":"al-Shurunbulālī’s primer of Ḥanafī worship: purification, prayer and fasting","author":"al-Shurunbulālī","authorAr":"أبو الإخلاص حسن بن عمار بن علي الشرنبلالي المصري الحنفي","description":"The best-known first text of Ḥanafī law on worship, by the Egyptian jurist Ḥasan ibn ʿAmmār al-Shurunbulālī (d. 1069/1659), teacher at al-Azhar. In short, ordered lists it sets out purification (waters, wells, cleaning after relieving oneself, ablution, the purificatory bath, dry ablution, wiping over leather socks, menstruation and impurities), the prayer (its times, the call to prayer, its conditions, pillars, obligatory and recommended acts, leading it, what spoils it, the witr and supererogatory prayers, travel and sickness, prostrations of forgetfulness and recitation, Friday, the two Feasts, funerals and martyrs) and fasting with spiritual retreat. Al-Shurunbulālī himself explained it in Marāqī al-Falāḥ, which al-Ṭaḥṭāwī glossed, and it is the usual first book of Ḥanafī fiqh.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad Anīs Mahrāt’s edition of the matn (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 2005), checked word by word against the matn printed with Marāqī al-Falāḥ in Naʿīm Zarzūr’s edition (al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 2005); each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"Mahrāt’s edition (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 2005)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-hanafi","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/nur-al-idah.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"tahara-1","name":"The Book of Purification: Waters, Wells and Cleaning after Relieving Oneself","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ: المِيَاهُ وَالآبَارُ وَالاسْتِنْجَاءُ","order":1,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-2","name":"Ablution and the Purificatory Bath","nameAr":"الوُضُوءُ وَالغُسْلُ","order":2,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-3","name":"Dry Ablution, Wiping over Leather Socks and Splints","nameAr":"التَّيَمُّمُ وَالمَسْحُ عَلَى الخُفَّيْنِ وَالجَبِيرَةِ","order":3,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-4","name":"Menstruation and Bleeding; Impurities and Their Removal","nameAr":"الحَيْضُ وَالنِّفَاسُ وَالاسْتِحَاضَةُ وَالأَنْجَاسُ","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"The Book of Prayer: Its Times and the Call to Prayer","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ: أَوْقَاتُهَا وَالأَذَانُ","order":5,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"The Conditions and Pillars of Prayer","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ الصَّلَاةِ وَأَرْكَانُهَا","order":6,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"salat-3","name":"The Necessary Acts, Sunnas and Manners of Prayer, and How It Is Performed","nameAr":"وَاجِبَاتُ الصَّلَاةِ وَسُنَنُهَا وَآدَابُهَا وَكَيْفِيَّتُهَا","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"salat-4","name":"Leading the Prayer and What Spoils It","nameAr":"الإِمَامَةُ وَمَا يُفْسِدُ الصَّلَاةَ","order":8,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"salat-5","name":"What Does and Does Not Spoil the Prayer, What Is Disliked in It, and the Barrier","nameAr":"مَا لَا يُفْسِدُ الصَّلَاةَ وَمَكْرُوهَاتُهَا وَالسُّتْرَةُ","order":9,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"salat-6","name":"The Witr and Supererogatory Prayers","nameAr":"الوِتْرُ وَالنَّوَافِلُ","order":10,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"salat-7","name":"Prayer on a Mount and in a Boat, the Tarāwīḥ, Prayer in the Kaʿba, and the Traveller’s Prayer","nameAr":"الصَّلَاةُ عَلَى الدَّابَّةِ وَفِي السَّفِينَةِ وَالتَّرَاوِيحُ وَالصَّلَاةُ فِي الكَعْبَةِ وَصَلَاةُ المُسَافِرِ","order":11,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"salat-8","name":"The Prayer of the Sick, Discharging Missed Duties, Making Up Prayers and Catching the Congregation","nameAr":"صَلَاةُ المَرِيضِ وَإِسْقَاطُ الصَّلَاةِ وَقَضَاءُ الفَوَائِتِ وَإِدْرَاكُ الفَرِيضَةِ","order":12,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"salat-9","name":"The Prostrations of Forgetfulness, Recitation and Thanks","nameAr":"سُجُودُ السَّهْوِ وَالتِّلَاوَةِ وَالشُّكْرِ","order":13,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"salat-10","name":"The Friday Prayer and the Prayer of the Two Feasts","nameAr":"الجُمُعَةُ وَالعِيدَانِ","order":14,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"salat-11","name":"The Eclipse, Rain and Fear Prayers, and Funerals: Dying, Washing and Shrouding","nameAr":"الكُسُوفُ وَالاسْتِسْقَاءُ وَالخَوْفُ وَأَحْكَامُ الجَنَائِزِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"salat-12","name":"Funerals: the Funeral Prayer, Carrying and Burial, Visiting Graves, and Martyrs","nameAr":"أَحْكَامُ الجَنَائِزِ (٢) وَالشَّهِيدُ","order":16,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"sawm-1","name":"The Book of Fasting: Its Kinds, the Intention and the New Moon","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّوْمِ: أَقْسَامُهُ وَالنِّيَّةُ وَثُبُوتُ الهِلَالِ","order":17,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"sawm-2","name":"What Does and Does Not Spoil the Fast, and Expiation","nameAr":"مَا لَا يُفْسِدُ الصَّوْمَ وَمَا يُفْسِدُهُ وَالكَفَّارَةُ","order":18,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"sawm-3","name":"Excuses for Not Fasting, Vows and Spiritual Retreat","nameAr":"العَوَارِضُ وَالنَّذْرُ وَالاعْتِكَافُ","order":19,"paraCount":16,"published":true}]},{"id":"nuzhat-al-nazar","title":"Nuzhat al-Naẓar","titleAr":"نُزْهَةُ النَّظَرِ فِي تَوْضِيحِ نُخْبَةِ الفِكَرِ","subtitle":"Ibn Ḥajar’s own commentary on Nukhbat al-Fikar","author":"Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī","authorAr":"ابن حجر العسقلاني","description":"Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī’s (d. 852/1449) explanation of his own digest of hadith terminology, Nukhbat al-Fikar. He weaves the words of the Nukhba into a running commentary that defines each term, gives the reasons for it, weighs the views of earlier scholars and adds examples: reports by the number of their routes, the accepted and the rejected, where a chain ends, the forms of transmission, and the knowledge of narrators. It has been the standard teaching text of the science since his day.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s edition, made from manuscripts read to the author that bear his handwriting and licence (1st ed., 1442/2021).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition (1st ed., 1442/2021)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"mustalah","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/nuzhat-al-nazar.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction; Report and Hadith","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ، وَالخَبَرُ وَالحَدِيثُ","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mutawatir","name":"The Mass-Transmitted and the Well-Known","nameAr":"المُتَوَاتِرُ وَالمَشْهُورُ","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"aziz","name":"The Scarce and the Strange; the Accepted and the Rejected","nameAr":"العَزِيزُ وَالغَرِيبُ، وَالمَقْبُولُ وَالمَرْدُودُ","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qarain","name":"Reports with Supporting Indications; the Kinds of Strangeness","nameAr":"الخَبَرُ المُحْتَفُّ بِالقَرَائِنِ، وَأَنْوَاعُ الغَرَابَةِ","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"sahih","name":"The Sound in Itself and Its Ranks","nameAr":"الصَّحِيحُ لِذَاتِهِ وَمَرَاتِبُهُ","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hasan","name":"Why al-Bukhārī Comes First; the Good Hadith","nameAr":"تَرْجِيحُ البُخَارِيِّ، وَالحَسَنُ","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ziyada","name":"Al-Tirmidhī’s “Good”; the Reliable Narrator’s Addition; the Irregular and the Denounced","nameAr":"الحَسَنُ عِنْدَ التِّرْمِذِيِّ، وَزِيَادَةُ الثِّقَةِ، وَالشَّاذُّ وَالمُنْكَرُ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mutabaat","name":"Follow-ups and Witnesses; Conflicting Hadiths and Abrogation","nameAr":"المُتَابَعَاتُ وَالشَّوَاهِدُ، وَالمُحْكَمُ وَمُخْتَلِفُ الحَدِيثِ وَالنَّاسِخُ","order":8,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"saqt","name":"Gaps in the Chain: the Suspended, the Loose, the Obscure, the Broken and the Concealed","nameAr":"السَّقْطُ مِنَ الإِسْنَادِ: المُعَلَّقُ وَالمُرْسَلُ وَالمُعْضَلُ وَالمُنْقَطِعُ وَالمُدَلَّسُ","order":9,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mawdu","name":"The Hidden Loose Report, the Causes of Impugning, and the Forged","nameAr":"المُرْسَلُ الخَفِيُّ، وَأَسْبَابُ الطَّعْنِ، وَالمَوْضُوعُ","order":10,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"matruk","name":"The Abandoned, the Defective, and the Kinds of Going Against Others","nameAr":"المَتْرُوكُ وَالمُعَلَّلُ وَأَنْوَاعُ المُخَالَفَةِ","order":11,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"jahala","name":"Narrating by Sense; Rare Words and Difficulties; the Unknown Narrator","nameAr":"الرِّوَايَةُ بِالمَعْنَى، وَالغَرِيبُ وَالمُشْكِلُ، وَجَهَالَةُ الرَّاوِي","order":12,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"bida","name":"The Innovator’s Narration, Poor Memory, and Strengthening the Weak","nameAr":"رِوَايَةُ المُبْتَدِعِ، وَسُوءُ الحِفْظِ، وَتَقْوِيَةُ الضَّعِيفِ","order":13,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"marfu","name":"Where the Chain Ends: the Raised Report","nameAr":"مُنْتَهَى الإِسْنَادِ: المَرْفُوعُ","order":14,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"mawquf","name":"The Stopped Report, the Companion and the Successor, and the Severed Report","nameAr":"المَوْقُوفُ، وَتَعْرِيفُ الصَّحَابِيِّ وَالتَّابِعِيِّ، وَالمَقْطُوعُ","order":15,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"musnad","name":"The Supported Report, Height and Lowness, Peers and the Reciprocal","nameAr":"المُسْنَدُ، وَالعُلُوُّ وَالنُّزُولُ، وَالأَقْرَانُ وَالمُدَبَّجُ","order":16,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"akabir","name":"Elders from Juniors, the Earlier and the Later, the Unspecified, Those Who Narrated and Forgot, and the Linked in Series","nameAr":"رِوَايَةُ الأَكَابِرِ عَنِ الأَصَاغِرِ، وَالسَّابِقُ وَاللَّاحِقُ، وَالمُهْمَلُ، وَمَنْ حَدَّثَ وَنَسِيَ، وَالمُسَلْسَلُ","order":17,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"ada","name":"The Forms of Transmission and the Ways of Receiving","nameAr":"صِيَغُ الأَدَاءِ وَطُرُقُ التَّحَمُّلِ","order":18,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"muttafiq","name":"The Agreeing and the Separate, the Matching and the Differing, and the Resembling","nameAr":"المُتَّفِقُ وَالمُفْتَرِقُ، وَالمُؤْتَلِفُ وَالمُخْتَلِفُ، وَالمُتَشَابِهُ","order":19,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tabaqat","name":"The Generations of Narrators and the Grades of Criticism and Approval","nameAr":"طَبَقَاتُ الرُّوَاةِ، وَمَرَاتِبُ الجَرْحِ وَالتَّعْدِيلِ","order":20,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kuna","name":"When Criticism and Approval Conflict; By-names and Names","nameAr":"تَعَارُضُ الجَرْحِ وَالتَّعْدِيلِ، وَمَعْرِفَةُ الكُنَى وَالأَسْمَاءِ","order":21,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"mufrada","name":"Bare and Unique Names, Nicknames, Attributions and Clients","nameAr":"الأَسْمَاءُ المُجَرَّدَةُ وَالمُفْرَدَةُ، وَالأَلْقَابُ وَالأَنْسَابُ وَالمَوَالِي","order":22,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"adab","name":"The Manners of Teacher and Student, Writing and Compiling Hadith, and the Occasions of Hadith","nameAr":"أَدَبُ الشَّيْخِ وَالطَّالِبِ، وَكِتَابَةُ الحَدِيثِ وَتَصْنِيفُهُ، وَسَبَبُ الحَدِيثِ","order":23,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"qasidat-al-burda","title":"Qaṣīdat al-Burda","titleAr":"قَصِيدَةُ البُرْدَةِ","subtitle":"al-Kawākib al-Durriyya fī Madḥ Khayr al-Bariyya: al-Būṣīrī’s ode in praise of the Prophet","author":"Sharaf al-Dīn al-Būṣīrī","authorAr":"شرف الدين البوصيري","description":"The most celebrated poem in praise of the Prophet, 160 lines rhyming in mīm by the Egyptian poet al-Būṣīrī (d. 696/1297). In ten sections it moves from love-longing and the struggle with the self to the Prophet’s virtues, birth, miracles, the Qurʾān, the Night Journey and his campaigns, and closes with a plea for his intercession and God’s mercy.","source":"Arabic text from Dīwān al-Būṣīrī, ed. Muḥammad Sayyid Kīlānī (Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1955), edited from manuscripts, checked against an 8th-century AH manuscript of the Burda and al-Bājūrī’s commentary.","edition":"Kīlānī’s edition of Dīwān al-Būṣīrī (Cairo: Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1955)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"sira","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/qasidat-al-burda.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-ghazal-ila-al-mujizat","name":"Love, the Self, and the Prophet’s Praise, Birth and Miracles","nameAr":"الغزل والنفس ومدح النبي ومولده ومعجزاته","order":1,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-quran-ila-al-munajat","name":"The Qurʾān, the Night Journey, the Campaigns, Intercession and Prayer","nameAr":"القرآن والإسراء والجهاد والتوسل والمناجاة","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"safinat-al-naja","title":"Safīnat al-Najā","titleAr":"سَفِينَةُ النَّجَا فِيمَا يَجِبُ عَلَى العَبْدِ لِمَوْلَاهُ","subtitle":"The Ship of Salvation: what the servant owes his Lord","author":"Sālim ibn Samīr al-Ḥaḍramī","authorAr":"سالم بن عبد الله بن سعد بن سمير الحضرمي","description":"The best-known first primer of Shāfiʿī law, by the Ḥaḍramī scholar Sālim ibn Samīr (d. 1271/1855). In short numbered sections it sets out the pillars of Islam and of faith, then purification, prayer, funerals and zakāt: what each act requires, what completes it and what spoils it. Students across Ḥaḍramawt, East Africa and Southeast Asia memorise it, and the section on fasting added by Muḥammad Nawawī al-Jāwī in his commentary Kāshifat al-sajā is included here as a final chapter.","source":"Arabic text from the vowelled edition prepared by the Dār al-Minhāj Centre for Studies (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 3rd printing), with the fasting section of Muḥammad Nawawī al-Jāwī printed after it.","edition":"the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah, 3rd printing)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/safinat-al-naja.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"aqida-tahara","name":"Belief and Purification","nameAr":"العَقِيدَةُ وَالطَّهَارَةُ","order":1,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"الصَّلَاةُ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"Prayer (Part 2), Funerals and Zakāt","nameAr":"الصَّلَاةُ (٢) وَالجَنَائِزُ وَالزَّكَاةُ","order":3,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"sawm","name":"Fasting (al-Nawawī al-Jāwī’s Supplement)","nameAr":"الصِّيَامُ (تَتِمَّةُ النَّوَوِيِّ الجَاوِيِّ)","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"shadha-al-arf","title":"Shadhā al-ʿArf","titleAr":"شَذَا العَرْفِ فِي فَنِّ الصَّرْفِ","subtitle":"The fragrance of scent in the art of morphology","author":"Aḥmad al-Ḥamlāwī","authorAr":"أحمد بن محمد الحملاوي","description":"A complete handbook of Arabic morphology [ṣarf], written by Aḥmad al-Ḥamlāwī for the students of Dār al-ʿUlūm in Cairo and still the standard intermediate textbook of the subject. After an introduction on the science and the morphological scale [al-mīzān], it treats the verb, then the noun (verbal nouns and derived nouns, gender, the dual and plurals, diminutives and relative adjectives), and closes with rules shared by both: added letters, hamzat al-waṣl, weak-letter changes [iʿlāl], assimilation [idghām], meeting of two quiescents, inclination [imāla] and pause [waqf]. Rules are stated briefly and illustrated with Qurʾānic verses, poetry and paradigms.","source":"Arabic text from Naṣr Allāh ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Naṣr Allāh’s edition (Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd), via turath.io (book 11243); the editor’s footnotes and additions are left out.","edition":"Naṣr Allāh ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Naṣr Allāh’s edition (Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"sarf","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/shadha-al-arf.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khutba","name":"The Opening of the Book","nameAr":"خطبة الكتاب","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tarif","name":"Morphology Defined; the Division of the Word","nameAr":"تعريف الصرف وتقسيم الكلمة","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"mizan","name":"The Morphological Scale","nameAr":"الميزان الصرفي","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"madi-sahih","name":"Past, Present and Imperative; Sound and Weak Verbs","nameAr":"الماضي والمضارع والأمر، والصحيح والمعتل","order":4,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"mujarrad-1","name":"Bare and Augmented Verbs (Part 1): the Six Patterns of the Triliteral","nameAr":"المجرد والمزيد (١): أبواب الثلاثي الستة","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"tanbihat","name":"Bare and Augmented Verbs (Part 2): Remarks on the Six Patterns","nameAr":"المجرد والمزيد (٢): تنبيهات على أبواب الثلاثي","order":6,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"mazid","name":"Bare and Augmented Verbs (Part 3): the Quadriliteral and the Augmented Patterns","nameAr":"المجرد والمزيد (٣): الرباعي وأوزان المزيد","order":7,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"maani-1","name":"The Meanings of the Augmented Patterns (Part 1): afʿala, fāʿala, faʿʿala","nameAr":"معاني صيغ الزوائد (١): أفعل وفاعل وفعّل","order":8,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"maani-2","name":"The Meanings of the Augmented Patterns (Part 2): infaʿala to istafʿala","nameAr":"معاني صيغ الزوائد (٢): من انفعل إلى استفعل","order":9,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"jamid-mutaaddi","name":"Fixed and Conjugated Verbs; Transitive and Intransitive","nameAr":"الجامد والمتصرف، والمتعدي واللازم","order":10,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"majhul","name":"Active and Passive","nameAr":"المبني للفاعل والمبني للمفعول","order":11,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tawkid-1","name":"The Emphatic Verb (Part 1): When the Nūn of Emphasis Is Used","nameAr":"الفعل المؤكد (١): مواضع توكيده","order":12,"paraCount":37,"published":true},{"id":"tawkid-2","name":"The Emphatic Verb (Part 2): the Verb’s Ending and the Light Nūn","nameAr":"الفعل المؤكد (٢): حكم آخره وأحكام النون الخفيفة","order":13,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"isnad-1","name":"Verbs with Pronouns (Part 1): Sound, Hamzated, Doubled and Assimilated Verbs","nameAr":"حكم الأفعال عند إسنادها إلى الضمائر (١): السالم والمهموز والمضعف والمثال","order":14,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"isnad-2","name":"Verbs with Pronouns (Part 2): Hollow, Defective and Doubly Weak Verbs","nameAr":"حكم الأفعال عند إسنادها إلى الضمائر (٢): الأجوف والناقص واللفيف","order":15,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ism-mujarrad","name":"Bare and Augmented Nouns","nameAr":"التقسيم الأول للاسم: من حيث التجرد والزيادة","order":16,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"jamid-mushtaqq","name":"Fixed and Derived Nouns; the Verbal Nouns of the Triliteral","nameAr":"التقسيم الثاني للاسم: من حيث الجمود والاشتقاق، ومصادر الثلاثي","order":17,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"masadir-ghayr-thulathi","name":"The Verbal Nouns of Verbs of More than Three Letters","nameAr":"مصادر غير الثلاثي","order":18,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-fail","name":"Remarks on the Verbal Noun; the Active Participle","nameAr":"تنبيهات في المصدر، واسم الفاعل","order":19,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-maful","name":"The Passive Participle; the Adjective Resembling the Active Participle","nameAr":"اسم المفعول، والصفة المشبهة باسم الفاعل","order":20,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tafdil-1","name":"The Elative (Part 1): its Form, Conditions and Forms of Use","nameAr":"اسم التفضيل (١): صيغته وشروطه وحالاته اللفظية","order":21,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"tafdil-2","name":"The Elative (Part 2); Nouns of Time, Place and Instrument","nameAr":"اسم التفضيل (٢)، واسما الزمان والمكان، واسم الآلة","order":22,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"tanith","name":"Masculine and Feminine Nouns","nameAr":"التقسيم الثالث للاسم: من حيث كونه مذكرا أو مؤنثا","order":23,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"manqus-maqsur","name":"Defective, Shortened, Lengthened and Sound Nouns","nameAr":"التقسيم الرابع للاسم: من حيث كونه منقوصا أو مقصورا أو ممدودا أو صحيحا","order":24,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"mufrad-muthanna","name":"Singular, Dual and Plural: Definitions and Conditions","nameAr":"التقسيم الخامس للاسم: من حيث كونه مفردا أو مثنى أو مجموعا","order":25,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tathniya","name":"How the Dual and the Sound Plurals Are Formed","nameAr":"كيفية التثنية وجمع المذكر والمؤنث السالمين","order":26,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"jumu-al-qilla","name":"The Broken Plural; Plurals of Paucity","nameAr":"جمع التكسير، وجموع القلة","order":27,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"jumu-al-kathra-1","name":"Plurals of Multitude (Part 1): fuʿl to fiʿāl","nameAr":"جموع الكثرة (١)","order":28,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"jumu-al-kathra-2","name":"Plurals of Multitude (Part 2): fuʿūl to faʿālā","nameAr":"جموع الكثرة (٢)","order":29,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"jumu-al-kathra-3","name":"Plurals of Multitude (Part 3): faʿālīy, faʿālil and its likes","nameAr":"جموع الكثرة (٣)","order":30,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"khatimat-al-jumu","name":"A Closing Section on Several Questions of the Plural","nameAr":"خاتمة تشتمل على عدة مسائل","order":31,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tasghir-1","name":"The Diminutive (Part 1): uses, conditions and patterns","nameAr":"التصغير (١)","order":32,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"tasghir-2","name":"The Diminutive (Part 2): detachable endings and restored letters","nameAr":"التصغير (٢)","order":33,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tasghir-3","name":"The Diminutive (Part 3): the feminine, the truncated diminutive and two notes","nameAr":"التصغير (٣)","order":34,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"nasab-1","name":"The Relative Adjective (Part 1): its changes and the endings dropped for it","nameAr":"النسب (١)","order":35,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"nasab-2","name":"The Relative Adjective (Part 2): letters dropped before the end; hamza; compounds","nameAr":"النسب (٢)","order":36,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"nasab-3","name":"The Relative Adjective (Part 3): iḍāfa names and words with a lost letter","nameAr":"النسب (٣)","order":37,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"nasab-4","name":"The Relative Adjective (Part 4) and a Closing Section on its substitutes","nameAr":"النسب (٤)، وخاتمة","order":38,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"huruf-al-ziyada-1","name":"Added Letters (Part 1): kinds, places and nine proofs","nameAr":"حروف الزيادة ومواضعها وأدلتها (١)","order":39,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"huruf-al-ziyada-2","name":"Added Letters (Part 2); Hamzat al-Waṣl","nameAr":"حروف الزيادة (٢)، وهمزة الوصل","order":40,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"ilal-1","name":"Weak-Letter Change and Substitution (Part 1): definitions; change to hamza","nameAr":"الإعلال والإبدال (١)","order":41,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"ilal-2","name":"Weak-Letter Change and Substitution (Part 2): hamza changed to yāʾ or wāw","nameAr":"الإعلال والإبدال (٢)","order":42,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ilal-3","name":"Weak-Letter Change and Substitution (Part 3): alif and wāw changed to yāʾ","nameAr":"الإعلال والإبدال (٣)","order":43,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"ilal-4","name":"Weak-Letter Change and Substitution (Part 4): change to wāw; change to alif","nameAr":"الإعلال والإبدال (٤)","order":44,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ilal-5","name":"Weak-Letter Change and Substitution (Part 5): iftiʿāl; mīm for wāw and nūn; change by transfer","nameAr":"الإعلال والإبدال (٥)","order":45,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"ilal-bil-hadhf","name":"Weak-Letter Change by Dropping","nameAr":"الإعلال بالحذف","order":46,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"idgham-1","name":"Assimilation (Part 1): forbidden, required and allowed","nameAr":"الإدغام (١)","order":47,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"idgham-2","name":"Assimilation (Part 2): further rules; the points and qualities of the letters; near letters","nameAr":"الإدغام (٢)","order":48,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"iltiqa-al-sakinayn","name":"The Meeting of Two Quiescents","nameAr":"التقاء الساكنين","order":49,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"imala","name":"Inclination [Imāla]","nameAr":"الإمالة","order":50,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"masail-al-tamrin-1","name":"Practice Questions (Part 1): what “build from X on the pattern of Y” means","nameAr":"مسائل التمرين (١)","order":51,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"masail-al-tamrin-2","name":"Practice Questions (Part 2): exercises four to thirteen","nameAr":"مسائل التمرين (٢)","order":52,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"waqf-1","name":"Pause (Part 1): kinds of pause; tanwīn, pronoun suffixes and defective nouns","nameAr":"الوقف (١)","order":53,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"waqf-2","name":"Pause (Part 2): rawm, ishmām, doubling and transfer; the feminine tāʾ; the hāʾ of pause","nameAr":"الوقف (٢)","order":54,"paraCount":20,"published":true}]},{"id":"tadhkirat-al-sami","title":"Tadhkirat al-Sāmiʿ wa-l-Mutakallim","titleAr":"تَذْكِرَةُ السَّامِعِ وَالمُتَكَلِّمِ فِي أَدَبِ العَالِمِ وَالمُتَعَلِّمِ","subtitle":"Ibn Jamāʿa on the manners of the scholar and the student","author":"Badr al-Dīn Ibn Jamāʿa","authorAr":"بدر الدين ابن جماعة","description":"The classic handbook of the manners of learning and teaching, by the Shāfiʿī chief judge Badr al-Dīn Ibn Jamāʿa (d. 733/1333). After a short chapter on the merit of knowledge, it sets out in numbered points the manners of the scholar in himself, in his lesson and with his students; the manners of the student in himself, with his teacher and in the study circle; the manners owed to books, the tools of knowledge; and the manners of living in the madrasas. It gathers the sayings and practice of the early scholars without chains of transmission, so that the scholar is reminded of what is entrusted to him and the student alerted to what is required of him.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad Hāshim al-Nadwī’s edition (Hyderabad: Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1354/1935).","edition":"al-Nadwī’s edition (Hyderabad: Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif, 1354/1935)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/tadhkirat-al-sami.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-ilm-1","name":"The Merit of Knowledge and Scholars (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الأَوَّلُ فِي فَضْلِ العِلْمِ وَالعُلَمَاءِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-ilm-2","name":"The Merit of Knowledge and Scholars (Part 2)","nameAr":"البَابُ الأَوَّلُ فِي فَضْلِ العِلْمِ وَالعُلَمَاءِ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-alim-nafsihi-1","name":"The Scholar’s Manners in Himself (Part 1)","nameAr":"آدَابُ العَالِمِ فِي نَفْسِهِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-alim-nafsihi-2","name":"The Scholar’s Manners in Himself (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ العَالِمِ فِي نَفْسِهِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-alim-nafsihi-3","name":"The Scholar’s Manners in Himself (Part 3)","nameAr":"آدَابُ العَالِمِ فِي نَفْسِهِ (٣)","order":6,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-dars-1","name":"The Scholar’s Manners in His Lesson (Part 1)","nameAr":"آدَابُ العَالِمِ فِي دَرْسِهِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-dars-2","name":"The Scholar’s Manners in His Lesson (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ العَالِمِ فِي دَرْسِهِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-dars-3","name":"The Scholar’s Manners in His Lesson (Part 3)","nameAr":"آدَابُ العَالِمِ فِي دَرْسِهِ (٣)","order":9,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-talabatihi-1","name":"The Scholar’s Manners with His Students (Part 1)","nameAr":"أَدَبُ العَالِمِ مَعَ طَلَبَتِهِ (١)","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-talabatihi-2","name":"The Scholar’s Manners with His Students (Part 2)","nameAr":"أَدَبُ العَالِمِ مَعَ طَلَبَتِهِ (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-talabatihi-3","name":"The Scholar’s Manners with His Students (Part 3)","nameAr":"أَدَبُ العَالِمِ مَعَ طَلَبَتِهِ (٣)","order":12,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-talabatihi-4","name":"The Scholar’s Manners with His Students (Part 4)","nameAr":"أَدَبُ العَالِمِ مَعَ طَلَبَتِهِ (٤)","order":13,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-nafsihi-1","name":"The Student’s Manners in Himself (Part 1)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ فِي نَفْسِهِ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutaallim-nafsihi-2","name":"The Student’s Manners in Himself (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ فِي نَفْسِهِ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-shaykhihi-1","name":"The Student’s Manners with His Teacher (Part 1)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ مَعَ شَيْخِهِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-shaykhihi-2","name":"The Student’s Manners with His Teacher (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ مَعَ شَيْخِهِ (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-shaykhihi-3","name":"The Student’s Manners with His Teacher (Part 3)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ مَعَ شَيْخِهِ (٣)","order":18,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-shaykhihi-4","name":"The Student’s Manners with His Teacher (Part 4)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ مَعَ شَيْخِهِ (٤)","order":19,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"adab-fi-durusihi-1","name":"The Student’s Manners in His Lessons (Part 1)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ فِي دُرُوسِهِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"adab-fi-durusihi-2","name":"The Student’s Manners in His Lessons (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ فِي دُرُوسِهِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"adab-fi-durusihi-3","name":"The Student’s Manners in His Lessons (Part 3)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ فِي دُرُوسِهِ (٣)","order":22,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"adab-fi-durusihi-4","name":"The Student’s Manners in His Lessons (Part 4)","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُتَعَلِّمِ فِي دُرُوسِهِ (٤)","order":23,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-al-kutub-1","name":"Manners with Books (Part 1)","nameAr":"الآدَابُ مَعَ الكُتُبِ (١)","order":24,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-al-kutub-2","name":"Manners with Books (Part 2)","nameAr":"الآدَابُ مَعَ الكُتُبِ (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"adab-maa-al-kutub-3","name":"Manners with Books (Part 3)","nameAr":"الآدَابُ مَعَ الكُتُبِ (٣)","order":26,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sukna-al-madaris-1","name":"Living in the Madrasas (Part 1)","nameAr":"آدَابُ سُكْنَى المَدَارِسِ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"sukna-al-madaris-2","name":"Living in the Madrasas (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ سُكْنَى المَدَارِسِ (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"sukna-al-madaris-3","name":"Living in the Madrasas (Part 3)","nameAr":"آدَابُ سُكْنَى المَدَارِسِ (٣)","order":29,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"talkhis-al-miftah","title":"Talkhīṣ al-Miftāḥ","titleAr":"تَلْخِيصُ المِفْتَاحِ","subtitle":"The Summary of the Key: the three sciences of rhetoric, by al-Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī","author":"al-Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī","authorAr":"جلال الدين محمد بن عبد الرحمن القزويني الخطيب","description":"The standard handbook of classical Arabic rhetoric, by Jalāl al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī (666–739/1268–1338): a reworking of the third part of al-Sakkākī’s Miftāḥ al-ʿulūm, shorter, better ordered and enriched with points of the author’s own. After an introduction on eloquence [faṣāḥa] and rhetorical excellence [balāgha], it treats the science of meanings in eight chapters (predication, the subject, the predicate, the complements of the verb, restriction, non-declarative speech, disjunction and conjunction, concision and prolixity), the science of clear expression (simile, literal and figurative speech, metaphor and metonymy) and the science of embellishment, and ends with a conclusion on poetic borrowing, quotation and allusion. Al-Taftāzānī’s Mukhtaṣar and Muṭawwal are the best-known of its many commentaries.","source":"Arabic text from the matn of al-Talkhīṣ printed by ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī at the head of his edition of ʿIṣām al-Dīn al-Isfarāyīnī’s al-Aṭwal (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya), via turath.io (book 13680), checked at doubtful places against the matn in al-Taftāzānī’s Mukhtaṣar al-maʿānī with al-Dasūqī’s gloss (turath 147062) and in Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Subkī’s ʿArūs al-afrāḥ (turath 11151).","edition":"Hindāwī’s edition of al-Aṭwal sharḥ Talkhīṣ Miftāḥ al-ʿulūm, vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya), pp. 9–130","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"balagha","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/talkhis-al-miftah.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Preface and the Introduction on Eloquence","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ الكِتَابِ وَالمُقَدِّمَةُ فِي الفَصَاحَةِ وَالبَلَاغَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"isnad","name":"The Science of Meanings: its divisions and declarative predication","nameAr":"عِلْمُ المَعَانِي: أَبْوَابُهُ وَأَحْوَالُ الإِسْنَادِ الخَبَرِيِّ","order":2,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"musnad-ilayh-1","name":"The States of the Subject (Part 1)","nameAr":"أَحْوَالُ المُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"musnad-ilayh-2","name":"The States of the Subject (Part 2)","nameAr":"أَحْوَالُ المُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"musnad-ilayh-3","name":"The States of the Subject (Part 3)","nameAr":"أَحْوَالُ المُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ (٣)","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"musnad-ilayh-4","name":"The States of the Subject (Part 4)","nameAr":"أَحْوَالُ المُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ (٤)","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"musnad","name":"The States of the Predicate","nameAr":"أَحْوَالُ المُسْنَدِ","order":7,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"mutaallaqat","name":"The States of the Complements of the Verb","nameAr":"أَحْوَالُ مُتَعَلِّقَاتِ الفِعْلِ","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qasr","name":"Restriction","nameAr":"القَصْرُ","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"insha-1","name":"Non-Declarative Speech (Part 1)","nameAr":"الإِنْشَاءُ (١)","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"insha-2","name":"Non-Declarative Speech (Part 2)","nameAr":"الإِنْشَاءُ (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fasl-wasl-1","name":"Disjunction and Conjunction (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ وَالوَصْلُ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fasl-wasl-2","name":"Disjunction and Conjunction (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ وَالوَصْلُ (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fasl-wasl-3","name":"Disjunction and Conjunction (Part 3): a supplement on the circumstantial clause","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ وَالوَصْلُ (٣): تَذْنِيبٌ فِي الحَالِ","order":14,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ijaz-1","name":"Concision, Prolixity and Equality (Part 1)","nameAr":"الإِيجَازُ وَالإِطْنَابُ وَالمُسَاوَاةُ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ijaz-2","name":"Concision, Prolixity and Equality (Part 2): prolixity","nameAr":"الإِيجَازُ وَالإِطْنَابُ وَالمُسَاوَاةُ (٢): الإِطْنَابُ","order":16,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tashbih-1","name":"The Science of Clear Expression: its definition, and simile (Part 1)","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَيَانِ: تَعْرِيفُهُ، وَالتَّشْبِيهُ (١)","order":17,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tashbih-2","name":"Simile (Part 2): the kinds of ground, the particle and the purpose","nameAr":"التَّشْبِيهُ (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tashbih-3","name":"Simile (Part 3): its kinds, and a conclusion on its degrees","nameAr":"التَّشْبِيهُ (٣)","order":19,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"majaz-1","name":"Literal and Figurative Speech (Part 1): definitions, the loose figure, and the kinds of metaphor","nameAr":"الحَقِيقَةُ وَالمَجَازُ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"majaz-2","name":"Literal and Figurative Speech (Part 2): more kinds of metaphor, the composite figure, and metaphor by allusion","nameAr":"الحَقِيقَةُ وَالمَجَازُ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"majaz-3","name":"Literal and Figurative Speech (Part 3): al-Sakkākī’s definitions, the beauty of metaphor, and the figure of case","nameAr":"الحَقِيقَةُ وَالمَجَازُ (٣)","order":22,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"kinaya","name":"Metonymy, and a section on the force of figurative speech","nameAr":"الكِنَايَةُ","order":23,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"badi-1","name":"The Science of Embellishment: its definition, and figures of meaning (Part 1)","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَدِيعِ: تَعْرِيفُهُ، وَالمُحَسِّنَاتُ المَعْنَوِيَّةُ (١)","order":24,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"badi-2","name":"Figures of Meaning (Part 2): from wrapping and unwrapping to exaggeration","nameAr":"المُحَسِّنَاتُ المَعْنَوِيَّةُ (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"badi-3","name":"Figures of Meaning (Part 3): from the dialectical method to sequence of names","nameAr":"المُحَسِّنَاتُ المَعْنَوِيَّةُ (٣)","order":26,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"lafzi-1","name":"Figures of Wording (Part 1): paronomasia, and returning the end to the beginning","nameAr":"المُحَسِّنَاتُ اللَّفْظِيَّةُ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"lafzi-2","name":"Figures of Wording (Part 2): rhymed prose, balance, palindrome and related figures","nameAr":"المُحَسِّنَاتُ اللَّفْظِيَّةُ (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"sariqat","name":"Conclusion (Part 1): poetic borrowing","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةٌ فِي السَّرِقَاتِ الشِّعْرِيَّةِ (١)","order":29,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"iqtibas","name":"Conclusion (Part 2): quotation, inclusion, versifying, prosifying, allusion, and beginnings, transitions and endings","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةٌ فِي السَّرِقَاتِ الشِّعْرِيَّةِ (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":13,"published":true}]},{"id":"tuhfat-al-atfal","title":"Tuḥfat al-Aṭfāl","titleAr":"تُحْفَةُ الأَطْفَالِ","subtitle":"The Gift for Children and Youths on the Tajwīd of the Qurʾān","author":"Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī","authorAr":"سليمان بن حسين بن محمد الجمزوري","description":"A 61-line poem in rajaz metre on the rules of Qurʾān recitation, completed by Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī in 1198/1784. It covers the nūn and mīm without a vowel and nunation, the lām of the article, like and near letters, and the kinds and rules of lengthening, and it is the first tajwīd text most students memorise.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s edition from seven manuscripts, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 2 (6th ed., 2018).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 2 (6th ed., 2018)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"tajwid","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/tuhfat-al-atfal.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"tuhfat-al-atfal","name":"The Gift for Children and Youths on the Tajwīd of the Qurʾān","nameAr":"تُحْفَةُ الأَطْفَالِ وَالغِلْمَانِ فِي تَجْوِيدِ القُرْآنِ","order":1,"paraCount":24,"published":true}]},{"id":"zad-al-mustaqni","title":"Zād al-Mustaqniʿ","titleAr":"زَادُ المُسْتَقْنِعِ فِي اخْتِصَارِ المُقْنِعِ","subtitle":"al-Ḥajjāwī’s abridgement of Ibn Qudāma’s al-Muqniʿ, on the preferred position of the school","author":"Sharaf al-Dīn Mūsā al-Ḥajjāwī","authorAr":"شرف الدين أبو النجا موسى بن أحمد بن موسى الحجاوي المقدسي ثم الصالحي","description":"The most widely memorised and taught primer of Ḥanbalī law. Al-Ḥajjāwī abridged Ibn Qudāma’s al-Muqniʿ, keeping a single position on each question, the one preferred in the school of Aḥmad, dropping rare cases and adding rulings the school relies on. In a very compact style it covers the whole of the law: purification, prayer, funerals, alms, fasting and pilgrimage; jihad; sales and the other dealings; endowments, bequests, inheritance and the freeing of slaves; marriage, divorce and their consequences; crimes, blood-money and penalties; food, oaths and vows; and judgeship, testimony and acknowledgement. It is studied with al-Buhūtī’s commentary al-Rawḍ al-murbiʿ and many modern commentaries.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s vowelled edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm (2015), edited from a manuscript read to the author and other manuscripts, compared with ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-ʿAskar’s critical edition (Riyadh: Dār al-Waṭan); each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition, Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 5, vol. 2 (1st ed., 1436/2015)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-hanbali","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/zad-al-mustaqni.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُصَنِّفِ","order":0,"paraCount":3,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-1","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-2","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-3","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (٣)","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"salat-3","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٣)","order":6,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"salat-4","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 4)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٤)","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"salat-5","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 5)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٥)","order":8,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"salat-6","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 6)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٦)","order":9,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"janaiz-1","name":"The Book of Funerals","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجَنَائِزِ","order":10,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-1","name":"The Book of Alms (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-2","name":"The Book of Alms (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"siyam","name":"The Book of Fasting","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصِّيَامِ","order":13,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-1","name":"The Book of the Rites of Pilgrimage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ المَنَاسِكِ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-2","name":"The Book of the Rites of Pilgrimage (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ المَنَاسِكِ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-3","name":"The Book of the Rites of Pilgrimage (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ المَنَاسِكِ (٣)","order":16,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"jihad","name":"The Book of Jihad","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِهَادِ","order":17,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-1","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-2","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-3","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٣)","order":20,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-4","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 4)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٤)","order":21,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-5","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 5)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٥)","order":22,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-6","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 6)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٦)","order":23,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-7","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 7)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٧)","order":24,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ghasb-1","name":"The Book of Usurpation (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الغَصْبِ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"ghasb-2","name":"The Book of Usurpation (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الغَصْبِ (٢)","order":26,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"waqf","name":"The Book of Endowment","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الوَقْفِ","order":27,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"wasaya","name":"The Book of Bequests","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الوَصَايَا","order":28,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-1","name":"The Book of Inheritance (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ (١)","order":29,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-2","name":"The Book of Inheritance (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"itq","name":"The Book of Freeing Slaves","nameAr":"كِتَابُ العِتْقِ","order":31,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-1","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (١)","order":32,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-2","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (٢)","order":33,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"sadaq","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (٣)","order":34,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ishra-khul","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 4)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ (٤)","order":35,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"talaq-1","name":"The Book of Divorce (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّلَاقِ (١)","order":36,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"talaq-2","name":"The Book of Divorce (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّلَاقِ (٢)","order":37,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"talaq-3","name":"The Book of Divorce (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّلَاقِ (٣)","order":38,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"ila","name":"The Book of the Vow of Abstinence","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الإِيلَاءِ","order":39,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"zihar","name":"The Book of Ẓihār","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الظِّهَارِ","order":40,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"lian","name":"The Book of Mutual Cursing","nameAr":"كِتَابُ اللِّعَانِ","order":41,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"idad","name":"The Book of Waiting Periods","nameAr":"كِتَابُ العِدَدِ","order":42,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"rada","name":"The Book of Suckling","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الرَّضَاعِ","order":43,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"nafaqat","name":"The Book of Maintenance","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النَّفَقَاتِ","order":44,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"jinayat","name":"The Book of Offences against the Person","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِنَايَاتِ","order":45,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"diyat","name":"The Book of Blood Money","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الدِّيَاتِ","order":46,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"hudud-1","name":"The Book of Prescribed Punishments (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحُدُودِ (١)","order":47,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"hudud-2","name":"The Book of Prescribed Punishments (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحُدُودِ (٢)","order":48,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"atima","name":"The Book of Foods","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الأَطْعِمَةِ","order":49,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ayman","name":"The Book of Oaths","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الأَيْمَانِ","order":50,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"qada","name":"The Book of Judgeship","nameAr":"كِتَابُ القَضَاءِ","order":51,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"shahadat","name":"The Book of Testimony","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الشَّهَادَاتِ","order":52,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"iqrar","name":"The Book of Acknowledgement","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الإِقْرَارِ","order":53,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"aqidat-al-awamm","title":"ʿAqīdat al-ʿAwāmm","titleAr":"عَقِيدَةُ العَوَامِّ","subtitle":"The Creed of Ordinary People, by al-Marzūqī","author":"Aḥmad al-Marzūqī","authorAr":"أحمد المرزوقي","description":"A 57-line rhymed creed composed in Mecca in 1258/1842 by Aḥmad al-Marzūqī al-Mālikī, a scholar of the Qurʾān readings, after he saw the Prophet in a dream. It sets out the twenty attributes of God, the qualities of the prophets, the prophets, angels and books to be known by name, and the essentials of the Prophet's life. Children learn it by heart across the Hijaz, Southeast Asia and beyond.","source":"Arabic text from the fully vowelled poem printed with al-Marzūqī's own commentary Taḥṣīl nayl al-marām and Nawawī al-Jāwī's Nūr al-ẓalām (Beirut and Damascus: Dār al-Ḥāwī, 2nd ed., 2013), whose editors used a manuscript dictated by the author in 1258 AH. Each section's notes give the checks made.","edition":"the Dār al-Ḥāwī edition of Nūr al-ẓalām with Taḥṣīl nayl al-marām (2nd ed., 2013)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/aqidat-al-awamm.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"ilahiyyat","name":"God, His Messengers, Angels and Books","nameAr":"الله ورسله وملائكته وكتبه","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"khatima","name":"The Prophet, His Family and the Night Journey","nameAr":"النبي وآل بيته والإسراء","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"umdat-al-fiqh","title":"ʿUmdat al-Fiqh","titleAr":"عُمْدَةُ الفِقْهِ","subtitle":"Ibn Qudāma’s Ḥanbalī primer, each ruling with a hadith proof","author":"Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī","authorAr":"موفق الدين عبد الله بن أحمد بن محمد بن قدامة المقدسي","description":"The first of Ibn Qudāma’s four graded works on Ḥanbalī law, written for beginners. It gives a single position of the school on each question, without the school’s disputed narrations and alternative views, and supports many rulings with a sound hadith, chosen from the Ṣaḥīḥ collections. It covers the whole of the law: purification, prayer, funerals, alms, fasting and pilgrimage; sales and the other dealings; endowments, bequests, inheritance and the freeing of slaves; marriage, divorce and their consequences; food, hunting and oaths; crimes, blood-money and penalties; jihad; and judgeship and testimony. It has been taught with the commentaries of Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Maqdisī (al-ʿUdda) and Ibn Taymiyya, among others.","source":"Arabic text from Aḥmad Muḥammad ʿAzzūz’s edition (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 2004), checked against the matn printed with Bahāʾ al-Dīn al-Maqdisī’s al-ʿUdda and quoted in Ibn Taymiyya’s Sharḥ al-ʿUmda; each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"ʿAzzūz’s edition (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 1425/2004)","order":1,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-hanbali","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/umdat-al-fiqh.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ","order":0,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-1","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-2","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"salat-3","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٣)","order":5,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"salat-4","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 4)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ (٤)","order":6,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"janaiz","name":"The Book of Funerals","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجَنَائِزِ","order":7,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-1","name":"The Book of Alms (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-2","name":"The Book of Alms (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"siyam","name":"The Book of Fasting","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصِّيَامِ","order":10,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-1","name":"The Book of the Pilgrimage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-2","name":"The Book of the Pilgrimage (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-3","name":"The Book of the Pilgrimage (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (٣)","order":13,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-1","name":"The Book of Sales (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البُيُوعِ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-2","name":"The Book of Sales (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البُيُوعِ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-3","name":"The Book of Sales (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البُيُوعِ (٣)","order":16,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-4","name":"The Book of Sales (Part 4)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البُيُوعِ (٤)","order":17,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ijara","name":"The Book of Hire","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الإِجَارَةِ","order":18,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"waqf","name":"The Book of Endowments","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الوَقْفِ","order":19,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"wasaya","name":"The Book of Bequests","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الوَصَايَا","order":20,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-1","name":"The Book of Inheritance (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-2","name":"The Book of Inheritance (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-3","name":"The Book of Inheritance (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ (٣)","order":23,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"faraid-4","name":"The Book of Inheritance (Part 4)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَرَائِضِ (٤)","order":24,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"nikah","name":"The Book of Marriage","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّكَاحِ","order":25,"paraCount":33,"published":true},{"id":"radaa-1","name":"The Book of Nursing (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الرَّضَاعِ (١)","order":26,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"radaa-2","name":"The Book of Nursing (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الرَّضَاعِ (٢)","order":27,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"sadaq-1","name":"The Book of the Dower (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّدَاقِ (١)","order":28,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"sadaq-2","name":"The Book of the Dower (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّدَاقِ (٢)","order":29,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"talaq-1","name":"The Book of Divorce (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّلَاقِ (١)","order":30,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"talaq-2","name":"The Book of Divorce (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الطَّلَاقِ (٢)","order":31,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"zihar","name":"The Book of Ẓihār","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الظِّهَارِ","order":32,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"lian","name":"The Book of Mutual Cursing","nameAr":"كِتَابُ اللِّعَانِ","order":33,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"atima","name":"The Book of Foods","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الأَطْعِمَةِ","order":34,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"sayd","name":"The Book of Hunting","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّيْدِ","order":35,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"ayman","name":"The Book of Oaths","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الأَيْمَانِ","order":36,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"jinayat","name":"The Book of Crimes against the Person","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِنَايَاتِ","order":37,"paraCount":44,"published":true},{"id":"diyat-1","name":"The Book of Blood-Money (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الدِّيَاتِ (١)","order":38,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"diyat-2","name":"The Book of Blood-Money (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الدِّيَاتِ (٢)","order":39,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"hudud-1","name":"The Book of Fixed Penalties (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحُدُودِ (١)","order":40,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"hudud-2","name":"The Book of Fixed Penalties (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحُدُودِ (٢)","order":41,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"jihad-1","name":"The Book of Jihad (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِهَادِ (١)","order":42,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"jihad-2","name":"The Book of Jihad (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الجِهَادِ (٢)","order":43,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"qada-1","name":"The Book of Judgeship (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ القَضَاءِ (١)","order":44,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qada-2","name":"The Book of Judgeship (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ القَضَاءِ (٢)","order":45,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"shahadat-1","name":"The Book of Testimony (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الشَّهَادَاتِ (١)","order":46,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"shahadat-2","name":"The Book of Testimony (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الشَّهَادَاتِ (٢)","order":47,"paraCount":25,"published":true}]},{"id":"ayyuha-al-walad","title":"Ayyuhā al-Walad","titleAr":"أَيُّهَا الوَلَدُ","subtitle":"al-Ghazālī’s letter of advice to a student","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"A short letter al-Ghazālī wrote to a former student who asked which knowledge would help him in the grave and begged for a few pages of advice to act on for life. Addressing him again and again as “dear son”, al-Ghazālī insists that knowledge without action saves no one, urges the night vigil, sincerity and the guidance of a true shaykh, answers the student’s questions on Sufism, servanthood, trust in God and sincerity, and closes with eight counsels (four things to avoid and four to do) and a prayer.","source":"Arabic text from the critical edition prepared by the Dār al-Minhāj Centre for Studies (Markaz Dār al-Minhāj li-l-Dirāsāt) from seven manuscripts and the manuscript of Ṣabrī’s commentary Ayyuhā al-akh (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 2nd printing, 1435/2014), read from the page images on archive.org, with the typed text of Majmūʿat rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazālī (Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH, via OpenITI) used only as a working draft.","edition":"Dār al-Minhāj’s edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 2nd printing, 1435/2014)","order":1.5,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ayyuha-al-walad.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"sabab","name":"The Occasion of the Letter; Knowledge Without Action","nameAr":"سَبَبُ تَأْلِيفِ الرِّسَالَةِ وَالعِلْمُ بِلَا عَمَلٍ","order":1,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"amal","name":"Deeds, Intention and the Night Vigil","nameAr":"فِي العَمَلِ وَالنِّيَّةِ وَقِيَامِ اللَّيْلِ","order":2,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"taa","name":"Obedience, the Seeker’s Duties and Ḥātim’s Eight Lessons","nameAr":"حَقِيقَةُ الطَّاعَةِ وَمَا يَجِبُ عَلَى السَّالِكِ وَفَوَائِدُ حَاتِمٍ","order":3,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"shaykh","name":"The Guiding Shaykh and the Remaining Questions","nameAr":"الشَّيْخُ المُرَبِّي وَجَوَابُ بَقِيَّةِ المَسَائِلِ","order":4,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"wasaya-1","name":"Eight Counsels: Debate and Preaching","nameAr":"الوَصَايَا الثَّمَانُ: المُنَاظَرَةُ وَالوَعْظُ","order":5,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"wasaya-2","name":"Eight Counsels: Rulers, the Four Duties and the Closing Prayer","nameAr":"الوَصَايَا الثَّمَانُ: الأُمَرَاءُ وَالأَعْمَالُ الأَرْبَعَةُ وَالدُّعَاءُ","order":6,"paraCount":17,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-durar-al-bahiyya","title":"al-Durar al-Bahiyya fī Sharḥ al-Manẓūma al-Bayqūniyya","titleAr":"الدُّرَرُ البَهِيَّةُ فِي شَرْحِ المَنْظُومَةِ البَيْقُونِيَّةِ","subtitle":"Badr al-Dīn al-Ḥasanī’s commentary on al-Bayqūnī’s poem on hadith terminology","author":"Muḥammad Badr al-Dīn al-Ḥasanī","authorAr":"محمد بدر الدين بن يوسف بدر الدين الحسني الدمشقي","description":"A line-by-line commentary on al-Bayqūnī’s 34-line poem by Muḥammad Badr al-Dīn al-Ḥasanī (d. 1354/1935), the leading hadith scholar of Damascus in his day, which he finished in 1285 AH. He explains each line’s wording and grammar, then sets out each kind of hadith with its definitions, the scholars’ disagreements, worked examples from the hadith collections and notes drawn mainly from Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, al-ʿIrāqī, Ibn Ḥajar, al-Sakhāwī and al-Suyūṭī. It makes a natural next step after the poem itself.","source":"Arabic text from the Dār al-Baṣāʾir print (Cairo, 1st ed., 2016; deposit no. 2386/2016), read word for word from the page images (archive.org, AlDurarAlBahiyya). A manuscript-based edition by Aḥmad Salīm al-Ḥammāmī (Damascus: Dār Saʿd al-Dīn, 2008) exists but could not be found; the Baṣāʾir print has no editor’s notes. The lines of the poem are in round brackets ( ) in the Arabic and the English; each chapter’s notes compare them with al-Qāsim’s edition of the poem.","edition":"Dār al-Baṣāʾir print (Cairo, 2016)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"mustalah","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-durar-al-bahiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Commentator’s Introduction and the Opening Line","nameAr":"مقدمة الشارح وشرح البيت الأول","order":1,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-al-hadith","name":"The Science of Hadith and Its Basic Terms","nameAr":"علم الحديث ومبادئه","order":2,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-sahih-1","name":"The First Kind: The Sound (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع الأول: الصحيح (١)","order":3,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-sahih-2","name":"The First Kind: The Sound (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع الأول: الصحيح (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-hasan-1","name":"The Second Kind: The Good (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع الثاني: الحسن (١)","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-hasan-2","name":"The Second Kind: The Good (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع الثاني: الحسن (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-daif-1","name":"The Third Kind: The Weak (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع الثالث: الضعيف (١)","order":7,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-daif-2","name":"The Third Kind: The Weak (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع الثالث: الضعيف (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-marfu-wal-maqtu","name":"The Fourth and Fifth Kinds: The Raised and the Severed","nameAr":"النوع الرابع والخامس: المرفوع والمقطوع","order":9,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-musnad-wal-muttasil","name":"The Sixth and Seventh Kinds: The Supported and the Connected","nameAr":"النوع السادس والسابع: المسند والمتصل","order":10,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-musalsal","name":"The Eighth Kind: The Chained","nameAr":"النوع الثامن: المسلسل","order":11,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-aziz","name":"The Ninth Kind: The Scarce","nameAr":"النوع التاسع: العزيز","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mashhur","name":"The Tenth Kind: The Well Known","nameAr":"النوع العاشر: المشهور","order":13,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-muanan","name":"The Eleventh Kind: The Transmitted with “From”","nameAr":"النوع الحادي عشر: المعنعن","order":14,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubham","name":"The Twelfth Kind: The Obscure","nameAr":"النوع الثاني عشر: المبهم","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-ali-1","name":"The Thirteenth Kind: The High Chain (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع الثالث عشر: معرفة الإسناد العالي (١)","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-ali-2","name":"The Thirteenth Kind: The High Chain (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع الثالث عشر: معرفة الإسناد العالي (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-nazil","name":"The Fourteenth Kind: The Low Chain","nameAr":"النوع الرابع عشر: النازل","order":18,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-mawquf","name":"The Fifteenth Kind: The Stopped","nameAr":"النوع الخامس عشر: الموقوف","order":19,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-mursal-1","name":"The Sixteenth Kind: The Loose (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع السادس عشر: المرسل (١)","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-mursal-2","name":"The Sixteenth Kind: The Loose (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع السادس عشر: المرسل (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-gharib","name":"The Seventeenth Kind: The Strange","nameAr":"النوع السابع عشر: الغريب","order":22,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-munqati","name":"The Eighteenth Kind: The Broken","nameAr":"النوع الثامن عشر: المنقطع","order":23,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudal","name":"The Nineteenth Kind: The Problematic","nameAr":"النوع التاسع عشر: المعضل","order":24,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudallas-1","name":"The Twentieth Kind: The Concealed (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع العشرون: المدلس (١)","order":25,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudallas-2","name":"The Twentieth Kind: The Concealed (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع العشرون: المدلس (٢)","order":26,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-shadh","name":"The Twenty-First Kind: The Irregular","nameAr":"النوع الحادي والعشرون: الشاذ","order":27,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-maqlub","name":"The Twenty-Second Kind: The Inverted","nameAr":"النوع الثاني والعشرون: المقلوب","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-fard-1","name":"The Twenty-Third Kind: The Single (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع الثالث والعشرون: الفرد (١)","order":29,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-fard-2","name":"The Twenty-Third Kind: The Single (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع الثالث والعشرون: الفرد (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-muallal","name":"The Twenty-Fourth Kind: The Defective","nameAr":"النوع الرابع والعشرون: المعلل","order":31,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudtarib","name":"The Twenty-Fifth Kind: The Confused","nameAr":"النوع الخامس والعشرون: المضطرب","order":32,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudraj","name":"The Twenty-Sixth Kind: The Interpolated","nameAr":"النوع السادس والعشرون: المدرج","order":33,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudabbaj","name":"The Twenty-Seventh Kind: Narration among Peers","nameAr":"النوع السابع والعشرون: ما يقال في رواية الأقران","order":34,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-muttafiq-wal-muftariq","name":"The Twenty-Eighth Kind: The Agreeing and the Differing in Names and Lineages","nameAr":"النوع الثامن والعشرون: المتفق والمفترق من الأسماء والأنساب","order":35,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutalif-1","name":"The Twenty-Ninth Kind: The Alike and the Unlike (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع التاسع والعشرون: المؤتلف والمختلف (١)","order":36,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutalif-2","name":"The Twenty-Ninth Kind: The Alike and the Unlike (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع التاسع والعشرون: المؤتلف والمختلف (٢)","order":37,"paraCount":38,"published":true},{"id":"al-munkar-wal-matruk","name":"The Thirtieth and Thirty-First Kinds: The Denounced and the Abandoned","nameAr":"النوع الثلاثون والحادي والثلاثون: المنكر والمتروك","order":38,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-mawdu-1","name":"The Thirty-Second Kind: The Forged (Part 1)","nameAr":"النوع الثاني والثلاثون: الموضوع (١)","order":39,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-mawdu-2","name":"The Thirty-Second Kind: The Forged (Part 2)","nameAr":"النوع الثاني والثلاثون: الموضوع (٢)","order":40,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-mawdu-3","name":"The Thirty-Second Kind: The Forged (Part 3)","nameAr":"النوع الثاني والثلاثون: الموضوع (٣)","order":41,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-khatima","name":"The Closing Lines and the Commentator’s Conclusion","nameAr":"خاتمة المنظومة وخاتمة الشارح","order":42,"paraCount":6,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-khulasa-fi-ulum-al-balagha","title":"al-Khulāṣa fī ʿUlūm al-Balāgha","titleAr":"الخُلَاصَةُ فِي عُلُومِ البَلَاغَةِ","subtitle":"The Digest of the Sciences of Rhetoric, by ʿAlī b. Nāyif al-Shaḥūd","author":"ʿAlī b. Nāyif al-Shaḥūd","authorAr":"علي بن نايف الشحود","description":"A modern summary of the whole of Arabic rhetoric for students, by the Syrian compiler ʿAlī b. Nāyif al-Shaḥūd (b. 1956), drawn from the standard rhetoric handbooks. After an introduction on eloquence [faṣāḥa], rhetorical excellence [balāgha] and style, it treats the science of meanings (declarative and non-declarative speech, mention and omission, definiteness, restriction, concision and prolixity, conjunction and disjunction), the science of clear expression (simile, figurative speech, metaphor and metonymy) and the science of embellishment, and ends with poetic borrowing. Its examples are drawn from the Qurʾān, the ḥadīth and poetry, with the Qurʾān and ḥadīth fully vowelled and referenced. The author has made it free for students and scholarly bodies but not for commercial use, so it is always free on this site.","source":"Arabic text from the author’s own typed edition (PDF, 236 pages; preface dated 1427/2006, revised 1428/2007), as circulated with his statement «حقوق الطبع متاحة لجميع طلاب العلم والهيئات العلمية دون الأغراض التجارية».","edition":"the author’s typed edition (PDF, 236 pages, revised 1428/2007)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"balagha","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-khulasa-fi-ulum-al-balagha.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ","order":0,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-fasaha","name":"Introduction to the Science of Rhetoric","nameAr":"البَابُ الأَوَّلُ: المَدْخَلُ إِلَى عِلْمِ البَلَاغَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"al-balagha","name":"Obscurity; Rhetorical Excellence; Style (Part 1)","nameAr":"التَّعْقِيدُ وَالبَلَاغَةُ وَالأُسْلُوبُ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-uslub","name":"Style (Part 2)","nameAr":"الأُسْلُوبُ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-khabar","name":"The Science of Meanings: Preliminaries and Declarative Speech","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فِي عِلْمِ المَعَانِي","order":4,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"adrub-al-khabar","name":"The Three Kinds of Statement","nameAr":"المَبْحَثُ الثَّالِثُ - أَضْرُبُ الخَبَرِ","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-insha-wal-amr","name":"Verbal and Nominal Sentences; Non-Declarative Speech; the Command","nameAr":"الجُمْلَةُ الفِعْلِيَّةُ وَالِاسْمِيَّةُ، وَالإِنْشَاءُ، وَالأَمْرُ","order":6,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-nahy-wal-istifham","name":"The Prohibition; the Question (Part 1)","nameAr":"النَّهْيُ وَالِاسْتِفْهَامُ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"adawat-al-istifham","name":"The Question (Part 2)","nameAr":"الِاسْتِفْهَامُ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"khuruj-al-istifham-wal-nida","name":"The Question (Part 3); the Vocative","nameAr":"الِاسْتِفْهَامُ (٣) وَالنِّدَاءُ","order":9,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"al-dhikr-wal-hadhf","name":"Mention and Omission","nameAr":"الذِّكْرُ وَالحَذْفُ","order":10,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"taqdim-al-musnad-ilayh-wal-idmar","name":"Putting the Subject First; Definiteness by Pronouns","nameAr":"تَقْدِيمُ المُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ وَتَعْرِيفُهُ بِالإِضْمَارِ","order":11,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-alamiyya-wal-ishara-wal-mawsul","name":"Definiteness by Proper Names, Demonstratives and Relative Nouns","nameAr":"تَعْرِيفُ المُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ بِالعَلَمِيَّةِ وَالإِشَارَةِ وَالمَوْصُولِيَّةِ","order":12,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-tarif-bil-lam","name":"Definiteness by the Article","nameAr":"تَعْرِيفُ المُسْنَدِ إِلَيْهِ بِاللَّامِ","order":13,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-idafa-wal-tankir","name":"Definiteness by Annexation; the Definite Predicate; Indefiniteness","nameAr":"التَّعْرِيفُ بِالإِضَافَةِ، وَتَعْرِيفُ المُسْنَدِ، وَالتَّنْكِيرُ","order":14,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-qasr-wa-turuquh","name":"Restriction and Its Means","nameAr":"القَصْرُ وَطُرُقُهُ","order":15,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-qasr","name":"The Kinds and Places of Restriction; Concision, Prolixity and Equivalence","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ القَصْرِ وَمَوَاقِعُهُ، وَالإِيجَازُ وَالإِطْنَابُ وَالمُسَاوَاةُ","order":16,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijaz","name":"Concision","nameAr":"الإِيجَازُ","order":17,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-itnab-1","name":"Prolixity (Part 1)","nameAr":"الإِطْنَابُ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-itnab-2","name":"Prolixity (Part 2)","nameAr":"الإِطْنَابُ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-musawat-wal-wasl","name":"Equivalence; Conjunction and Disjunction","nameAr":"المُسَاوَاةُ، وَالوَصْلُ وَالفَصْلُ","order":20,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"mawadi-al-wasl-wal-fasl","name":"Where Conjunction and Disjunction Belong (Part 1)","nameAr":"مَوَاضِعُ الوَصْلِ وَالفَصْلِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"mawadi-al-fasl-2","name":"Where Disjunction Belongs (Part 2); Two Notes","nameAr":"مَوَاضِعُ الفَصْلِ (٢)، وَتَنْبِيهَانِ","order":22,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-al-bayan-wal-tashbih","name":"The Science of Clear Expression; Simile and Its Elements","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَيَانِ، وَالتَّشْبِيهُ وَأَرْكَانُهُ","order":23,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"tarafa-al-tashbih","name":"The Terms of the Simile: Single, Compound and Multiple","nameAr":"طَرَفَا التَّشْبِيهِ: الإِفْرَادُ وَالتَّرْكِيبُ وَالتَّعَدُّدُ","order":24,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"wajh-al-shabah","name":"The Simile by Its Ground of Comparison","nameAr":"تَقْسِيمُ التَّشْبِيهِ بِاعْتِبَارِ وَجْهِ الشَّبَهِ","order":25,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"tashbih-al-tamthil","name":"The Representative Simile","nameAr":"التَّشْبِيهُ التَّمْثِيلِيُّ","order":26,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"adawat-al-tashbih","name":"The Particles of Simile, and Simile by Its Particle","nameAr":"أَدَوَاتُ التَّشْبِيهِ وَتَقْسِيمُهُ بِاعْتِبَارِ أَدَاتِهِ","order":27,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-dimni-wal-maqlub","name":"The Implicit and the Reversed Simile; Acceptable and Rejected Similes","nameAr":"التَّشْبِيهُ الضِّمْنِيُّ وَالمَقْلُوبُ، وَالمَقْبُولُ وَالمَرْدُودُ","order":28,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-tashbih","name":"The Purposes of Simile","nameAr":"فَوَائِدُ التَّشْبِيهِ","order":29,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"balaghat-al-tashbih","name":"The Eloquence of Simile","nameAr":"بَلَاغَةُ التَّشْبِيهِ","order":30,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-mursal-1","name":"Figurative Speech and the Loose Trope (1)","nameAr":"المَجَازُ وَأَنْوَاعُهُ، وَالمَجَازُ المُرْسَلُ (١)","order":31,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-mursal-2","name":"The Loose Trope (2)","nameAr":"عَلَاقَاتُ المَجَازِ المُرْسَلِ (٢)","order":32,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-aqli","name":"Rational Figurative Speech","nameAr":"المَجَازُ العَقْلِيُّ","order":33,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-istiara-tarifuha","name":"Metaphor: Introduction and Definition","nameAr":"الِاسْتِعَارَةُ: تَمْهِيدٌ وَتَعْرِيفٌ","order":34,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-istiara","name":"Metaphor: Its Divisions by the Terms and the Borrowed Word","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ بِاعْتِبَارِ الطَّرَفَيْنِ وَاللَّفْظِ المُسْتَعَارِ","order":35,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"qarinat-al-istiara-wa-aqsamuha","name":"Metaphor: Its Clue; Explicit, Implicit and Representative Metaphor","nameAr":"قَرِينَةُ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ، وَالتَّصْرِيحِيَّةُ وَالمَكْنِيَّةُ، وَالِاسْتِعَارَةُ التَّمْثِيلِيَّةُ","order":36,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"tanbihat-1","name":"Metaphor: Ten Remarks (1–6)","nameAr":"الِاسْتِعَارَةُ: تَنْبِيهَاتٌ عَشَرَةٌ (١–٦)","order":37,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"tanbihat-2","name":"Metaphor: Ten Remarks (7–10)","nameAr":"الِاسْتِعَارَةُ: تَنْبِيهَاتٌ عَشَرَةٌ (٧–١٠)","order":38,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-inadiyya-wal-murashshaha","name":"Metaphor: Opposing and Agreeing; Common and Rare; Plain, Extended and Bare","nameAr":"الِاسْتِعَارَةُ: العِنَادِيَّةُ وَالوِفَاقِيَّةُ، وَالعَامِّيَّةُ وَالخَاصِّيَّةُ، وَالمُطْلَقَةُ وَالمُرَشَّحَةُ وَالمُجَرَّدَةُ","order":39,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-mursal-al-murakkab","name":"The Compound Loose Trope; the Eloquence of Metaphor","nameAr":"المَجَازُ المُرْسَلُ المُرَكَّبُ، وَبَلَاغَةُ الِاسْتِعَارَةِ","order":40,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-kinaya-wa-aqsamuha","name":"Allusion: Definition and Kinds","nameAr":"الكِنَايَةُ: تَعْرِيفُهَا وَأَقْسَامُهَا","order":41,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-tarid-wa-balaghat-al-kinaya","name":"Allusion: Innuendo, Hint, Sign and Gesture; Its Eloquence","nameAr":"الكِنَايَةُ: التَّعْرِيضُ وَالتَّلْوِيحُ وَالرَّمْزُ وَالإِيمَاءُ، وَبَلَاغَتُهَا","order":42,"paraCount":33,"published":true},{"id":"athar-ilm-al-bayan","name":"The Effect of the Science of Clear Expression on Conveying Meanings","nameAr":"أَثَرُ عِلْمِ البَيَانِ فِي تَأْدِيَةِ المَعَانِي","order":43,"paraCount":33,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-al-badi-wal-tibaq","name":"The Science of Embellishment; Antithesis","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَدِيعِ، وَالطِّبَاقُ","order":44,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-muqabala-wal-tawriya-wal-mubalagha","name":"Contrast, Double Meaning and Hyperbole","nameAr":"المُقَابَلَةُ وَالتَّوْرِيَةُ وَالمُبَالَغَةُ","order":45,"paraCount":55,"published":true},{"id":"husn-al-talil-wa-uslub-al-hakim","name":"Fanciful Causes; the Sage’s Style","nameAr":"حُسْنُ التَّعْلِيلِ، وَأُسْلُوبُ الحَكِيمِ","order":46,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"al-istitrad-wal-iftinan-wa-muraat-al-nazir","name":"Digression, Combining Genres and Matching Things","nameAr":"الِاسْتِطْرَادُ وَالِافْتِنَانُ وَمُرَاعَاةُ النَّظِيرِ","order":47,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"al-irsad-wal-idmaj-wal-madhhab-al-kalami","name":"Anticipation, Embedding and Dialectical Proof","nameAr":"الإِرْصَادُ وَالإِدْمَاجُ وَالمَذْهَبُ الكَلَامِيُّ","order":48,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-tajrid-wal-mushakala-wal-muzawaja","name":"Abstraction, Assimilation and Pairing","nameAr":"التَّجْرِيدُ وَالمُشَاكَلَةُ وَالمُزَاوَجَةُ","order":49,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"al-tayy-wal-nashr-wal-jam-wal-tafriq-wal-taqsim","name":"Folding and Unfolding, Gathering, Distinguishing and Dividing","nameAr":"الطَّيُّ وَالنَّشْرُ، وَالجَمْعُ، وَالتَّفْرِيقُ، وَالتَّقْسِيمُ","order":50,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-jam-maa-al-tafriq-wal-taqsim-wal-mughayara","name":"Gathering with Distinguishing and Dividing; Reversal of Judgement","nameAr":"الجَمْعُ مَعَ التَّفْرِيقِ وَمَعَ التَّقْسِيمِ، وَالمُغَايَرَةُ","order":51,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"takid-al-madh-wal-dhamm","name":"Praise in the Guise of Blame, and Blame in the Guise of Praise","nameAr":"تَأْكِيدُ المَدْحِ بِمَا يُشْبِهُ الذَّمَّ، وَتَأْكِيدُ الذَّمِّ بِمَا يُشْبِهُ المَدْحَ","order":52,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawjih-wa-nafy-al-shay-wal-qawl-bil-mujib","name":"Ambiguity, Negation by Affirmation, Turning the Words and Fitting Words to Meaning","nameAr":"التَّوْجِيهُ، وَنَفْيُ الشَّيْءِ بِإِيجَابِهِ، وَالقَوْلُ بِالمُوجَبِ، وَائْتِلَافُ اللَّفْظِ مَعَ المَعْنَى","order":53,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-tafri-wal-istitba-wal-salb-wal-ijab","name":"Branching, Implied Praise, and Denial and Affirmation","nameAr":"التَّفْرِيعُ، وَالِاسْتِتْبَاعُ، وَالسَّلْبُ وَالإِيجَابُ","order":54,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-ibda-wa-tashabuh-al-atraf","name":"Combining Many Figures (Hūd 44), and Matching Ends","nameAr":"الإِبْدَاعُ، وَتَشَابُهُ الأَطْرَافِ","order":55,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-aks-wal-ruju-wa-tajahul-al-arif","name":"Reversal, Retraction and Feigned Ignorance","nameAr":"العَكْسُ، وَالرُّجُوعُ، وَتَجَاهُلُ العَارِفِ","order":56,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-jinas-al-tamm","name":"Embellishments of Wording: Paronomasia (Complete)","nameAr":"المُحَسِّنَاتُ اللَّفْظِيَّةُ: الجِنَاسُ التَّامُّ","order":57,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-jinas-ghayr-al-tamm-wal-manawi","name":"Paronomasia: Incomplete and Other Kinds; Conceptual Paronomasia","nameAr":"الجِنَاسُ غَيْرُ التَّامِّ وَأَنْوَاعٌ أُخْرَى، وَالجِنَاسُ المَعْنَوِيُّ","order":58,"paraCount":41,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashif-wal-izdiwaj-wal-saj","name":"Dot-Play, Pairing, Rhymed Prose, Balance and Matching Cadence","nameAr":"التَّصْحِيفُ وَالِازْدِوَاجُ وَالسَّجْعُ وَالمُوَازَنَةُ وَالتَّرْصِيعُ","order":59,"paraCount":44,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashri-wa-luzum-ma-la-yalzam-wal-muwaraba","name":"Double Rhyme, Binding Oneself to What Is Not Binding, Returning the End to the Beginning, Palindrome and Evasion","nameAr":"التَّشْرِيعُ، وَلُزُومُ مَا لَا يَلْزَمُ، وَرَدُّ العَجُزِ عَلَى الصَّدْرِ، وَمَا لَا يَسْتَحِيلُ بِالِانْعِكَاسِ، وَالمُوَارَبَةُ","order":60,"paraCount":50,"published":true},{"id":"itilaf-al-lafz-wal-tasmit-wal-tatriz","name":"Harmony of Words, Stringing, Smooth Flow, Ellipsis and Embroidery","nameAr":"ائْتِلَافُ اللَّفْظِ مَعَ اللَّفْظِ، وَالتَّسْمِيطُ، وَالِانْسِجَامُ، وَالِاكْتِفَاءُ، وَالتَّطْرِيزُ","order":61,"paraCount":39,"published":true},{"id":"al-sariqat-wal-iqtibas-wal-tadmin-wal-aqd","name":"Poetic Borrowing; Quotation, Inclusion and Versifying","nameAr":"السَّرِقَاتُ الشِّعْرِيَّةُ، وَالِاقْتِبَاسُ، وَالتَّضْمِينُ، وَالعَقْدُ","order":62,"paraCount":64,"published":true},{"id":"al-hall-wal-talmih-wa-husn-al-ibtida-wal-intiha","name":"Unversifying, Allusion, and Fine Openings, Transitions and Endings","nameAr":"الحَلُّ، وَالتَّلْمِيحُ، وَحُسْنُ الِابْتِدَاءِ، وَالتَّخَلُّصُ، وَحُسْنُ الِانْتِهَاءِ","order":63,"paraCount":49,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-muqaddima-al-hadramiyya","title":"al-Muqaddima al-Ḥaḍramiyya","titleAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ الحَضْرَمِيَّةُ","subtitle":"Masāʾil al-Taʿlīm: the Ḥaḍramī primer of Shāfiʿī worship","author":"ʿAbd Allāh Bā Faḍl al-Ḥaḍramī","authorAr":"عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر بافضل الحضرمي","description":"A concise text of Shāfiʿī law on the acts of worship by the Ḥaḍramī scholar ʿAbd Allāh Bā Faḍl (d. 918/1512), also called Masāʾil al-Taʿlīm. Written, as its preface says, as a summary that every Muslim needs to know, it sets out purification, prayer, funerals, zakāt, fasting and retreat, and the pilgrimage, the sacrifice and the ʿaqīqa, in short rulings arranged under many small sections. It became a standard second text of the school in Ḥaḍramawt, the Ḥijāz and beyond, studied with Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī’s commentary al-Minhāj al-Qawīm and Saʿīd Bā ʿIshn’s Bushrā al-Karīm. The Dār al-Minhāj edition followed here also prints, for the first time, the author’s own continuation from sales to gifts and Ibn Ḥajar’s supplement from gifts to inheritance; both are given after the acts of worship and marked as such.","source":"Arabic text from the critical edition prepared by the Dār al-Minhāj Centre for Studies and Critical Editing (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 3rd printing, 1432/2011), collated with the publisher’s manuscripts of Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī’s al-Minhāj al-Qawīm, the old print and Bushrā al-Karīm, read word by word from the page images; Mājid al-Ḥamawī’s typed edition (Damascus, 1413/1993; turath.io 6125) served as the working draft, and each chapter’s notes list every difference. The author’s continuation and Ibn Ḥajar’s supplement, which exist only in Dār al-Minhāj, were read word by word from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 3rd printing, 1432/2011)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-muqaddima-al-hadramiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"tahara-1","name":"The Author’s Preface and the Chapter on Purification","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ الكِتَابِ وَبَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-2","name":"Chapter: Purification (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابُ الطَّهَارَةِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-3","name":"Chapters: Filth and Dry Ablution","nameAr":"بَابُ النَّجَاسَةِ وَبَابُ التَّيَمُّمِ","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"salat","name":"The Book of Prayer","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّلَاةِ","order":4,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-1","name":"Chapter: How Prayer Is Performed (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-2","name":"Chapter: How Prayer Is Performed (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-3","name":"Chapter: How Prayer Is Performed (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ الصَّلَاةِ (٣)","order":7,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-4","name":"Chapter: How Prayer Is Performed (Part 4)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ الصَّلَاةِ (٤)","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-5","name":"Chapter: How Prayer Is Performed (Part 5)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ الصَّلَاةِ (٥)","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-salat-6","name":"Chapter: How Prayer Is Performed (Part 6)","nameAr":"بَابُ صِفَةِ الصَّلَاةِ (٦)","order":10,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-musafir-wal-jumua","name":"Chapters: The Traveller’s Prayer and the Friday Prayer","nameAr":"بَابُ صَلَاةِ المُسَافِرِ وَبَابُ صَلَاةِ الجُمُعَةِ","order":11,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-khawf-wal-idayn","name":"Chapters: The Prayers of Fear, the Festivals, Eclipses and Rain","nameAr":"صَلَاةُ الخَوْفِ وَالعِيدَيْنِ وَالكُسُوفِ وَالِاسْتِسْقَاءِ","order":12,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-janaiz","name":"Chapter: Funerals","nameAr":"بَابُ الجَنَائِزِ","order":13,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-zakat-1","name":"The Book of Zakat (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-zakat-2","name":"The Book of Zakat (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-siyam-1","name":"The Book of Fasting (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصِّيَامِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-siyam-2","name":"The Book of Fasting (Part 2) and the Book of Retreat","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصِّيَامِ (٢) وَكِتَابُ الِاعْتِكَافِ","order":17,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-hajj-1","name":"The Book of the Pilgrimage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-hajj-2","name":"The Book of the Pilgrimage (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-hajj-3","name":"The Book of the Pilgrimage (Part 3) and Chapter: The Sacrifice","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَجِّ وَالعُمْرَةِ (٣) وَبَابُ الأُضْحِيَةِ","order":20,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-bay-1","name":"The Book of Sales (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-bay-2","name":"The Book of Sales (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-bay-3","name":"The Book of Sales (Part 3)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ البَيْعِ (٣)","order":23,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-rahn-wal-hajr","name":"Chapters: Pledges and Restriction","nameAr":"بَابُ الرَّهْنِ وَبَابُ الحَجْرِ","order":24,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-sulh-ila-al-wakala","name":"Chapters: Settlement, Transfer of Debt and Agency","nameAr":"بَابُ الصُّلْحِ وَبَابُ الحَوَالَةِ وَبَابُ الوَكَالَةِ","order":25,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-iqrar-ila-al-ghasb","name":"The Book of Admissions; Chapters: Loans for Use and Usurpation","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الإِقْرَارِ وَبَابُ العَارِيَّةِ وَبَابُ الغَصْبِ","order":26,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-shufa-ila-al-waqf","name":"Chapters: Pre-emption to the Book of Endowments","nameAr":"بَابُ الشُّفْعَةِ إِلَى كِتَابِ الوَقْفِ","order":27,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"tatimmat-ibn-hajar","name":"Ibn Ḥajar’s Supplement: Gifts, Found Property and Rewards","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ ابْنِ حَجَرٍ: بَابُ الهِبَةِ إِلَى كِتَابِ الفَرَائِضِ","order":28,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-raf-wa-l-takmil","title":"al-Rafʿ wa-l-Takmīl fī al-Jarḥ wa-l-Taʿdīl","titleAr":"الرَّفْعُ وَالتَّكْمِيلُ فِي الجَرْحِ وَالتَّعْدِيلِ","subtitle":"al-Laknawī on the rules of criticising and vouching for narrators","author":"ʿAbd al-Ḥayy al-Laknawī","authorAr":"عبد الحي اللكنوي","description":"ʿAbd al-Ḥayy al-Laknawī’s (d. 1304/1886) handbook on the rules of narrator criticism [al-jarḥ wa-l-taʿdīl], written to warn the scholars of his day against quoting the verdicts of the critics without knowing their terms and conditions. After a preface on when criticism is lawful and who may criticise, four sections treat which criticism and which praise are accepted, how criticism and praise are weighed against each other, the ranks of the critics’ expressions, and a long series of cautions on the particular terms and habits of individual critics such as Ibn Maʿīn, Abū Ḥātim, al-Bukhārī and Ibn Ḥibbān.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghudda’s edition, made from the two Lucknow prints, the first published in the author’s lifetime (Maṭbaʿ Anwār Muḥammadī, 1301 AH) and the second after his death (al-Maṭbaʿ al-ʿAlawī, 1309 AH); turath.io’s typed text (book 5973) checked against the page images of the edition.","edition":"Abū Ghudda’s edition (Aleppo: Maktab al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Islāmiyya, 3rd ed., 1407/1987)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"mustalah","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-raf-wa-l-takmil.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khutba","name":"The Author’s Preface","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ghiba","name":"The Introduction: Lawful Backbiting and the Limits of Criticism","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ: الغِيبَةُ الجَائِزَةُ وَحَدُّ الجَرْحِ","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"shart-al-jarih","name":"The Introduction: The Conditions of the Critic and the One Who Vouches","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ: شَرْطُ الجَارِحِ وَالمُعَدِّلِ","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"mubham-1","name":"The First Section: Explained and Vague Criticism (Part 1)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الأَوَّلُ: الجَرْحُ المُفَسَّرُ وَالمُبْهَمُ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mubham-2","name":"The First Section: Explained and Vague Criticism (Part 2)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الأَوَّلُ: الجَرْحُ المُفَسَّرُ وَالمُبْهَمُ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"faida-tadhnib","name":"The First Section: The Conclusion, a Benefit and an Appendix","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الأَوَّلُ: الخُلَاصَةُ وَفَائِدَةٌ وَتَذْنِيبٌ","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"taqdim-1","name":"The Second Section: When Criticism Is Put Before Vouching (Part 1)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الثَّانِي: تَقْدِيمُ الجَرْحِ عَلَى التَّعْدِيلِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"taqdim-2","name":"The Second Section: When Criticism Is Put Before Vouching (Part 2)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الثَّانِي: تَقْدِيمُ الجَرْحِ عَلَى التَّعْدِيلِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz-1","name":"The Third Section: The Terms of Criticism and Vouching (Part 1)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الثَّالِثُ: أَلْفَاظُ الجَرْحِ وَالتَّعْدِيلِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz-2","name":"The Third Section: The Terms of Criticism and Vouching (Part 2)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الثَّالِثُ: أَلْفَاظُ الجَرْحِ وَالتَّعْدِيلِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"la-yasihh","name":"The Fourth Section: “Sound in Chain” and “It Is Not Sound”","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: صَحِيحُ الإِسْنَادِ وَقَوْلُهُمْ: لَا يَصِحُّ","order":11,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"munkar-1","name":"The Fourth Section: “A Rejected Hadith”, “Rejected in Hadith” and “He Narrates Rejected Reports” (Part 1)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: حَدِيثٌ مُنْكَرٌ وَمُنْكَرُ الحَدِيثِ وَيَرْوِي المَنَاكِيرَ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"munkar-2","name":"The Fourth Section: “Rejected” (Part 2), and the Usages of Ibn Maʿīn and Aḥmad","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: المُنْكَرُ (٢)، وَاصْطِلَاحُ ابْنِ مَعِينٍ وَأَحْمَدَ","order":13,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"majhul","name":"The Fourth Section: “His Hadith Is Written” and “Unknown”","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: يُكْتَبُ حَدِيثُهُ، وَمَجْهُولٌ","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"abu-hatim","name":"The Fourth Section: Abū Ḥātim’s and Ibn al-Qaṭṭān’s “Unknown”, “Al-Qaṭṭān Abandoned Him” and “Not Like So-and-so”","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: تَجْهِيلُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ وَابْنِ القَطَّانِ، وَتَرَكَهُ القَطَّانُ، وَلَيْسَ مِثْلَ فُلَانٍ","order":15,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tarawwi-1","name":"The Fourth Section: One Critic’s Differing Verdicts, and Care Before Accepting Criticism (Part 1)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: اخْتِلَافُ قَوْلِ النَّاقِدِ الوَاحِدِ، وَالتَّرَوِّي فِي قَبُولِ الجَرْحِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tarawwi-2","name":"The Fourth Section: Care Before Accepting Criticism (Part 2): The Harsh Critics","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: التَّرَوِّي فِي قَبُولِ الجَرْحِ (٢): المُتَعَنِّتُونَ","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tarawwi-3","name":"The Fourth Section: Care Before Accepting Criticism (Part 3): Partisan and Over-Strict Critics","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: التَّرَوِّي فِي قَبُولِ الجَرْحِ (٣): المُتَعَصِّبُونَ وَالمُتَشَدِّدُونَ","order":18,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ibn-hibban","name":"The Fourth Section: Ibn Ḥibbān’s Method in al-Thiqāt","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: مَنْهَجُ ابْنِ حِبَّانَ فِي كِتَابِ الثِّقَاتِ","order":19,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ibn-adi","name":"The Fourth Section: Ibn ʿAdī’s Method in al-Kāmil and al-Dhahabī’s in the Mīzān","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: مَنْهَجُ ابْنِ عَدِيٍّ فِي الكَامِلِ وَالذَّهَبِيِّ فِي المِيزَانِ","order":20,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"irja-1","name":"The Fourth Section: The Meaning of Irjāʾ (1): The Murjiʾa Sects","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: مَعْنَى الإِرْجَاءِ (١): فِرَقُ المُرْجِئَةِ","order":21,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"irja-2","name":"The Fourth Section: The Meaning of Irjāʾ (2): The Irjāʾ of the People of the Sunna","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: مَعْنَى الإِرْجَاءِ (٢): إِرْجَاءُ أَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ","order":22,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ghunya-1","name":"The Fourth Section: Al-Sulaymānī’s Claims, and the Ghunya’s Listing of the Ḥanafiyya (1)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: قَوْلُ السُّلَيْمَانِيِّ، وَعِبَارَةُ الغُنْيَةِ فِي الحَنَفِيَّةِ (١)","order":23,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ghunya-2","name":"The Fourth Section: The Ghunya’s Listing of the Ḥanafiyya (2): Answers Examined","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: عِبَارَةُ الغُنْيَةِ فِي الحَنَفِيَّةِ (٢): الأَجْوِبَةُ عَنْهَا","order":24,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ghunya-3","name":"The Fourth Section: The Ghunya’s Listing of the Ḥanafiyya (3): The Answer Preferred","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: عِبَارَةُ الغُنْيَةِ فِي الحَنَفِيَّةِ (٣): الجَوَابُ المُخْتَارُ","order":25,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"fihi-nazar","name":"The Fourth Section: Al-Bukhārī’s “There Is Something to Consider about Him” and al-ʿUqaylī’s “He Is Not Corroborated”","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: قَوْلُ البُخَارِيِّ «فِيهِ نَظَرٌ» وَقَوْلُ العُقَيْلِيِّ «لَا يُتَابَعُ عَلَيْهِ»","order":26,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"jarh-al-aqran-1","name":"The Fourth Section: Criticism from Enmity, and Contemporaries’ Talk about One Another (1)","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: الجَرْحُ عَنْ عَدَاوَةٍ، وَكَلَامُ الأَقْرَانِ بَعْضِهِمْ فِي بَعْضٍ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"jarh-al-aqran-2","name":"The Fourth Section: Criticism from Enmity, and Contemporaries’ Talk about One Another (2); Conclusion","nameAr":"المَرْصَدُ الرَّابِعُ: الجَرْحُ عَنْ عَدَاوَةٍ، وَكَلَامُ الأَقْرَانِ بَعْضِهِمْ فِي بَعْضٍ (٢)، وَالخَاتِمَةُ","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-tahawiyya","title":"al-ʿAqīda al-Ṭaḥāwiyya","titleAr":"العَقِيدَةُ الطَّحَاوِيَّةُ","subtitle":"The Creed of al-Ṭaḥāwī","author":"Abū Jaʿfar al-Ṭaḥāwī","authorAr":"أبو جعفر الطحاوي","description":"The classic short statement of Sunni belief by the Egyptian Ḥanafī scholar al-Ṭaḥāwī (d. 321/933), following Abū Ḥanīfa and his two companions, and accepted across the Sunni schools.","source":"Arabic text from al-ʿAqīda al-Ṭaḥāwiyya as edited from thirteen manuscripts by ʿAbd al-Muḥsin b. Muḥammad al-Qāsim, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-rābiʿ (5th ed., 2019), via turath.io. Each section's notes list the corrections made and compare the text with Ibn Abī al-ʿIzz's commentary.","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-rābiʿ (5th ed., 1440/2019)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-tahawiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"tawhid","name":"God’s Oneness, the Prophet and the Qurʾān","nameAr":"التوحيد والنبوة والقرآن","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ruya-qadar","name":"The Vision of God, Submission and the Decree","nameAr":"الرؤية والتسليم والقدر","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"iman","name":"The Throne, Faith and the People of the Qibla","nameAr":"العرش والإيمان وأهل القبلة","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"akhira-sahaba","name":"The Hereafter, the Companions and the Close of the Creed","nameAr":"اليوم الآخر والصحابة وخاتمة العقيدة","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"hayy-ibn-yaqzan","title":"Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān","titleAr":"رِسَالَةُ حَيِّ بْنِ يَقْظَانَ فِي أَسْرَارِ الحِكْمَةِ المَشْرِقِيَّةِ","subtitle":"The Living Son of the Wakeful, on the secrets of the Eastern wisdom","author":"Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 581 AH / 1185 CE)","authorAr":"أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الملك بن طفيل القيسي الأندلسي","description":"A philosophical tale by the Andalusian physician and philosopher Ibn Ṭufayl. After an introduction on the difference between knowing the truth by reasoning and tasting it by direct witnessing, with his judgement on Ibn Bājja, al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā and al-Ghazālī, he tells of Ḥayy, a child who grows up alone on an island, nursed by a doe. Through his own observation and reflection Ḥayy passes from the crafts and the anatomy of animals to natural philosophy, to knowledge of the Necessary Being, and finally to the witnessing of the mystics. When he at last meets Absāl, a man from a neighbouring island of revealed religion, he finds that what he has reached agrees with the religion’s teaching, and learns why most people must keep to its outward form.","source":"Arabic text from Léon Gauthier’s critical edition (2nd ed., Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1936), based on four manuscripts (Algiers, British Museum, Cairo, Leiden) and the editions of Pococke and three Cairo prints, read from its page images (archive.org fr110philo10).","edition":"Gauthier’s edition (Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1936)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"philosophy","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/hayy-ibn-yaqzan.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-1","name":"The Author’s Introduction (Part 1)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-2","name":"The Author’s Introduction (Part 2)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-3","name":"The Author’s Introduction (Part 3)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ (٣)","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-4","name":"The Author’s Introduction (Part 4)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ (٤)","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-jazira","name":"The Island, and the Story of the Casket","nameAr":"الجَزِيرَةُ وَخَبَرُ التَّابُوتِ","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawallud","name":"The Account of His Generation from Clay","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي تَوَلُّدِهِ مِنَ الطِّينَةِ","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-zabya","name":"The Doe Rears Him","nameAr":"تَرْبِيَةُ الظَّبْيَةِ لَهُ","order":7,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"mawt-al-zabya","name":"The Death of the Doe","nameAr":"مَوْتُ الظَّبْيَةِ","order":8,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashrih","name":"The Dissection of the Doe","nameAr":"تَشْرِيحُ الظَّبْيَةِ","order":9,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-nar","name":"He Finds Fire","nameAr":"اهْتِدَاؤُهُ إِلَى النَّارِ","order":10,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-ruh-al-hayawani","name":"The Animal Spirit, and His Crafts up to the Age of Twenty-One","nameAr":"الرُّوحُ الحَيَوَانِيُّ وَحِيَلُهُ إِلَى أَحَدٍ وَعِشْرِينَ عَامًا","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"wahdat-al-ajsam","name":"The Unity of Bodies","nameAr":"وَحْدَةُ الأَجْسَامِ","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-surat-wa-l-jismiyya","name":"Corporeality and Form","nameAr":"الجِسْمِيَّةُ وَالصُّورَةُ","order":13,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-al-suwar","name":"The Grades of Forms","nameAr":"مَرَاتِبُ الصُّوَرِ","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-hayula","name":"Extension and Matter","nameAr":"الِامْتِدَادُ وَالهَيُولَى","order":15,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"fail-al-suwar","name":"The Maker of Forms","nameAr":"فَاعِلُ الصُّوَرِ","order":16,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-aflak","name":"The Heavens Are Finite and Spherical","nameAr":"تَنَاهِي السَّمَاءِ وَكُرِيَّتُهَا","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qidam-al-alam","name":"Is the World Eternal or Originated?","nameAr":"قِدَمُ العَالَمِ أَوْ حُدُوثُهُ","order":18,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-muharrik","name":"The Mover Free of Matter","nameAr":"المُحَرِّكُ البَرِيءُ عَنِ المَادَّةِ","order":19,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajib","name":"The Maker Whose Existence Is Necessary","nameAr":"الفَاعِلُ الوَاجِبُ الوُجُودِ","order":20,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"idrak-al-wajib","name":"How He Perceived the Necessary Being","nameAr":"بِمَاذَا أَدْرَكَ المَوْجُودَ الوَاجِبَ","order":21,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"baqa-al-dhat","name":"The Self Endures; Longing for What Is Perceived","nameAr":"بَقَاءُ الذَّاتِ وَالشَّوْقُ إِلَى المُدْرَكِ","order":22,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"ahwal-al-nufus","name":"The States of Souls after Death","nameAr":"أَحْوَالُ النُّفُوسِ بَعْدَ المَوْتِ","order":23,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"dawam-al-mushahada","name":"Unbroken Witnessing","nameAr":"دَوَامُ المُشَاهَدَةِ","order":24,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-al-hayat","name":"The Degrees of Life","nameAr":"مَرَاتِبُ الحَيَاةِ","order":25,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-ruh-al-mutadil","name":"The Balanced Spirit","nameAr":"الرُّوحُ المُعْتَدِلُ","order":26,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashabbuhat-al-thalatha","name":"The Three Likenesses","nameAr":"التَّشَبُّهَاتُ الثَّلَاثَةُ","order":27,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghidha","name":"Food and Its Rules","nameAr":"الغِذَاءُ وَقَوَانِينُهُ","order":28,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashabbuh-bi-l-samawiyyat","name":"Becoming Like the Heavenly Bodies","nameAr":"التَّشَبُّهُ بِالأَجْسَامِ السَّمَاوِيَّةِ","order":29,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-fana","name":"Passing Away in Witnessing","nameAr":"الفَنَاءُ فِي المُشَاهَدَةِ","order":30,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"shubhat-al-ittihad","name":"The Illusion of Union","nameAr":"شُبْهَةُ الِاتِّحَادِ","order":31,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-radd-ala-l-munkir","name":"Answer to the Objector","nameAr":"الرَّدُّ عَلَى المُنْكِرِ","order":32,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-dhawat-al-mufariqa","name":"The Separate Selves","nameAr":"الذَّوَاتُ المُفَارِقَةُ","order":33,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-dhawat-al-mahjuba","name":"The Veiled Selves, and the Permanence of the Selves","nameAr":"الذَّوَاتُ المَحْجُوبَةُ وَبَقَاءُ الذَّوَاتِ","order":34,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-awd-ila-l-maqam","name":"Returning to the Station","nameAr":"العَوْدُ إِلَى المَقَامِ","order":35,"paraCount":3,"published":true},{"id":"asal-wa-salaman","name":"Absāl and Salāmān","nameAr":"أَسَالُ وَسَلَامَانُ","order":36,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"liqa-hayy-wa-asal","name":"The Meeting of Ḥayy and Absāl","nameAr":"لِقَاءُ حَيٍّ وَأَسَالَ","order":37,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-zad","name":"The Provisions","nameAr":"الزَّادُ","order":38,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"talim-hayy","name":"Ḥayy Learns to Speak, and Believes","nameAr":"تَعْلِيمُ حَيٍّ وَتَصْدِيقُهُ","order":39,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"dawat-ahl-al-jazira","name":"Calling the People of the Island","nameAr":"دَعْوَةُ أَهْلِ الجَزِيرَةِ","order":40,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-awda","name":"The Return to the Island","nameAr":"العَوْدَةُ إِلَى الجَزِيرَةِ","order":41,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-khatima","name":"The Author’s Conclusion","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ","order":42,"paraCount":4,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-02-qawaid-al-aqaid","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Foundations of Belief","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ قَوَاعِدِ العَقَائِدِ","subtitle":"The second book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The second book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, in four sections: the creed of the people of the Sunna, set out as the meaning of the two testimonies of faith; how belief should be taught gradually, and the levels of conviction; al-Risāla al-Qudsiyya, which gives the proofs of the creed in four pillars of ten principles each; and faith and Islam, their relation, whether faith increases and decreases, and why the early Muslims said “I am a believer, if God wills.”","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful passages against the page images of the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011) and against Mūsā Muḥammad ʿAlī’s edition of this kitāb (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1985; turath.io book 6397).","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d., 4 vols), vol. 1","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-02-qawaid-al-aqaid.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"aqida-1","name":"The Creed of the People of the Sunna (Part 1)","nameAr":"عَقِيدَةُ أَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"aqida-2","name":"The Creed of the People of the Sunna (Part 2)","nameAr":"عَقِيدَةُ أَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"tadrij","name":"Teaching Belief Gradually","nameAr":"وَجْهُ التَّدْرِيجِ إِلَى الإِرْشَادِ","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"kalam-1","name":"Is the Study of Kalām Blameworthy? (Part 1)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي تَعَلُّمِ الكَلَامِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"kalam-2","name":"Is the Study of Kalām Blameworthy? (Part 2)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي تَعَلُّمِ الكَلَامِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"kalam-3","name":"Is the Study of Kalām Blameworthy? (Part 3)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي تَعَلُّمِ الكَلَامِ (٣)","order":6,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kalam-4","name":"Is the Study of Kalām Blameworthy? (Part 4)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي تَعَلُّمِ الكَلَامِ (٤)","order":7,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"zahir-batin","name":"Do These Sciences Have an Outward and an Inward?","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي أَنَّ لِهَذِهِ العُلُومِ ظَوَاهِرَ وَأَسْرَارًا","order":8,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"asrar-1","name":"How the Inward Differs from the Outward (Part 1)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي اخْتِلَافِ الظَّاهِرِ وَالبَاطِنِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"asrar-2","name":"How the Inward Differs from the Outward (Part 2)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي اخْتِلَافِ الظَّاهِرِ وَالبَاطِنِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"asrar-3","name":"How the Inward Differs from the Outward (Part 3)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي اخْتِلَافِ الظَّاهِرِ وَالبَاطِنِ (٣)","order":11,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-1","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: Preface; God’s Existence (Part 1)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: الخُطْبَةُ، وَمَعْرِفَةُ وُجُودِهِ تَعَالَى (١)","order":12,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-2","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: God’s Essence (Part 2)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: مَعْرِفَةُ ذَاتِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-3","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: God’s Essence (Part 3)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: مَعْرِفَةُ ذَاتِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣)","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-4","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: God’s Attributes (Part 1)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: صِفَاتُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١)","order":15,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-5","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: God’s Attributes (Part 2)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: صِفَاتُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-6","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: God’s Acts (Part 1)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: أَفْعَالُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١)","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-7","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: God’s Acts (Part 2)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: أَفْعَالُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-8","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: God’s Acts (Part 3)","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: أَفْعَالُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣)","order":19,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qudsiyya-9","name":"The Jerusalem Epistle: What Is Known by Revelation","nameAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ القُدْسِيَّةُ: السَّمْعِيَّاتُ","order":20,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"iman-islam-1","name":"Faith and Islam (Part 1)","nameAr":"الإِيمَانُ وَالإِسْلَامُ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"iman-islam-2","name":"Faith and Islam (Part 2)","nameAr":"الإِيمَانُ وَالإِسْلَامُ (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"iman-islam-3","name":"Faith and Islam (Part 3)","nameAr":"الإِيمَانُ وَالإِسْلَامُ (٣)","order":23,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ziyada","name":"Does Faith Increase and Decrease?","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي زِيَادَةِ الإِيمَانِ وَنُقْصَانِهِ","order":24,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"istithna-1","name":"Saying “I Am a Believer, If God Wills” (Part 1)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي الاسْتِثْنَاءِ فِي الإِيمَانِ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"istithna-2","name":"Saying “I Am a Believer, If God Wills” (Part 2)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي الاسْتِثْنَاءِ فِي الإِيمَانِ (٢)","order":26,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"istithna-3","name":"Saying “I Am a Believer, If God Wills” (Part 3)","nameAr":"مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي الاسْتِثْنَاءِ فِي الإِيمَانِ (٣)","order":27,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"risalat-al-muawana","title":"Risālat al-Muʿāwana","titleAr":"رِسَالَةُ المُعَاوَنَةِ وَالمُظَاهَرَةِ وَالمُؤَازَرَةِ","subtitle":"al-Ḥaddād’s book of assistance for those who seek the path of the hereafter","author":"ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlawī al-Ḥaddād","authorAr":"عبد الله بن علوي الحداد","description":"Imām al-Ḥaddād’s counsel to a fellow seeker, written as a series of short sections that each begin “Hold to…”. It sets out the inward foundations of the path (certainty, sincere intention, watchfulness of God and a sound inner life), the daily litanies of prayer, Qurʾān, knowledge, remembrance and reflection, the outward duties and courtesies of worship and daily life, scrupulousness and enjoining the right, the rights of others, and the stations of repentance, hope and fear, patience, gratitude, renunciation, reliance, love and contentment.","source":"Arabic text from Dār al-Ḥāwī’s edition (Silsilat kutub al-Imām al-Ḥaddād 3; 2nd ed., 1414/1994), printed from a manuscript of which it reproduces two pages, checked at doubtful places against the Cairo print of 1337/1919.","edition":"Dār al-Ḥāwī’s edition (2nd ed., 1414/1994)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/risalat-al-muawana.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-1","name":"The Author’s Introduction (Part 1)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-2","name":"The Author’s Introduction (Part 2)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ المُؤَلِّفِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"yaqin","name":"Strengthening Certainty","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي تَقْوِيَةِ اليَقِينِ","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"niyya","name":"Setting the Intention Right","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي إِصْلَاحِ النِّيَّةِ","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"muraqaba-wal-sarira","name":"Watchfulness of God; Setting the Inner Life Right","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي المُرَاقَبَةِ وَفَصْلٌ فِي إِصْلَاحِ السَّرِيرَةِ","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"awrad","name":"Filling the Times with Litanies; Prayer and the Witr","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي عِمَارَةِ الأَوْقَاتِ بِالأَوْرَادِ","order":6,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"qiyam-al-layl","name":"The Forenoon Prayer, the Prayer between the Two Evening Prayers, and the Night Vigil","nameAr":"صَلَاةُ الضُّحَى وَمَا بَيْنَ العِشَاءَيْنِ وَقِيَامُ اللَّيْلِ","order":7,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"quran-wal-ilm","name":"The Litany of Qurʾān; the Litany of Knowledge","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي وِرْدِ القُرْآنِ وَفَصْلٌ فِي وِرْدِ العِلْمِ","order":8,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"dhikr","name":"The Litany of Remembrance","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي وِرْدِ الذِّكْرِ","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tafakkur","name":"The Litany of Reflection","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي وِرْدِ التَّفَكُّرِ","order":10,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"tamassuk-bil-kitab-wal-sunna","name":"Closing Words on the Litanies; Holding to the Book and the Sunna","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةُ الأَوْرَادِ، وَفَصْلٌ فِي التَّمَسُّكِ بِالكِتَابِ وَالسُّنَّةِ","order":11,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"aqida-wal-faraid","name":"Sound Belief; Obligations and Supererogatory Works","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي تَحْسِينِ المُعْتَقَدِ وَفَصْلٌ فِي أَدَاءِ الفَرَائِضِ وَالنَّوَافِلِ","order":12,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-al-wajib","name":"Learning What Is Obligatory","nameAr":"فِي طَلَبِ العِلْمِ الوَاجِبِ","order":13,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"nazafa-wa-tahara","name":"Cleanliness and Purity","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي النَّظَافَةِ وَالطَّهَارَةِ","order":14,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-adat-1","name":"The Courtesies of the Sunna in Daily Life (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي آدَابِ السُّنَّةِ فِي العَادَاتِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-adat-2","name":"The Courtesies of the Sunna in Daily Life (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي آدَابِ السُّنَّةِ فِي العَادَاتِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-adat-3","name":"The Courtesies of the Sunna in Daily Life (Part 3)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي آدَابِ السُّنَّةِ فِي العَادَاتِ (٣)","order":17,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"masjid-wa-salat","name":"The Mosque and the Call to Prayer; Prayer at Its Time and with Humility","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي آدَابِ المَسْجِدِ وَفَصْلٌ فِي الصَّلَاةِ","order":18,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"jamaa-wal-juma","name":"Congregational Prayer and the Friday Prayer","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي صَلَاةِ الجَمَاعَةِ وَالجُمُعَةِ","order":19,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-wal-sadaqa","name":"Alms and Charity","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الزَّكَاةِ وَالصَّدَقَةِ","order":20,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ramadan-wal-siyam","name":"Ramaḍān and Fasting","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي رَمَضَانَ وَالصِّيَامِ","order":21,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-wal-ayman","name":"The Pilgrimage, Consultation, Vows and Oaths","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الحَجِّ وَالِاسْتِخَارَةِ وَالنُّذُورِ وَالأَيْمَانِ","order":22,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"wara-1","name":"Scrupulousness (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الوَرَعِ (١)","order":23,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"wara-2","name":"Scrupulousness (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الوَرَعِ (٢)","order":24,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"amr-bil-maruf","name":"Enjoining the Right and Forbidding the Wrong","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الأَمْرِ بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيِ عَنِ المُنْكَرِ","order":25,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-raiyya","name":"Justice towards Those in Your Charge, Parents, Kin and Neighbours","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي العَدْلِ فِي الرَّعِيَّةِ وَبِرِّ الوَالِدَيْنِ وَصِلَةِ الرَّحِمِ","order":26,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslimin-1","name":"Love for God’s Sake and Kindness to Muslims (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الحُبِّ فِي اللَّهِ وَحُقُوقِ المُسْلِمِينَ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslimin-2","name":"Love for God’s Sake and Kindness to Muslims (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الحُبِّ فِي اللَّهِ وَحُقُوقِ المُسْلِمِينَ (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-nush-wal-tawadu","name":"Sincere Counsel, Trustworthiness and Humility","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي النُّصْحِ وَالأَمَانَةِ وَالتَّوَاضُعِ","order":29,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-salam-wa-husn-al-zann","name":"Greeting, Good Opinion and the Rights of a Muslim","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي السَّلَامِ وَحُسْنِ الظَّنِّ وَحُقُوقِ المُسْلِمِ","order":30,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawba-wal-raja","name":"Repentance, Seeking Forgiveness, Hope and Fear","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي التَّوْبَةِ وَالِاسْتِغْفَارِ وَالرَّجَاءِ وَالخَوْفِ","order":31,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-qunut-wal-amn","name":"Despair, False Security and Vain Hopes of Forgiveness","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي القُنُوطِ وَالأَمْنِ وَأَمَانِيِّ المَغْفِرَةِ","order":32,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-sabr","name":"Patience and Its Four Kinds","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الصَّبْرِ وَأَقْسَامِهِ","order":33,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-shukr","name":"Gratitude","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الشُّكْرِ","order":34,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-zuhd","name":"Renunciation of the World","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الزُّهْدِ فِي الدُّنْيَا","order":35,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawakkul","name":"Trust in God","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي التَّوَكُّلِ","order":36,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-mahabba","name":"Love of God","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي المَحَبَّةِ","order":37,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-rida-wal-dua","name":"Contentment with God’s Decree, and Supplication","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الرِّضَا بِالقَضَاءِ وَالدُّعَاءِ","order":38,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-khatima-1","name":"Conclusion: Divine Counsels (1)","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةٌ فِي وَصَايَا إِلَهِيَّةٍ (١)","order":39,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-khatima-2","name":"Conclusion: Divine Counsels (2), and Colophon","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةٌ فِي وَصَايَا إِلَهِيَّةٍ (٢)","order":40,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"safwat-al-zubad","title":"Ṣafwat al-Zubad","titleAr":"صَفْوَةُ الزُّبَدِ","subtitle":"The Cream of the Cream: Ibn Raslān’s thousand-line poem on Shāfiʿī law","author":"Ibn Raslān","authorAr":"شهاب الدين أحمد بن حسين بن رسلان الرملي","description":"A teaching poem of about a thousand lines in rajaz by the Palestinian Shāfiʿī scholar and ascetic Ibn Raslān of Ramla (d. 844/1440). It opens with the essentials of creed and the rulings of the law, then covers Shāfiʿī law from purification, prayer, zakāt, fasting and pilgrimage to transactions, inheritance, marriage, crimes, judgeship and the freeing of slaves, and closes with a section on the spiritual path. Long memorised in Yemen, Ḥaḍramawt and South-East Asia, it is taught with the commentaries of al-Ramlī and others.","source":"Arabic text from the critical edition of Aḥmad Jāsim Muḥammad al-Muḥammad (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 3rd ed., 2009), edited from two manuscripts and fully vowelled, read from the page images and compared line by line with the Dār al-Maʿrifa text on turath.io, the Rubāṭ Tarīm print and al-Ramlī’s commentary. Each chapter’s notes give the variants.","edition":"al-Muḥammad’s edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 2009)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/safwat-al-zubad.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction: Faith, Knowledge and the Rulings of the Law","nameAr":"المقدمة","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-1","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 1)","nameAr":"كتاب الطهارة (١)","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-2","name":"The Book of Purification (Part 2)","nameAr":"كتاب الطهارة (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"salat-1","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"كتاب الصلاة (١)","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"salat-2","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"كتاب الصلاة (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"salat-3","name":"The Book of Prayer (Part 3)","nameAr":"كتاب الصلاة (٣)","order":6,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"janaiz","name":"The Book of Funerals","nameAr":"كتاب الجنائز","order":7,"paraCount":3,"published":true},{"id":"zakat","name":"The Book of Zakāt","nameAr":"كتاب الزكاة","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"siyam-hajj","name":"The Books of Fasting and Pilgrimage","nameAr":"كتاب الصيام وكتاب الحج","order":9,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-1","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 1)","nameAr":"كتاب البيع (١)","order":10,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-2","name":"The Book of Sale (Part 2)","nameAr":"كتاب البيع (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"faraid","name":"The Book of Inheritance and Wills","nameAr":"كتاب الفرائض","order":12,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-1","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كتاب النكاح (١)","order":13,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-2","name":"The Book of Marriage (Part 2)","nameAr":"كتاب النكاح (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"jinayat","name":"The Book of Offences","nameAr":"كتاب الجنايات","order":15,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"jihad-sayd","name":"The Books of Jihad and of Hunting and Slaughter","nameAr":"كتاب الجهاد وكتاب الصيد والذبائح","order":16,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"qada-itq","name":"The Books of Judgeship and Freeing Slaves","nameAr":"كتاب القضاء وكتاب العتق","order":17,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"khatima","name":"Conclusion on the Science of Sufism","nameAr":"خاتمة في علم التصوف","order":18,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"sharh-al-izzi","title":"Sharḥ Taṣrīf al-ʿIzzī","titleAr":"شَرْحُ تَصْرِيفِ العِزِّيِّ","subtitle":"Al-Taftāzānī’s commentary on al-Zanjānī’s primer of morphology","author":"Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd b. ʿUmar al-Taftāzānī","authorAr":"سعد الدين مسعود بن عمر التفتازاني","description":"The first work of Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792 AH), finished in Shaʿbān 738 AH when he was a young man: a commentary on Taṣrīf al-ʿIzzī, ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Zanjānī’s short primer of Arabic morphology [ṣarf]. He quotes the primer phrase by phrase and explains it: the meaning of its terms, the reasons behind each rule, the objections a student might raise in the form “If you ask … I reply”, and the views of Sībawayh and the other grammarians, with verses of the Qurʾān and lines of poetry as evidence. It follows the primer from the definition of morphology and the patterns of the verb, through the conjugation of the sound verb and the emphatic forms, to the doubled, weak and hamzated verbs and the nouns of time, place and instrument. It has long been the standard second book of morphology after the primer itself.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad Jāsim al-Muḥammad’s critical edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 1432/2011), based on five manuscripts of al-Azhar Library, read word for word from its page images (archive.org, hm4334), with the old print as a second witness at doubtful places. The editor’s notes are left out; each chapter’s notes list the corrections and the places where the matn differs from our edition of Taṣrīf al-ʿIzzī.","edition":"Muḥammad Jāsim al-Muḥammad’s edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 1432/2011)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"sarf","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/sharh-al-izzi.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khutba-wa-tarif-al-tasrif","name":"The Commentator’s Preface and the Definition of Morphology","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ الشَّارِحِ وَتَعْرِيفُ التَّصْرِيفِ","order":1,"paraCount":38,"published":true},{"id":"taqsim-al-fil","name":"The Divisions of the Verb","nameAr":"تَقْسِيمُ الفِعْلِ","order":2,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-thulathi-al-mujarrad","name":"The Bare Triliteral Verb","nameAr":"الثُّلَاثِيُّ المُجَرَّدُ","order":3,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"al-rubai-wal-mazid-1","name":"The Bare Quadriliteral and the Augmented Verbs of Four and Five Letters","nameAr":"الرُّبَاعِيُّ المُجَرَّدُ، وَالثُّلَاثِيُّ المَزِيدُ فِيهِ عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أَحْرُفٍ وَخَمْسَةٍ","order":4,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-mazid-ala-sitta-wal-taaddi","name":"The Six-Letter and Augmented Quadriliteral Patterns; Transitive and Intransitive Verbs","nameAr":"المَزِيدُ فِيهِ عَلَى سِتَّةِ أَحْرُفٍ، وَالرُّبَاعِيُّ المَزِيدُ فِيهِ، وَالمُتَعَدِّي وَاللَّازِمُ","order":5,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"al-madi-al-mabni-lil-fail","name":"The Past Tense and Its Active Conjugation","nameAr":"الفِعْلُ المَاضِي، وَالمَبْنِيُّ لِلْفَاعِلِ مِنْهُ","order":6,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"qiyas-al-madi-wal-mabni-lil-maful","name":"The Past of the Other Patterns and the Passive Past","nameAr":"قِيَاسُ سَائِرِ الأَبْوَابِ، وَالمَاضِي المَبْنِيُّ لِلْمَفْعُولِ","order":7,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudari-wa-harf-al-mudaraa","name":"The Present Tense and Its Prefixes","nameAr":"الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ، وَحُرُوفُ المُضَارَعَةِ","order":8,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"zaman-al-mudari-wal-mabni-lil-fail","name":"The Times of the Present Tense and Its Active Form","nameAr":"زَمَانُ المُضَارِعِ، وَالمَبْنِيُّ لِلْفَاعِلِ مِنْهُ","order":9,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-mudari-wal-mabni-lil-maful","name":"The Active and Passive Present, the Negatives Mā and Lā, and the Jussive","nameAr":"المَبْنِيُّ لِلْفَاعِلِ وَلِلْمَفْعُولِ مِنَ المُضَارِعِ، وَمَا وَلَا النَّافِيَتَانِ، وَالجَازِمُ","order":10,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-nasib-wa-lam-al-amr","name":"The Subjunctive and the Lām of Command","nameAr":"النَّاصِبُ، وَلَامُ الأَمْرِ","order":11,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"la-al-nahiya-wal-amr-1","name":"The Lā of Prohibition and the Imperative (Part 1)","nameAr":"لَا النَّاهِيَةُ، وَالأَمْرُ بِالصِّيغَةِ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-amr-2-wa-ijtima-al-taayn","name":"The Imperative (Part 2) and Two T’s at the Start of the Present","nameAr":"الأَمْرُ بِالصِّيغَةِ (٢)، وَاجْتِمَاعُ تَاءَيْنِ فِي أَوَّلِ المُضَارِعِ","order":13,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"taghyirat-iftaala","name":"The Changes in Iftaʿala","nameAr":"تَغْيِيرَاتُ تَاءِ افْتَعَلَ","order":14,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"nun-al-tawkid-1","name":"The Nūn of Emphasis (Part 1)","nameAr":"نُونَا التَّأْكِيدِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"nun-al-tawkid-2","name":"The Nūn of Emphasis (Part 2): Two Vowelless Letters","nameAr":"نُونَا التَّأْكِيدِ (٢): التِقَاءُ السَّاكِنَيْنِ","order":16,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"nun-al-tawkid-3","name":"The Nūn of Emphasis (Part 3): What Is Dropped with It","nameAr":"نُونَا التَّأْكِيدِ (٣): مَا يُحْذَفُ مَعَهُمَا","order":17,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-muakkad-wa-ism-al-fail","name":"The Emphatic Command and the Participles of the Bare Triliteral","nameAr":"الأَمْرُ المُؤَكَّدُ، وَاسْمُ الفَاعِلِ وَالمَفْعُولِ مِنَ الثُّلَاثِيِّ المُجَرَّدِ","order":18,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-maful-wal-mazid","name":"The Passive Participle with a Preposition, Faʿīl, and the Participles of the Augmented Verb","nameAr":"اسْمُ المَفْعُولِ مِنَ اللَّازِمِ، وَفَعِيلٌ، وَاسْمُ الفَاعِلِ وَالمَفْعُولِ مِمَّا زَادَ عَلَى الثَّلَاثَةِ","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudaaf-1","name":"The Doubled Verb (Part 1)","nameAr":"المُضَاعَفُ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudaaf-2","name":"The Doubled Verb (Part 2): Replacement, Dropping and Assimilation","nameAr":"المُضَاعَفُ (٢): الإِبْدَالُ وَالحَذْفُ وَالإِدْغَامُ","order":21,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-idgham-al-wajib-wal-mumtani","name":"Where Assimilation Is Required and Where It Is Impossible","nameAr":"الإِدْغَامُ الوَاجِبُ وَالمُمْتَنِعُ","order":22,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-idgham-al-jaiz","name":"Where Assimilation Is Allowed, and the Participles of the Doubled Verb","nameAr":"الإِدْغَامُ الجَائِزُ، وَاسْمُ الفَاعِلِ وَالمَفْعُولِ مِنَ المُضَاعَفِ","order":23,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutall","name":"The Weak Verb and the Weak Letters","nameAr":"المُعْتَلُّ وَحُرُوفُ العِلَّةِ","order":24,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-mithal-1","name":"The Seven Kinds of Weak Verb; the Assimilated Verb (Part 1)","nameAr":"أَنْوَاعُ المُعْتَلِّ، وَالمِثَالُ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-mithal-2","name":"The Assimilated Verb (Part 2): Yaṭaʾu, Yadaʿu and Verbs with Y","nameAr":"المِثَالُ (٢): يَطَأُ وَيَدَعُ، وَاليَائِيُّ","order":26,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-mithal-3","name":"The Assimilated Verb (Part 3): Iftaʿala and the Doubled Assimilated Verb","nameAr":"المِثَالُ (٣): افْتَعَلَ مِنْهُ، وَالمُضَاعَفُ المِثَالُ","order":27,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-ajwaf-1","name":"The Hollow Verb (Part 1): The Past Tense","nameAr":"الأَجْوَفُ (١): المَاضِي","order":28,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-ajwaf-2","name":"The Hollow Verb (Part 2): Bāʿa, the Passive, the Present and the Jussive","nameAr":"الأَجْوَفُ (٢): بَاعَ، وَالمَبْنِيُّ لِلْمَفْعُولِ، وَالمُضَارِعُ، وَالمَجْزُومُ","order":29,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-ajwaf-3","name":"The Hollow Verb (Part 3): The Imperative and the Nūns of Emphasis","nameAr":"الأَجْوَفُ (٣): الأَمْرُ، وَنُونَا التَّأْكِيدِ","order":30,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-ajwaf-4","name":"The Hollow Verb (Part 4): The Four Augmented Patterns","nameAr":"الأَجْوَفُ (٤): مَزِيدُ الثُّلَاثِيِّ","order":31,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-ajwaf-5","name":"The Hollow Verb (Part 5): Verbs Left Sound and the Active Participle","nameAr":"الأَجْوَفُ (٥): مَا يَصِحُّ، وَاسْمُ الفَاعِلِ","order":32,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-maful-wal-naqis-1","name":"The Passive Participle of the Hollow Verb; the Defective Verb (Part 1)","nameAr":"اسْمُ المَفْعُولِ مِنَ الأَجْوَفِ، وَالنَّاقِصُ (١)","order":33,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-naqis-2","name":"The Defective Verb (Part 2): The Past Tense","nameAr":"النَّاقِصُ (٢): المَاضِي","order":34,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-naqis-3","name":"The Defective Verb (Part 3): The Present Tense","nameAr":"النَّاقِصُ (٣): المُضَارِعُ","order":35,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"al-naqis-4","name":"The Defective Verb (Part 4): Yarʿawī, Yarḍā and the Woman Addressed","nameAr":"النَّاقِصُ (٤): يَرْعَوِي وَيَرْضَى، وَالوَاحِدَةُ المُخَاطَبَةُ","order":36,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-naqis-5","name":"The Defective Verb (Part 5): The Imperative and the Active Participle","nameAr":"النَّاقِصُ (٥): الأَمْرُ وَاسْمُ الفَاعِلِ","order":37,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-naqis-6","name":"The Defective Verb (Part 6): The Passive Participle, Faʿūl and Faʿīl","nameAr":"النَّاقِصُ (٦): اسْمُ المَفْعُولِ، وَفَعُولٌ وَفَعِيلٌ","order":38,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-mazid-wal-lafif-1","name":"The Augmented Defective Verb, and the Joined Lafīf (Part 1)","nameAr":"المَزِيدُ فِيهِ مِنَ النَّاقِصِ، وَاللَّفِيفُ المَقْرُونُ (١)","order":39,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-lafif-al-maqrun-2","name":"The Joined Lafīf (Part 2): Rawiya, Arwā and Ḥayiya","nameAr":"اللَّفِيفُ المَقْرُونُ (٢): رَوِيَ وَأَرْوَى وَحَيِيَ","order":40,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-lafif-al-maqrun-3","name":"The Joined Lafīf (Part 3): Iḥya, Aḥyā, Ḥāyā and Istaḥyā","nameAr":"اللَّفِيفُ المَقْرُونُ (٣): احْيَ، وَأَحْيَا، وَحَايَا، وَاسْتَحْيَا","order":41,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-lafif-al-mafruq","name":"The Separated Lafīf, and the Sixth and Seventh Kinds","nameAr":"اللَّفِيفُ المَفْرُوقُ، وَالنَّوْعَانِ السَّادِسُ وَالسَّابِعُ","order":42,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-mahmuz-1","name":"The Hamzated Verb (Part 1): Its Rule, and Two Hamzas Together","nameAr":"المَهْمُوزُ (١): حُكْمُهُ، وَالْتِقَاءُ الهَمْزَتَيْنِ","order":43,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-mahmuz-2","name":"The Hamzated Verb (Part 2): Khudh and Mur; Azara, Adiba and Saʾala","nameAr":"المَهْمُوزُ (٢): خُذْ وَمُرْ، وَأَزَرَ وَأَدُبَ وَسَأَلَ","order":44,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-mahmuz-3","name":"The Hamzated Verb (Part 3): Āba, Jāʾa, Atā, Awā and Their Kind","nameAr":"المَهْمُوزُ (٣): آبَ، وَجَاءَ، وَأَتَى، وَأَوَى، وَأَخَوَاتُهَا","order":45,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-mahmuz-4","name":"The Hamzated Verb (Part 4): Raʾā Yarā","nameAr":"المَهْمُوزُ (٤): رَأَى يَرَى","order":46,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-mahmuz-5","name":"The Hamzated Verb (Part 5): Arā Yurī, and Ītāla","nameAr":"المَهْمُوزُ (٥): أَرَى يُرِي، وَايتَالَ","order":47,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-zaman-wal-makan-1","name":"Nouns of Time and Place (Part 1): Mafʿil and Mafʿal","nameAr":"اسْمُ الزَّمَانِ وَالمَكَانِ (١): مَفْعِلٌ وَمَفْعَلٌ","order":48,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-zaman-wal-makan-2","name":"Nouns of Place (Part 2) and the Noun of Instrument","nameAr":"اسْمُ المَكَانِ (٢)، وَاسْمُ الآلَةِ","order":49,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-marra-wal-naw","name":"Closing Note: The Noun of Once and the Noun of Manner","nameAr":"تَنْبِيهٌ: بِنَاءُ المَرَّةِ وَالنَّوْعِ","order":50,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"sullam-al-tawfiq","title":"Sullam al-Tawfīq","titleAr":"سُلَّمُ التَّوْفِيقِ إِلَى مَحَبَّةِ اللهِ عَلَى التَّحْقِيقِ","subtitle":"The Ladder of Success to the True Love of God","author":"ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥusayn ibn Ṭāhir Bā ʿAlawī","authorAr":"عبد الله بن حسين بن طاهر باعلوي الحضرمي","description":"A short Ḥaḍramī primer of what every Muslim must know, by the Shāfiʿī scholar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥusayn ibn Ṭāhir (d. 1272/1855). It begins with faith and the two testimonies and a long warning against words and acts that take a person out of Islam, then gives the essentials of purification, prayer, funerals, zakāt, fasting, pilgrimage and trade, and ends with the duties and sins of the heart and a survey of the sins of each part of the body. Commented on by Nawawī al-Jāwī, it is studied across Ḥaḍramawt, East Africa and Southeast Asia, often straight after Safīnat al-Najā.","source":"Arabic text from Sibṭ al-Jīlānī’s edition from five manuscripts of the al-Aḥqāf library in Tarim and three old prints (Beirut, 2013), read from the scan on archive.org; the editor’s bracketed additions are left out.","edition":"Sibṭ al-Jīlānī’s edition (Beirut, 1st ed., 2013)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/sullam-al-tawfiq.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-iman-ridda-1","name":"Introduction, the Two Testimonies and Apostasy (Part 1)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ وَالشَّهَادَتَانِ وَالرِّدَّةُ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ridda-2-adaa-al-wajibat","name":"Apostasy (Part 2) and Fulfilling Obligations","nameAr":"الرِّدَّةُ (٢) وَأَدَاءُ الوَاجِبَاتِ","order":2,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"awqat-al-salat-wa-l-tahara","name":"Prayer Times and Purification","nameAr":"أَوْقَاتُ الصَّلَاةِ وَالطَّهَارَةُ","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-salat-wa-l-jumua-wa-l-janaiz","name":"The Prayer, the Friday Prayer and Funerals","nameAr":"الصَّلَاةُ وَالجُمُعَةُ وَالجَنَائِزُ","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-zakat-wa-l-sawm-wa-l-hajj","name":"Zakāt, Fasting and Pilgrimage","nameAr":"الزَّكَاةُ وَالصَّوْمُ وَالحَجُّ","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-muamalat-wa-l-nafaqat","name":"Transactions and Maintenance","nameAr":"المُعَامَلَاتُ وَالنَّفَقَاتُ","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-qalb-wa-l-batn-wa-l-ayn","name":"Duties and Sins of the Heart; Sins of the Belly and Eye","nameAr":"وَاجِبَاتُ القَلْبِ وَمَعَاصِيهِ، وَمَعَاصِي البَطْنِ وَالعَيْنِ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-lisan-wa-l-udhun-wa-l-yad-wa-l-farj","name":"Sins of the Tongue, Ear, Hand and Private Parts","nameAr":"مَعَاصِي اللِّسَانِ وَالأُذُنِ وَاليَدِ وَالفَرْجِ","order":8,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-rijl-wa-l-badan-wa-l-tawba","name":"Sins of the Foot and Body; Repentance","nameAr":"مَعَاصِي الرِّجْلِ وَالبَدَنِ، وَالتَّوْبَةُ","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"tasrif-al-izzi","title":"Taṣrīf al-ʿIzzī","titleAr":"تَصْرِيفُ العِزِّيِّ","subtitle":"The classic short primer of morphology: the verb, its patterns and its conjugation","author":"ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Zanjānī","authorAr":"عِزُّ الدِّينِ عَبْدُ الوَهَّابِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الزَّنْجَانِيُّ","description":"A concise primer of Arabic morphology [ṣarf], also called al-ʿIzzī fī al-Taṣrīf or al-Muqaddima al-ʿIzziyya, by ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Zanjānī (d. 655 AH or later). It defines morphology, sets out the patterns of the bare and augmented verb, and shows by full conjugation tables how the past, present, imperative, participles and emphatic forms are built. It then treats the doubled, weak and hamzated verbs, and ends with nouns of time, place and instrument and the nouns of a single act and of manner. Widely memorized and taught, it has many commentaries, the best known being al-Taftāzānī’s first work, Sharḥ al-ʿIzzī.","source":"Arabic text from Anwar al-Shaykhī’s critical edition (Dār al-Minhāj, 2007), based on a fully vowelled manuscript of 1139 AH collated with nine al-Azhar manuscripts and the Daghestan print, read from the scan and checked against the matn in al-Taftāzānī’s commentary.","edition":"Anwar al-Shaykhī’s edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 2007)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"sarf","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/tasrif-al-izzi.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"abwab-al-fil","name":"The Verb, Its Patterns and the Past Tense","nameAr":"الفِعْلُ وَأَبْوَابُهُ، وَالفِعْلُ المَاضِي","order":1,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudari-wal-amr","name":"The Present Tense and the Imperative","nameAr":"الفِعْلُ المُضَارِعُ وَالأَمْرُ","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"taghyirat-wal-tawkid","name":"Changes in Iftaʿala, the Nūn of Emphasis and the Participles","nameAr":"تَاءُ افْتَعَلَ، وَنُونَا التَّأْكِيدِ، وَاسْمَا الفَاعِلِ وَالمَفْعُولِ","order":3,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudaaf-wal-mithal","name":"The Doubled Verb and the Assimilated Verb","nameAr":"المُضَاعَفُ وَالمِثَالُ","order":4,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"al-ajwaf","name":"The Hollow Verb","nameAr":"الأَجْوَفُ","order":5,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-naqis-wal-lafif","name":"The Defective Verb and the Doubly Weak Verbs","nameAr":"النَّاقِصُ، وَاللَّفِيفُ، وَسَائِرُ المُعْتَلِّ","order":6,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-mahmuz-wal-asma","name":"The Hamzated Verb; Nouns of Time, Place and Instrument","nameAr":"المَهْمُوزُ، وَأَسْمَاءُ الزَّمَانِ وَالمَكَانِ وَالآلَةِ","order":7,"paraCount":31,"published":true}]},{"id":"talim-al-mutaallim","title":"Taʿlīm al-Mutaʿallim","titleAr":"تَعْلِيمُ المُتَعَلِّمِ طَرِيقَ التَّعَلُّمِ","subtitle":"al-Zarnūjī’s guide to the path of learning","author":"Burhān al-Dīn al-Zarnūjī","authorAr":"برهان الدين الزرنوجي","description":"A short and much-loved manual on how to study, by the Ḥanafī scholar Burhān al-Dīn al-Zarnūjī (fl. c. 600/1200). In thirteen brief sections it teaches the student which knowledge is obligatory, the intention to bring to learning, how to choose a subject, a teacher and a companion, the honour owed to knowledge and its people, earnestness and aspiration, how to begin, measure and order lessons, trust in God, the right time for study, compassion and counsel, making the most of every moment, scrupulousness, and what strengthens memory and brings provision. It is full of sayings of the early Ḥanafī masters and lines of poetry, and has been taught to beginners from Anatolia to Java for centuries.","source":"Arabic text from the edition of Ṣalāḥ Muḥammad al-Khaymī and Nadhīr Ḥamdān, based on four manuscripts in the Ẓāhiriyya library of Damascus (3rd ed., 1435/2014).","edition":"al-Khaymī and Ḥamdān’s edition (3rd ed., 1435/2014)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/talim-al-mutaallim.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Introduction; the Nature of Knowledge and Understanding","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ وَفَصْلٌ فِي مَاهِيَّةِ العِلْمِ وَالفِقْهِ وَفَضْلِهِ","order":1,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"niyya","name":"Intention While Learning","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي النِّيَّةِ فِي حَالِ التَّعَلُّمِ","order":2,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtiyar","name":"Choosing the Knowledge, the Teacher and the Companion","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي اخْتِيَارِ العِلْمِ وَالأُسْتَاذِ وَالشَّرِيكِ وَالثَّبَاتِ عَلَيْهِ","order":3,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"tazim-1","name":"Honouring Knowledge and Its People (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي تَعْظِيمِ العِلْمِ وَأَهْلِهِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tazim-2","name":"Honouring Knowledge and Its People (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي تَعْظِيمِ العِلْمِ وَأَهْلِهِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"jidd-1","name":"Earnestness, Constancy and Aspiration (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الجِدِّ وَالمُوَاظَبَةِ وَالهِمَّةِ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"jidd-2","name":"Earnestness, Constancy and Aspiration (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الجِدِّ وَالمُوَاظَبَةِ وَالهِمَّةِ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"sabq-1","name":"Beginning the Lesson, Its Amount and Its Order (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي بِدَايَةِ السَّبَقِ، وَقَدْرِهِ، وَتَرْتِيبِهِ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"sabq-2","name":"Beginning the Lesson, Its Amount and Its Order (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي بِدَايَةِ السَّبَقِ، وَقَدْرِهِ، وَتَرْتِيبِهِ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"sabq-3","name":"Beginning the Lesson, Its Amount and Its Order (Part 3)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي بِدَايَةِ السَّبَقِ، وَقَدْرِهِ، وَتَرْتِيبِهِ (٣)","order":10,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"tawakkul","name":"Trust in God; the Time for Acquiring Knowledge","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي التَّوَكُّلِ، وَفَصْلٌ فِي وَقْتِ التَّحْصِيلِ","order":11,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"shafaqa","name":"Compassion and Good Counsel; Benefiting","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الشَّفَقَةِ وَالنَّصِيحَةِ، وَفَصْلٌ فِي الِاسْتِفَادَةِ","order":12,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"wara","name":"Scrupulousness While Learning; Memory and Forgetting","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الوَرَعِ فِي حَالَةِ التَّعَلُّمِ، وَفَصْلٌ فِيمَا يُورِثُ الحِفْظَ وَمَا يُورِثُ النِّسْيَانَ","order":13,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"rizq","name":"What Brings Provision and Lengthens Life","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِيمَا يَجْلِبُ الرِّزْقَ، وَمَا يَمْنَعُ الرِّزْقَ وَمَا يَزِيدُ فِي العُمُرِ، وَمَا يَنْقُصُ","order":14,"paraCount":19,"published":true}]},{"id":"tuhfat-al-hukkam","title":"Tuḥfat al-Ḥukkām (al-ʿĀṣimiyya)","titleAr":"تُحْفَةُ الحُكَّامِ فِي نُكَتِ العُقُودِ وَالأَحْكَامِ","subtitle":"The Judges’ Gift: the Mālikī poem on judgeship, contracts and rulings","author":"Abū Bakr Ibn ʿĀṣim al-Gharnāṭī","authorAr":"أبو بكر محمد بن محمد بن محمد بن عاصم القيسي الغرناطي","description":"A rajaz poem of 1,698 lines by Abū Bakr Ibn ʿĀṣim (760–829/1359–1426), chief judge of Granada, written after he was appointed to the bench. Known as “al-ʿĀṣimiyya”, it sets out the Mālikī law that a judge and notary need: the judge and the conduct of a case, witnesses and oaths, pledges, surety, agency and settlement, marriage, divorce and maintenance, sales and leases, gifts and endowments, guardianship, wills and debts, injuries and blood-money, and inheritance, with special attention to the practice of the Andalusian courts. It became the standard handbook of judges and notaries across North and West Africa and has many commentaries, among them those of Mayyāra, al-Tasūlī and al-Tāwudī.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad’s edition (Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabiyya, 2011), via turath.io (book 6532), whose text was checked against the vowelled matn in the commentaries of al-Kāfī and al-Tāwudī and al-Tasūlī’s al-Bahja; doubtful readings compared with the matn in Mayyāra’s al-Itqān wa-l-iḥkām and al-Tasūlī’s al-Bahja.","edition":"Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad’s edition (Cairo: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʿArabiyya, 1st ed., 1432/2011)","order":2,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-maliki","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/tuhfat-al-hukkam.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"qada","name":"The Author’s Introduction and the Chapter on Judgeship","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ النَّاظِمِ وَبَابُ القَضَاءِ","order":1,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"shuhud-1","name":"The Chapter on Witnesses (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ الشُّهُودِ وَأَنْوَاعِ الشَّهَادَاتِ وَمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِذَلِكَ","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"shuhud-2","name":"The Chapter on Witnesses (Part 2)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ الشُّهُودِ","order":3,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"yamin-rahn","name":"The Oath and the Pledge","nameAr":"بَابُ اليَمِينِ وَبَابُ الرَّهْنِ","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"daman-wakala-sulh","name":"Surety, Agency and Settlement","nameAr":"بَابُ الضَّمَانِ وَبَابُ الوَكَالَةِ وَبَابُ الصُّلْحِ","order":5,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-1","name":"The Chapter on Marriage (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ النِّكَاحِ وَمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهِ","order":6,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-2","name":"The Chapter on Marriage (Part 2)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ النِّكَاحِ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"nikah-3","name":"The Chapter on Marriage (Part 3)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ النِّكَاحِ (٣)","order":8,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"talaq","name":"The Chapter on Divorce and Taking Back","nameAr":"بَابُ الطَّلَاقِ وَالرَّجْعَةِ وَمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهِمَا","order":9,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"nafaqat","name":"The Chapter on Maintenance and What Relates to It","nameAr":"بَابُ النَّفَقَاتِ وَمَا يَتَعَلَّقُ بِهَا","order":10,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-1","name":"The Chapter on Sales and What Resembles Them (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ البُيُوعِ وَمَا شَاكَلَهَا (١)","order":11,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-2","name":"The Chapter on Sales (Part 2)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ البُيُوعِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-3","name":"The Chapter on Sales (Part 3)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ البُيُوعِ (٣)","order":13,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-4","name":"The Chapter on Sales (Part 4)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ البُيُوعِ (٤)","order":14,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"buyu-5","name":"The Chapter on Sales (Part 5)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ البُيُوعِ (٥)","order":15,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"kira-1","name":"The Chapter on Leases and What Is Connected to Them (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ الكِرَاءِ وَمَا يَتَّصِلُ بِهِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"kira-2","name":"The Chapter on Leases (Part 2)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ الكِرَاءِ (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"tabarruat-1","name":"The Chapter on Gratuitous Gifts (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ التَّبَرُّعَاتِ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tabarruat-2","name":"The Chapter on Gratuitous Gifts (Part 2)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ التَّبَرُّعَاتِ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"itq-rushd","name":"The Chapters on Emancipation and on Maturity and Guardians (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابُ العِتْقِ وَبَابُ الرُّشْدِ وَالأَوْصِيَاءِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"wasiyya-iqrar-madyan","name":"The Chapter on Maturity and Guardians (Part 2)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ الرُّشْدِ وَالأَوْصِيَاءِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"darar","name":"The Chapter on Harm and Other Injuries (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَابٌ فِي الضَّرَرِ وَسَائِرِ الجِنَايَاتِ (١)","order":22,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"dima","name":"The Chapter on Harm and Other Injuries (Part 2)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَابِ الضَّرَرِ وَسَائِرِ الجِنَايَاتِ (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"faraid","name":"The Chapter on Inheritance and the Fixed Shares","nameAr":"بَابُ التَّوَارُثِ وَالفَرَائِضِ","order":24,"paraCount":28,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-fiqh-al-akbar","title":"al-Fiqh al-Akbar","titleAr":"الفِقْهُ الأَكْبَرُ","subtitle":"The Greater Understanding, in the recension of Ḥammād b. Abī Ḥanīfa","author":"Abū Ḥanīfa (attributed)","authorAr":"أبو حنيفة النعمان (منسوب)","description":"A short early statement of Sunni belief attributed to Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767), in the recension handed down by his son Ḥammād. It covers God's oneness and eternal attributes, the uncreated Qurʾān, the decree and human acts, the prophets and Companions, faith and sin, and the hereafter. It became a foundational text of the Ḥanafī-Māturīdī tradition, best known through Mullā ʿAlī al-Qārī's commentary. Its attribution to Abū Ḥanīfa is debated.","source":"Arabic text from the edition of Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Khamīs, printed with his al-Sharḥ al-muyassar (Ajman: Maktabat al-Furqān, 1999), via turath.io (book 6388); al-Khamīs gives the recension's isnād from a manuscript in the ʿĀrif Ḥikmat library, Medina. Doubtful readings were checked against the printed scan, al-Qārī's Minaḥ al-rawḍ al-azhar and the Hyderabad print of 1342 AH; each chapter's notes list the corrections.","edition":"al-Khamīs’s edition (Ajman: Maktabat al-Furqān, 1419/1999)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-fiqh-al-akbar.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"tawhid-sifat","name":"God’s Oneness, His Attributes and His Speech","nameAr":"التوحيد والصفات وكلام الله","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qadar-nubuwwa","name":"The Decree, Human Acts, the Prophets and the Companions","nameAr":"القدر وأفعال العباد والأنبياء والصحابة","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"iman-akhira","name":"The Vision of God, Faith and the Hereafter","nameAr":"الرؤية والإيمان والآخرة","order":3,"paraCount":17,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-rahbiyya","title":"al-Raḥbiyya","titleAr":"بُغْيَةُ البَاحِثِ عَنْ جُمَلِ المَوَارِثِ (الرَّحْبِيَّةُ)","subtitle":"The Seeker’s Goal: the summary of the inheritance shares","author":"Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Raḥbī","authorAr":"أبو عبد الله محمد بن علي الرحبي ابن المتقنة","description":"The best-known poem on the Islamic law of inheritance [farāʾiḍ], 176 lines of rajaz by the Shāfiʿī scholar al-Raḥbī (d. 577/1182), known as Bughyat al-bāḥith ʿan jumal al-mawārith. Following the school of Zayd ibn Thābit as al-Shāfiʿī did, it sets out the causes of inheritance and what prevents it, the heirs, the six fixed shares, residuary heirs and exclusion, the grandfather with siblings and the famous special cases, then the arithmetic of the bases, the rise [ʿawl], correcting the shares and successive deaths, ending with the hermaphrodite, the missing, the unborn and those who die together.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s vowelled edition from ten manuscripts, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-rābiʿ (5th ed., 1440/2019), checked against an undated vowelled print (archive.org arrahbia) and the Dār al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Ḥadītha print (1406 AH).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-rābiʿ (5th ed., 1440/2019)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-rahbiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-wal-furud","name":"The Introduction, the Heirs and the Fixed Shares","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ وَالوَرَثَةُ وَالفُرُوضُ","order":1,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"tasib-wal-hisab","name":"Residuaries, Exclusion, the Grandfather and Calculation","nameAr":"التَّعْصِيبُ وَالحَجْبُ وَالجَدُّ وَالحِسَابُ","order":2,"paraCount":28,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-risala-al-jamia","title":"al-Risāla al-Jāmiʿa wa-l-Tadhkira al-Nāfiʿa","titleAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ الجَامِعَةُ وَالتَّذْكِرَةُ النَّافِعَةُ","subtitle":"The Comprehensive Epistle and Beneficial Reminder","author":"Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Ḥabashī","authorAr":"أحمد بن زين بن علوي الحبشي","description":"A short primer by the Ḥaḍramī scholar al-Ḥabīb Aḥmad ibn Zayn al-Ḥabashī (d. 1144/1731), drawn mostly from the works of al-Ghazālī. In a few pages it gives what every Muslim must know: the pillars of Islam and the foundations of belief; ablution, the purificatory bath, prayer and the Friday prayer; fasting, zakāt and the pilgrimage according to the Shāfiʿī school; and the sins of the heart and of each limb, with the virtues of the heart that save. It is among the first books taught in Ḥaḍramawt and at Dār al-Muṣṭafā in Tarīm.","source":"Arabic text from the vowelled edition published by Dār al-Minhāj (Jeddah, 3rd printing, 1435/2014), compared with the text printed in Aḥmad Yūsuf al-Naṣf’s commentary al-Budūr al-ṭāliʿa.","edition":"the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah, 3rd printing, 1435/2014)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-risala-al-jamia.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"islam-wal-iman","name":"Introduction, the Pillars of Islam and the Foundations of Belief","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ وَأَرْكَانُ الإِسْلَامِ وَقَوَاعِدُ العَقَائِدِ","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tahara-wal-salat","name":"Purification and Prayer","nameAr":"الطَّهَارَةُ وَالصَّلَاةُ","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sawm-zakat-hajj","name":"Fasting, Zakāt and the Pilgrimage","nameAr":"الصَّوْمُ وَالزَّكَاةُ وَالحَجُّ","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hifz-al-qalb-wal-jawarih","name":"Guarding the Heart and the Limbs","nameAr":"حِفْظُ القَلْبِ وَالجَوَارِحِ","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-taqrib-wa-l-taysir","title":"al-Taqrīb wa-l-Taysīr","titleAr":"التَّقْرِيبُ وَالتَّيْسِيرُ لِمَعْرِفَةِ سُنَنِ البَشِيرِ النَّذِيرِ","subtitle":"al-Nawawī’s digest of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ’s science of hadith","author":"al-Nawawī","authorAr":"يحيى بن شرف النووي","description":"Imam al-Nawawī’s (d. 676/1277) concise digest of the science of hadith, abridged from his own al-Irshād, itself an abridgement of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ’s ʿUlūm al-ḥadīth. In sixty-five types it covers the grades of hadith, defects in chains and texts, the qualities of acceptable narrators, the ways of receiving, writing and transmitting hadith, the manners of teacher and student, and the knowledge of narrators. Al-Suyūṭī’s great commentary on it, Tadrīb al-rāwī, made it a standard text.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad ʿUthmān al-Khisht’s edition from eight manuscripts in Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣriyya (Beirut, 1985), read from the print and compared with the matn in al-Fāryābī’s edition of Tadrīb al-rāwī.","edition":"al-Khisht’s edition (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1405/1985)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"mustalah","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-taqrib-wa-l-taysir.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"sahih","name":"The Opening of the Book, and the Sound Hadith","nameAr":"فَاتِحَةُ الكِتَابِ وَالصَّحِيحُ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"hasan","name":"The Good, the Weak, the Musnad, the Connected, the Raised and the Stopped Hadith","nameAr":"الحَسَنُ وَالضَّعِيفُ وَالمُسْنَدُ وَالمُتَّصِلُ وَالمَرْفُوعُ وَالمَوْقُوفُ","order":2,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"mursal","name":"The Severed, the Disconnected, the Broken and the Problematic Hadith","nameAr":"المَقْطُوعُ وَالمُرْسَلُ وَالمُنْقَطِعُ وَالمُعْضَلُ","order":3,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"tadlis","name":"Concealment, the Irregular and the Denounced Hadith, Corroboration, and Additions by Reliable Narrators","nameAr":"التَّدْلِيسُ وَالشَّاذُّ وَالمُنْكَرُ وَالِاعْتِبَارُ وَزِيَادَاتُ الثِّقَاتِ","order":4,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"muallal","name":"The Solitary, the Defective, the Inconsistent, the Interpolated, the Fabricated and the Reversed Hadith","nameAr":"الأَفْرَادُ وَالمُعَلَّلُ وَالمُضْطَرِبُ وَالمُدْرَجُ وَالمَوْضُوعُ وَالمَقْلُوبُ","order":5,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"man-tuqbal-1","name":"The Qualities of an Acceptable Narrator (Part 1)","nameAr":"صِفَةُ مَنْ تُقْبَلُ رِوَايَتُهُ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"man-tuqbal-2","name":"The Qualities of an Acceptable Narrator (Part 2)","nameAr":"صِفَةُ مَنْ تُقْبَلُ رِوَايَتُهُ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tahammul-1","name":"Receiving Hadith (Part 1): Hearing and Reading to the Teacher","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ سَمَاعِ الحَدِيثِ وَتَحَمُّلِهِ (١): السَّمَاعُ وَالقِرَاءَةُ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tahammul-2","name":"Receiving Hadith (Part 2): Questions on Reading to the Teacher","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ سَمَاعِ الحَدِيثِ وَتَحَمُّلِهِ (٢): تَفْرِيعَاتُ القِرَاءَةِ","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tahammul-3","name":"Receiving Hadith (Part 3): Licence","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ سَمَاعِ الحَدِيثِ وَتَحَمُّلِهِ (٣): الإِجَازَةُ","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tahammul-4","name":"Receiving Hadith (Part 4): Handing Over","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ سَمَاعِ الحَدِيثِ وَتَحَمُّلِهِ (٤): المُنَاوَلَةُ","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tahammul-5","name":"Receiving Hadith (Part 5): Correspondence, Notification, Bequest and Finding","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ سَمَاعِ الحَدِيثِ وَتَحَمُّلِهِ (٥): المُكَاتَبَةُ وَالإِعْلَامُ وَالوَصِيَّةُ وَالوِجَادَةُ","order":12,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"kitaba-1","name":"Writing Hadith and Recording It (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابَةُ الحَدِيثِ وَضَبْطُهُ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"kitaba-2","name":"Writing Hadith and Recording It (Part 2)","nameAr":"كِتَابَةُ الحَدِيثِ وَضَبْطُهُ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"riwaya-1","name":"How Hadith Is Narrated (Part 1)","nameAr":"صِفَةُ رِوَايَةِ الحَدِيثِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"riwaya-2","name":"How Hadith Is Narrated (Part 2)","nameAr":"صِفَةُ رِوَايَةِ الحَدِيثِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"riwaya-3","name":"How Hadith Is Narrated (Part 3)","nameAr":"صِفَةُ رِوَايَةِ الحَدِيثِ (٣)","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"adab","name":"The Manners of the Hadith Teacher and of the Student of Hadith","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُحَدِّثِ وَآدَابُ طَالِبِ الحَدِيثِ","order":18,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"ali-mashhur","name":"High and Low Chains, the Well-Known, the Strange and the Scarce, Rare Words, and the Chained Hadith","nameAr":"العَالِي وَالنَّازِلُ وَالمَشْهُورُ وَالغَرِيبُ وَالعَزِيزُ وَغَرِيبُ الحَدِيثِ وَالمُسَلْسَلُ","order":19,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"nasikh","name":"Abrogation, Misreading, Conflicting Hadith, Additions in Connected Chains, and Hidden Disconnection","nameAr":"النَّاسِخُ وَالمَنْسُوخُ وَالمُصَحَّفُ وَمُخْتَلِفُ الحَدِيثِ وَالمَزِيدُ فِي مُتَّصِلِ الأَسَانِيدِ وَالمَرَاسِيلُ الخَفِيُّ إِرْسَالُهَا","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sahaba","name":"Knowing the Companions","nameAr":"مَعْرِفَةُ الصَّحَابَةِ","order":21,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tabiun","name":"The Successors, Seniors Narrating from Juniors, Peers, and Brothers","nameAr":"مَعْرِفَةُ التَّابِعِينَ وَرِوَايَةُ الأَكَابِرِ عَنِ الأَصَاغِرِ وَالمُدَبَّجُ وَالإِخْوَةُ","order":22,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"aba","name":"Fathers from Sons and Sons from Fathers, Narrators with Distant Deaths, Single-Narrator Transmitters, and Narrators with Several Names","nameAr":"رِوَايَةُ الآبَاءِ عَنِ الأَبْنَاءِ وَعَكْسُهُ وَالسَّابِقُ وَاللَّاحِقُ وَالوُحْدَانُ وَمَنْ ذُكِرَ بِأَسْمَاءٍ مُخْتَلِفَةٍ","order":23,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mufradat","name":"Unique Names, and Names and Kunyas","nameAr":"المُفْرَدَاتُ وَالأَسْمَاءُ وَالكُنَى","order":24,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"kuna-alqab","name":"Kunyas of Those Known by Names, Nicknames, and Names Alike in Writing (Part 1)","nameAr":"كُنَى المَعْرُوفِينَ بِالأَسْمَاءِ وَالأَلْقَابُ وَالمُؤْتَلِفُ وَالمُخْتَلِفُ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"mutalif","name":"Names Alike in Writing but Different in Pronunciation (Part 2)","nameAr":"المُؤْتَلِفُ وَالمُخْتَلِفُ (٢)","order":26,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"muttafiq","name":"Names Alike in Writing and Sound, Mixed Cases, and Inverted Names","nameAr":"المُتَّفِقُ وَالمُفْتَرِقُ وَالمُتَشَابِهُ وَالمُتَشَابِهُونَ فِي الِاسْمِ وَالنَّسَبِ","order":27,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"mansubun","name":"Those Named after Others than Their Fathers, Misleading Ascriptions, and Unnamed Persons","nameAr":"المَنْسُوبُونَ إِلَى غَيْرِ آبَائِهِمْ وَالنِّسَبُ الَّتِي عَلَى خِلَافِ ظَاهِرِهَا وَالمُبْهَمَاتُ","order":28,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"tawarikh","name":"Dates and Deaths","nameAr":"التَّوَارِيخُ وَالوَفَيَاتُ","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"thiqat","name":"Reliable and Weak Narrators, Those Who Became Confused, Generations, Clients and Homelands","nameAr":"الثِّقَاتُ وَالضُّعَفَاءُ وَمَنْ خَلَطَ وَالطَّبَقَاتُ وَالمَوَالِي وَالأَوْطَانُ","order":30,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"fasl-al-maqal","title":"Faṣl al-Maqāl","titleAr":"فَصْلُ المَقَالِ فِيمَا بَيْنَ الحِكْمَةِ وَالشَّرِيعَةِ مِنَ الاتِّصَالِ","subtitle":"The Decisive Treatise on the connection between philosophy and the revealed Law","author":"Ibn Rushd (520–595 AH / 1126–1198 CE)","authorAr":"أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد الحفيد","description":"A short legal opinion by the Córdoban judge and philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes) on whether the revealed Law permits, forbids or commands the study of philosophy and logic. He argues that the Law commands demonstrative reflection on the world, that the books of the ancients must therefore be studied, and that demonstrated truth can never contradict revelation: where the two seem to differ, the text is to be interpreted. He then sets out who may interpret and who may not, answers al-Ghazālī’s charge of unbelief against the philosophers, and warns against spreading interpretations among the public. A short appendix, on how God knows things that come to be, follows.","source":"Arabic text from the critical edition by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Wāḥid al-ʿAsrī in Muḥammad ʿĀbid al-Jābirī’s edition (Beirut: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʿArabiyya, 1997), based on the oldest manuscript (Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional 5013) and compared with the Escorial manuscript and the earlier editions.","edition":"al-Jābirī’s edition (Beirut: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥda al-ʿArabiyya, 1997)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"philosophy","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/fasl-al-maqal.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"wujub-al-nazar","name":"The Law Makes Rational Reflection Obligatory","nameAr":"وُجُوبُ النَّظَرِ العَقْلِيِّ بِالشَّرْعِ","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"kutub-al-qudama","name":"Learning from the Books of the Ancients","nameAr":"النَّظَرُ فِي كُتُبِ القُدَمَاءِ","order":2,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-haqq-la-yudadd-al-haqq","name":"Accidental Harm, and Truth Does Not Oppose Truth","nameAr":"الضَّرَرُ بِالعَرَضِ وَالحَقُّ لَا يُضَادُّ الحَقَّ","order":3,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawil-wa-l-ijma","name":"Interpretation and Consensus","nameAr":"التَّأْوِيلُ وَالإِجْمَاعُ","order":4,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ilm-allah-wa-qidam-al-alam","name":"God’s Knowledge of Particulars and the Eternity of the World","nameAr":"عِلْمُ اللَّهِ بِالجُزْئِيَّاتِ وَقِدَمُ العَالَمِ","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-khata","name":"Excusable and Inexcusable Error","nameAr":"الخَطَأُ المَعْذُورُ وَغَيْرُ المَعْذُورِ","order":6,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-al-shar","name":"The Three Kinds of Scriptural Text, and the Hereafter","nameAr":"مَرَاتِبُ الشَّرْعِ وَأَحْوَالُ المَعَادِ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"asnaf-al-nas","name":"The Aims of the Law and the Three Classes of People","nameAr":"مَقْصُودُ الشَّرْعِ وَأَصْنَافُ النَّاسِ","order":8,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"mathal-al-tabib","name":"The Parable of the Physician","nameAr":"مَثَلُ الطَّبِيبِ","order":9,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"turuq-al-kitab","name":"The Methods of the Mighty Book, and Philosophy as the Foster-Sister of the Law","nameAr":"طُرُقُ الكِتَابِ العَزِيزِ","order":10,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-damima-1","name":"Appendix on God’s Knowledge: The Problem","nameAr":"ضَمِيمَةٌ فِي العِلْمِ الإِلَهِيِّ: تَقْرِيرُ الشَّكِّ","order":11,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-damima-2","name":"Appendix on God’s Knowledge: The Solution","nameAr":"ضَمِيمَةٌ فِي العِلْمِ الإِلَهِيِّ: حَلُّ الشَّكِّ","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-03-asrar-al-tahara","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Secrets of Purification","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ أَسْرَارِ الطَّهَارَةِ","subtitle":"The third book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The third book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. After an introduction on the four levels of purification, from cleaning the body to emptying the heart of all but God, it sets out the outward purification in three parts: purification from filth (najāsa), purification from ritual impurity (the etiquette of relieving oneself, ablution, the bath and dry ablution), and cleaning the body of its excretions, such as hair and nails, and the circumcision. Throughout, al-Ghazālī warns against obsessive doubt and reminds the reader that the early Muslims cared most for the purity of the heart.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful passages against the page images of the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011).","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-03-asrar-al-tahara.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-1","name":"Introduction: The Four Levels of Purification (Part 1)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ كِتَابِ أَسْرَارِ الطَّهَارَةِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-2","name":"Introduction: The Four Levels of Purification (Part 2)","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ كِتَابِ أَسْرَارِ الطَّهَارَةِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"najasa-1","name":"Purification from Filth (Part 1)","nameAr":"القِسْمُ الأَوَّلُ فِي طَهَارَةِ الخَبَثِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"najasa-2","name":"Purification from Filth (Part 2)","nameAr":"القِسْمُ الأَوَّلُ فِي طَهَارَةِ الخَبَثِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"qada-al-haja","name":"The Etiquette of Relieving Oneself, and How to Clean Oneself","nameAr":"بَابُ آدَابِ قَضَاءِ الحَاجَةِ، وَكَيْفِيَّةُ الِاسْتِنْجَاءِ","order":5,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"wudu-1","name":"How to Perform Ablution (Part 1)","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ الوُضُوءِ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"wudu-2","name":"How to Perform Ablution (Part 2), and the Merit of Ablution","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ الوُضُوءِ (٢)، وَفَضِيلَةُ الوُضُوءِ","order":7,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"ghusl-tayammum","name":"How to Perform the Bath and Dry Ablution","nameAr":"كَيْفِيَّةُ الغُسْلِ وَالتَّيَمُّمِ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"awsakh-1","name":"Cleaning the Body of Dirt (Part 1)","nameAr":"النَّوْعُ الأَوَّلُ: الأَوْسَاخُ وَالرُّطُوبَاتُ المُتَرَشِّحَةُ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"hammam","name":"Cleaning the Body of Dirt (Part 2): The Bathhouse","nameAr":"النَّوْعُ الأَوَّلُ: الأَوْسَاخُ وَالرُّطُوبَاتُ المُتَرَشِّحَةُ (٢): دُخُولُ الحَمَّامِ","order":10,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"ajza-1","name":"Parts That Grow on the Body (Part 1): Hair and Nails","nameAr":"النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي: فِيمَا يَحْدُثُ فِي البَدَنِ مِنَ الأَجْزَاءِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ajza-2","name":"Parts That Grow on the Body (Part 2): The Order of the Prophet’s Acts, and Circumcision","nameAr":"النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي: فِيمَا يَحْدُثُ فِي البَدَنِ مِنَ الأَجْزَاءِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"lihya-1","name":"Parts That Grow on the Body (Part 3): The Beard","nameAr":"النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي: فِيمَا يَحْدُثُ فِي البَدَنِ مِنَ الأَجْزَاءِ (٣): اللِّحْيَةُ","order":13,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"lihya-2","name":"Parts That Grow on the Body (Part 4): The Beard, and Conclusion","nameAr":"النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي: فِيمَا يَحْدُثُ فِي البَدَنِ مِنَ الأَجْزَاءِ (٤): اللِّحْيَةُ، وَخَاتِمَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":14,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"lamiyyat-al-afal","title":"Lāmiyyat al-Afʿāl","titleAr":"لَامِيَّةُ الْأَفْعَالِ","subtitle":"Ibn Mālik’s poem on the patterns of verbs and their derived nouns","author":"Ibn Mālik","authorAr":"ابن مالك","description":"A 114-line poem in the basīṭ metre, every line rhyming in lām, by Jamāl al-Dīn Ibn Mālik (d. 672/1274), the author of the Alfiyya. It is the classic verse summary of Arabic verb morphology: the patterns of the bare and augmented verb and the vowel of the imperfect, the imperfect, passive and imperative, active and passive participles, the verbal nouns of bare and augmented verbs, nouns of place and time, nouns of abundance and nouns of instrument. Long memorised and taught after the first primers of morphology, it gathers in each list the verbs that break the rules.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s critical edition (1st ed., 1442/2021), established from fourteen manuscripts, seven of the poem and seven of the commentary of Ibn Mālik’s son Badr al-Dīn, via turath.io (book 344).","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition (1442/2021)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"sarf","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/lamiyyat-al-afal.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"abniyat-al-afal","name":"The Patterns of the Verb and Its Participles","nameAr":"أَبْنِيَةُ الْأَفْعَالِ وَأَسْمَاءِ الْفَاعِلِينَ وَالْمَفْعُولِينَ","order":1,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-masadir-wal-mafal","name":"Verbal Nouns, Nouns of Place and Time, and Nouns of Instrument","nameAr":"أَبْنِيَةُ الْمَصَادِرِ وَالْمَفْعَلِ وَالْمَفْعِلِ وَاسْمِ الْآلَةِ","order":2,"paraCount":19,"published":true}]},{"id":"muqaddima-usul-al-hadith-dihlawi","title":"Muqaddima fī Uṣūl al-Ḥadīth","titleAr":"مُقَدِّمَةٌ فِي أُصُولِ الحَدِيثِ","subtitle":"ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Dihlawī’s primer of hadith terms","author":"ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Muḥaddith al-Dihlawī","authorAr":"عبد الحق المحدث الدهلوي","description":"A short prose primer of hadith terminology by ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Dihlawī (d. 1052/1642), the scholar who did most to revive the study of hadith in Mughal India. He wrote it as the opening of his Arabic commentary on Mishkāt al-Maṣābīḥ, to give students the terms they need for that book: the kinds of report and chain, the gaps and hidden defects, the sound, good and weak, the faults of narrators, and the great collections. Printed at the head of the Mishkāt, it has long been the first book of the subject in the madrasas of the Indian subcontinent, read before Ibn Ḥajar’s Nukhbat al-Fikar.","source":"Arabic text from Taqī al-Dīn al-Nadwī’s edition of the author’s Lamaʿāt al-Tanqīḥ from six manuscripts (Dār al-Nawādir, 2014), compared with Salmān al-Ḥusaynī al-Nadwī’s separate edition (Dār al-Bashāʾir, 1986).","edition":"Taqī al-Dīn al-Nadwī’s edition of Lamaʿāt al-Tanqīḥ, vol. 1 (Damascus: Dār al-Nawādir, 1435/2014)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"mustalah","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/muqaddima-usul-al-hadith-dihlawi.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction: Hadith and Its Kinds","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةٌ فِي بَيَانِ بَعْضِ مُصْطَلَحَاتِ عِلْمِ الحَدِيثِ","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sanad-matn","name":"The Chain, the Text and What Befalls Them","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي السَّنَدِ وَالمَتْنِ وَعَوَارِضِهِمَا","order":2,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"shadh-sahih","name":"The Irregular, the Denounced and the Defective; the Sound, the Good and the Weak","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي الشَّاذِّ وَالمُنْكَرِ وَالمُعَلَّلِ، وَفَصْلٌ فِي الصَّحِيحِ وَالحَسَنِ وَالضَّعِيفِ","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tan-adala","name":"Faults Concerning Uprightness","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي وُجُوهِ الطَّعْنِ المُتَعَلِّقَةِ بِالعَدَالَةِ","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tan-dabt-gharib","name":"Faults Concerning Retention; the Strange, the Scarce and the Well-Known","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي وُجُوهِ الطَّعْنِ المُتَعَلِّقَةِ بِالضَّبْطِ، وَفَصْلٌ فِي الغَرِيبِ وَالعَزِيزِ وَالمَشْهُورِ","order":5,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-tirmidhi-ihtijaj","name":"Grades of the Weak and the Sound, al-Tirmidhī’s Terms, and Using Hadith as Proof","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي تَعَدُّدِ مَرَاتِبِ الضَّعِيفِ وَالصَّحِيحِ، وَاصْطِلَاحَاتِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ، وَالِاحْتِجَاجِ بِالحَدِيثِ","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sihah-kutub-sitta","name":"The Ranks of the Sound, the Collections of Sound Hadith and the Six Books","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي مَرَاتِبِ الصَّحِيحِ وَكُتُبِ الصِّحَاحِ وَالكُتُبِ السِّتَّةِ","order":7,"paraCount":16,"published":true}]},{"id":"nayl-al-raja","title":"Nayl al-Rajāʾ bi-Sharḥ Safīnat al-Najāʾ","titleAr":"نَيْلُ الرَّجَاءِ بِشَرْحِ سَفِينَةِ النَّجَاءِ","subtitle":"Attaining Hope: a commentary on the Ship of Salvation","author":"Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar al-Shāṭirī","authorAr":"أحمد بن عمر بن عوض الشاطري العلوي الحسيني التريمي","description":"The standard school commentary on Safīnat al-Najāʾ, written in Tarīm by the Ḥaḍramī jurist Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar al-Shāṭirī (d. 1360/1941) at the request of teachers who used the Safīna with young beginners. He takes the matn phrase by phrase, gives the meaning of each word in language and in law, then sums up “the meaning” of the passage, adding short notes on what the matn leaves out (the sunnas and disliked acts of ablution, wiping over socks, the recommended baths) and on points where Ibn Ḥajar and al-Ramlī differ. It covers belief, purification, prayer, funerals and zakāt, and the section on fasting added to the Safīna by Muḥammad Nawawī al-Jāwī.","source":"Arabic text from the second release of the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Minhāj, 4th printing, 1442/2021), edited by the scholarly committee of the Dār al-Minhāj Centre for Studies from a complete manuscript copied by the author’s student Sālim ibn Saʿīd Bukayr, read back to the author and bearing his own notes, compared with the Cairo print of 1392/1972; read from its page images (archive.org, nayl-arraja_202405). The editors’ notes, headings and appendices are left out.","edition":"the Dār al-Minhāj edition (Jeddah, 4th printing, 2nd release, 1442/2021)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/nayl-al-raja.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Commentator’s Preface; the Basmala and the Praise of God","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ الشَّارِحِ وَشَرْحُ البَسْمَلَةِ وَالحَمْدَلَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tatimmat-al-khutba","name":"The Rest of the Opening: Blessings on the Prophet, His Family and Companions","nameAr":"شَرْحُ بَقِيَّةِ خُطْبَةِ الكِتَابِ","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-islam","name":"The Pillars of Islam","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي أَرْكَانِ الإِسْلَامِ","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-iman-1","name":"The Pillars of Faith (Part 1): God, His Angels, Books and Messengers","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي أَرْكَانِ الإِيمَانِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-iman-2","name":"The Pillars of Faith (Part 2): the Prophet, the Last Day and Destiny; the Meaning of “No God but God”","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي أَرْكَانِ الإِيمَانِ (٢) وَمَعْنَى لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bulugh-wal-istinja","name":"The Signs of Puberty and the Conditions for Cleaning with Stones","nameAr":"عَلَامَاتُ البُلُوغِ وَشُرُوطُ إِجْزَاءِ الحَجَرِ","order":6,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"furud-al-wudu-1","name":"The Obligatory Acts of Ablution (Part 1): Intention, Face and Hands","nameAr":"فُرُوضُ الوُضُوءِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"furud-al-wudu-2","name":"The Obligatory Acts of Ablution (Part 2): Head, Feet and Order; Its Sunnas and Disliked Acts","nameAr":"فُرُوضُ الوُضُوءِ (٢) وَسُنَنُهُ وَمَكْرُوهَاتُهُ","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-ma","name":"Little and Much Water and Their Rulings","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ المَاءِ وَأَحْكَامُهُ","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"mujibat-al-ghusl","name":"What Makes the Ritual Bath Obligatory; the Recommended Baths","nameAr":"مُوجِبَاتُ الغُسْلِ","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"furud-al-ghusl","name":"The Obligatory Acts of the Ritual Bath; Its Sunnas and Disliked Acts","nameAr":"فُرُوضُ الغُسْلِ","order":11,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-wudu","name":"The Conditions of Ablution","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ الوُضُوءِ","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"nawaqid-al-wudu","name":"What Breaks Ablution","nameAr":"نَوَاقِضُ الوُضُوءِ","order":13,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yahrum","name":"What Is Forbidden without Ablution, in Janāba and in Menstruation","nameAr":"مَا يَحْرُمُ عَلَى المُحْدِثِ وَالجُنُبِ وَالحَائِضِ","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-tayammum-1","name":"The Causes of Tayammum (Part 1): Lack of Water and Illness","nameAr":"أَسْبَابُ التَّيَمُّمِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-tayammum-2","name":"The Causes of Tayammum (Part 2): Dressings, and Need of Water for the Thirsty","nameAr":"أَسْبَابُ التَّيَمُّمِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-tayammum","name":"The Conditions of Tayammum","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ التَّيَمُّمِ","order":17,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"furud-al-tayammum","name":"The Obligatory Acts of Tayammum","nameAr":"فُرُوضُ التَّيَمُّمِ","order":18,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"mubtilat-al-tayammum","name":"What Invalidates Tayammum","nameAr":"مُبْطِلَاتُ التَّيَمُّمِ","order":19,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yathur-min-al-najasat","name":"Impure Things That Become Pure","nameAr":"مَا يَطْهُرُ مِنَ النَّجَاسَاتِ","order":20,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"anwa-al-najasat","name":"The Kinds of Impurity","nameAr":"أَنْوَاعُ النَّجَاسَاتِ","order":21,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tathir-al-najasat","name":"Purifying Impurities","nameAr":"تَطْهِيرُ النَّجَاسَاتِ","order":22,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-hayd-wal-nifas","name":"Menstruation, Purity and Postnatal Bleeding","nameAr":"الحَيْضُ وَالطُّهْرُ وَالنِّفَاسُ","order":23,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-salat","name":"Excuses for Delaying Prayer, and the Conditions of Prayer","nameAr":"أَعْذَارُ الصَّلَاةِ وَشُرُوطُهَا","order":24,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-ahdath-wal-awrat","name":"The Two Ritual Impurities, and Nakedness","nameAr":"الأَحْدَاثُ وَالعَوْرَاتُ","order":25,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-salat-1","name":"The Pillars of Prayer (Part 1): Intention, the Opening Takbīr and Standing","nameAr":"أَرْكَانُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":26,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-salat-2","name":"The Pillars of Prayer (Part 2): From the Fātiḥa to Sitting Between the Prostrations","nameAr":"أَرْكَانُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":27,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-salat-3","name":"The Pillars of Prayer (Part 3): From the Tashahhud to the Order of the Pillars","nameAr":"أَرْكَانُ الصَّلَاةِ (٣)","order":28,"paraCount":33,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-niyya","name":"The Degrees of the Intention","nameAr":"دَرَجَاتُ النِّيَّةِ","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-takbirat-al-ihram","name":"The Conditions of the Opening Takbīr","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ تَكْبِيرَةِ الإِحْرَامِ","order":30,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-fatiha","name":"The Conditions of the Fātiḥa","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ الفَاتِحَةِ","order":31,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"tashdidat-al-fatiha-wa-raf-al-yadayn","name":"The Doubled Letters of the Fātiḥa, and Raising the Hands","nameAr":"تَشْدِيدَاتُ الفَاتِحَةِ وَرَفْعُ اليَدَيْنِ","order":32,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-sujud","name":"The Conditions of Prostration, and the Doubled Letters of the Tashahhud","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ السُّجُودِ وَتَشْدِيدَاتُ التَّشَهُّدِ","order":33,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"awqat-al-salat","name":"The Doubled Letters of the Blessing, and the Times of Prayer","nameAr":"تَشْدِيدَاتُ الصَّلَاةِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ وَأَوْقَاتُ الصَّلَاةِ","order":34,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-awqat-al-muharrama","name":"The Forbidden Times, the Pauses of Prayer, and Stillness","nameAr":"الأَوْقَاتُ المُحَرَّمَةُ وَسَكَتَاتُ الصَّلَاةِ","order":35,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"sujud-al-sahw-wal-abad","name":"The Causes of the Prostration of Forgetfulness, and the Abʿāḍ of Prayer","nameAr":"أَسْبَابُ سُجُودِ السَّهْوِ وَأَبْعَاضُ الصَّلَاةِ","order":36,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"mubtilat-al-salat-1","name":"What Invalidates Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"مُبْطِلَاتُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":37,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"mubtilat-al-salat-2","name":"What Invalidates Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"مُبْطِلَاتُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":38,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-qudwa-1","name":"The Intention to Lead, and the Conditions of Following an Imam (Part 1)","nameAr":"نِيَّةُ الإِمَامَةِ وَشُرُوطُ القُدْوَةِ (١)","order":39,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-qudwa-2","name":"The Conditions of Following an Imam (Part 2)","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ القُدْوَةِ (٢)","order":40,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"suwar-al-qudwa","name":"The Cases of Following an Imam","nameAr":"صُوَرُ القُدْوَةِ","order":41,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-jam-bayn-al-salatayn","name":"Joining Two Prayers","nameAr":"جَمْعُ التَّقْدِيمِ وَالتَّأْخِيرِ","order":42,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-qasr","name":"The Conditions of Shortening the Prayer","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ القَصْرِ","order":43,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-jumua-1","name":"The Conditions of the Friday Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ الجُمُعَةِ (١)","order":44,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-khutbatayn","name":"The Conditions of the Friday Prayer (Part 2), and the Pillars of the Two Sermons","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ الجُمُعَةِ (٢) وَأَرْكَانُ الخُطْبَتَيْنِ","order":45,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-khutbatayn","name":"The Conditions of the Two Sermons","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ الخُطْبَتَيْنِ","order":46,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"ghusl-al-mayyit","name":"What Is Owed to the Dead, and Washing the Dead","nameAr":"مَا يَلْزَمُ لِلْمَيِّتِ وَغُسْلُهُ","order":47,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-kafan-wa-salat-al-janaza-1","name":"The Shroud, and the Pillars of the Funeral Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"الكَفَنُ وَأَرْكَانُ صَلَاةِ الجِنَازَةِ (١)","order":48,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"salat-al-janaza-2","name":"The Pillars of the Funeral Prayer (Part 2): The Blessing, the Prayer for the Dead and the Salām","nameAr":"أَرْكَانُ صَلَاةِ الجِنَازَةِ (٢)","order":49,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-dafn-wal-nabsh","name":"Burial, and Exhuming the Dead","nameAr":"الدَّفْنُ وَنَبْشُ المَيِّتِ","order":50,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-istianat","name":"Seeking Help in Purification","nameAr":"الِاسْتِعَانَاتُ","order":51,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-al-naam-wal-naqdayn","name":"The Wealth Liable to Zakāt; Zakāt on Livestock, Gold and Silver","nameAr":"زَكَاةُ النَّعَمِ وَالنَّقْدَيْنِ","order":52,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-al-zuru-wal-tijara-wal-rikaz","name":"Zakāt on Crops, Trade Goods, Buried Treasure and Mined Ore","nameAr":"زَكَاةُ المُعَشَّرَاتِ وَالتِّجَارَةِ وَالرِّكَازِ وَالمَعْدِنِ","order":53,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-al-fitr-wa-masarif-al-zakat","name":"Zakāt al-Fiṭr and Those Who Receive Zakāt","nameAr":"زَكَاةُ الفِطْرِ وَمَصَارِفُ الزَّكَاةِ","order":54,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"thubut-ramadan","name":"How the Month of Ramaḍān Is Established","nameAr":"ثُبُوتُ شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ","order":55,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-sawm","name":"The Conditions for a Valid Fast and for Its Obligation","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ صِحَّةِ الصَّوْمِ وَوُجُوبِهِ","order":56,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-sawm-wal-kaffara","name":"The Pillars of Fasting; the Great Expiation","nameAr":"أَرْكَانُ الصَّوْمِ وَالكَفَّارَةُ العُظْمَى","order":57,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"al-imsak","name":"Who Must Abstain for the Rest of the Day","nameAr":"مَوَاضِعُ وُجُوبِ الإِمْسَاكِ","order":58,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"mubtilat-al-sawm-wal-iftar","name":"What Invalidates the Fast; the Kinds of Breaking It","nameAr":"مُبْطِلَاتُ الصَّوْمِ وَأَنْوَاعُ الإِفْطَارِ","order":59,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-iftar","name":"Breaking the Fast: What It Obliges","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ الإِفْطَارِ","order":60,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yufattir-wal-khatima","name":"What Does Not Break the Fast; Conclusion of the Book","nameAr":"مَا لَا يُفَطِّرُ، وَخَاتِمَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":61,"paraCount":18,"published":true}]},{"id":"riyadat-al-sibyan","title":"Riyāḍat al-Ṣibyān","titleAr":"رِيَاضَةُ الصِّبْيَانِ","subtitle":"The Training of Children: al-Ramlī's poem on raising children (Bughyat al-Ikhwān)","author":"Shams al-Dīn al-Ramlī","authorAr":"شمس الدين محمد بن أحمد الرملي","description":"A 110-line rajaz poem by the Egyptian Shāfiʿī jurist Shams al-Dīn al-Ramlī (d. 1004/1596) on bringing up children, drawn from al-Ghazālī's chapter on training children in the Revival of the Religious Sciences. It follows the child from nursing to maturity: table manners, plain dress, the Qurʾān, play, good company, speech, respect, correction and the purpose of life. Long memorised by children in Ḥaḍramawt.","source":"Arabic text from the poem as printed, fully vowelled, in Bā Sūdān's commentary Simṭ al-ʿiqyān, ed. Muḥammad Abū Bakr Bādhīb (Dār al-Minhāj, 2nd ed., 2008), whose editor used two manuscripts of the commentary; checked against the OpenITI text.","edition":"Bādhīb’s edition of Simṭ al-ʿiqyān (Jeddah and Beirut: Dār al-Minhāj, 2nd ed., 2008)","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/riyadat-al-sibyan.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"min-al-rada-ila-al-maktab","name":"From Nursing to the Schoolroom","nameAr":"تَأْدِيبُ الطِّفْلِ مِنَ الرَّضَاعِ إِلَى المَكْتَبِ","order":1,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"min-al-salat-ila-al-bulugh","name":"From Prayer to Maturity","nameAr":"تَأْدِيبُ الصَّبِيِّ مِنَ الصَّلَاةِ إِلَى البُلُوغِ","order":2,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"tafsir-al-jalalayn","title":"Tafsīr al-Jalālayn: Selected Parts","titleAr":"تَفْسِيرُ الجَلَالَيْنِ: أَجْزَاءٌ مُخْتَارَةٌ","subtitle":"The commentary of the two Jalāls on al-Sajda, Yāsīn, al-Dukhān, al-Wāqiʿa, Juzʾ Tabārak and Juzʾ ʿAmma","author":"Jalāl al-Dīn al-Maḥallī and Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī","authorAr":"جلال الدين محمد بن أحمد المحلي وجلال الدين عبد الرحمن بن أبي بكر السيوطي","description":"One of the most widely read short commentaries on the Qurʾān. Jalāl al-Dīn al-Maḥallī (d. 864/1459) explained the Qurʾān from al-Kahf to the end, and al-Fātiḥa; Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (d. 911/1505) completed it on the same pattern, from al-Baqara to al-Isrāʾ. It weaves a brief gloss into the verses themselves: the meaning of a word, the referent of a pronoun, the grammar where it decides the sense, the main variant readings and the occasion of revelation, all in a few words. This edition gives the parts taught in the first years of the traditional Tarim curriculum: the sūras al-Sajda (32), Yāsīn (36), al-Dukhān (44) and al-Wāqiʿa (56), Juzʾ Tabārak (sūras 67–77) and Juzʾ ʿAmma (sūras 78–114). Every part in this selection is al-Maḥallī’s. The words of the Qurʾān are marked « » in the Arabic and “ ” in the English, with the commentary between them.","source":"Arabic text from Fakhr al-Dīn Qabāwa’s critical edition of Tafsīr al-Jalālayn, printed in the margin of the Madina muṣḥaf (Dār al-Lubāb, 2025), read from its page images (archive.org, 20260113_20260113_1708), with the Dār al-Ḥadīth text (turath.io 12876) as a working draft. The editor’s word glosses, occasions of revelation and footnotes are left out; each chapter’s notes list the differences from the draft and any corrections.","edition":"Qabāwa’s edition (Dār al-Lubāb, 2025), whose page numbers are those of the Madina muṣḥaf","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"ulum-quran","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/tafsir-al-jalalayn.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-sajda","name":"Sūrat al-Sajda (32)","nameAr":"سورة السجدة","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"yasin-1","name":"Sūrat Yāsīn (36), Verses 1–27","nameAr":"سورة يس (١)","order":2,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"yasin-2","name":"Sūrat Yāsīn (36), Verses 28–54","nameAr":"سورة يس (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"yasin-3","name":"Sūrat Yāsīn (36), Verses 55–83","nameAr":"سورة يس (٣)","order":4,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-dukhan","name":"Sūrat al-Dukhān (44)","nameAr":"سورة الدخان","order":5,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-waqia-1","name":"Sūrat al-Wāqiʿa (56), Verses 1–56","nameAr":"سورة الواقعة (١)","order":6,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-waqia-2","name":"Sūrat al-Wāqiʿa (56), Verses 57–96","nameAr":"سورة الواقعة (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-mulk","name":"Sūrat al-Mulk (67)","nameAr":"سورة الملك","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-qalam","name":"Sūrat al-Qalam (68)","nameAr":"سورة القلم","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-haqqa","name":"Sūrat al-Ḥāqqa (69)","nameAr":"سورة الحاقة","order":10,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-maarij","name":"Sūrat al-Maʿārij (70)","nameAr":"سورة المعارج","order":11,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"nuh","name":"Sūrat Nūḥ (71)","nameAr":"سورة نوح","order":12,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-jinn","name":"Sūrat al-Jinn (72)","nameAr":"سورة الجن","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-muzzammil","name":"Sūrat al-Muzzammil (73)","nameAr":"سورة المزمل","order":14,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-muddaththir","name":"Sūrat al-Muddaththir (74)","nameAr":"سورة المدثر","order":15,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyama","name":"Sūrat al-Qiyāma (75)","nameAr":"سورة القيامة","order":16,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-insan","name":"Sūrat al-Insān (76)","nameAr":"سورة الإنسان","order":17,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mursalat","name":"Sūrat al-Mursalāt (77)","nameAr":"سورة المرسلات","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-naba","name":"Sūrat al-Nabaʾ (78)","nameAr":"سورة النبأ","order":19,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-naziat","name":"Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79)","nameAr":"سورة النازعات","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"abasa","name":"Sūrat ʿAbasa (80)","nameAr":"سورة عبس","order":21,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-takwir-wal-infitar","name":"Sūras al-Takwīr and al-Infiṭār (81–82)","nameAr":"سورتا التكوير والانفطار","order":22,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutaffifin","name":"Sūrat al-Muṭaffifīn (83)","nameAr":"سورة المطففين","order":23,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-inshiqaq-wal-buruj","name":"Sūras al-Inshiqāq and al-Burūj (84–85)","nameAr":"سورتا الانشقاق والبروج","order":24,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-tariq-al-ala-al-ghashiya","name":"Sūras al-Ṭāriq, al-Aʿlā and al-Ghāshiya (86–88)","nameAr":"سور الطارق والأعلى والغاشية","order":25,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-fajr-wal-balad","name":"Sūras al-Fajr and al-Balad (89–90)","nameAr":"سورتا الفجر والبلد","order":26,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-shams-al-layl-al-duha","name":"Sūras al-Shams, al-Layl and al-Ḍuḥā (91–93)","nameAr":"سور الشمس والليل والضحى","order":27,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-sharh-ila-al-qadr","name":"Sūras al-Sharḥ, al-Tīn, al-ʿAlaq and al-Qadr (94–97)","nameAr":"سور الشرح والتين والعلق والقدر","order":28,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-bayyina-ila-al-qaria","name":"Sūras al-Bayyina, al-Zalzala, al-ʿĀdiyāt and al-Qāriʿa (98–101)","nameAr":"سور البينة والزلزلة والعاديات والقارعة","order":29,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-takathur-ila-al-kawthar","name":"Sūras al-Takāthur to al-Kawthar (102–108)","nameAr":"من سورة التكاثر إلى سورة الكوثر","order":30,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-kafirun-ila-al-nas","name":"Sūras al-Kāfirūn to al-Nās (109–114)","nameAr":"من سورة الكافرون إلى سورة الناس","order":31,"paraCount":18,"published":true}]},{"id":"tuhfat-al-ikhwan","title":"Tuḥfat al-Ikhwān fī ʿIlm al-Bayān","titleAr":"شَرْحُ تُحْفَةِ الإِخْوَانِ فِي عِلْمِ البَيَانِ","subtitle":"The Gift to the Brethren on the Science of Clear Expression, with the author’s own commentary, by Aḥmad al-Dardīr","author":"Aḥmad al-Dardīr","authorAr":"أبو البركات أحمد بن محمد بن أحمد الدردير","description":"A short treatise on the science of clear expression [ʿilm al-bayān] by the Egyptian Mālikī scholar Aḥmad al-Dardīr (d. 1201/1786), here with his own commentary, which sets the treatise in round brackets and explains it phrase by phrase. It covers rational figurative usage in attribution, figurative usage in the single word (metaphor and the loose figure with its relations), the kinds of metaphor (explicit, by allusion and imaginative; with intensifiers, abstractive and absolute; primary and dependent), figurative usage in the compound and the proverb, simile with its elements, kinds and degrees, and metonymy. Al-Dardīr wrote it as an introduction to the Samarqandī treatise on metaphor, and al-Ṣāwī wrote a well-known gloss on the commentary.","source":"Arabic text from the Pondok Pesantren Attaujieh al-Islamy typesetting of al-Dardīr’s commentary with the treatise (2015; archive.org ppti_329), checked at doubtful places against the commentary as quoted in al-Ṣāwī’s gloss (Cairo: al-Ḥalabī, 1354/1935). No manuscript-based edition of the commentary was found; Zakariyyāʾ Tūnānī’s 2025 edition of the treatise alone could not be obtained.","edition":"the Pondok Pesantren Attaujieh al-Islamy typesetting of Sharḥ Tuḥfat al-ikhwān (2015; archive.org ppti_329), pp. 1–32","order":3,"published":true,"subject":"balagha","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/tuhfat-al-ikhwan.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction and the Divisions of Figurative Usage","nameAr":"المقدمة وأقسام المجاز","order":1,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-aqli","name":"Figurative Usage in Attribution","nameAr":"المجاز في الإسناد","order":2,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-mufrad","name":"Figurative Usage in the Single Word","nameAr":"المجاز المفرد","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-istiara","name":"The Divisions of Metaphor","nameAr":"أقسام الاستعارة","order":4,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-asliyya-wal-tabaiyya","name":"Primary and Dependent Metaphor","nameAr":"الاستعارة الأصلية والتبعية","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-murakkab","name":"Figurative Usage in the Compound","nameAr":"المجاز المركب","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashbih-1","name":"Simile (Part 1)","nameAr":"التشبيه (١)","order":7,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashbih-2","name":"Simile (Part 2)","nameAr":"التشبيه (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-kinaya","name":"Metonymy","nameAr":"الكناية","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-kharida-al-bahiyya","title":"al-Kharīda al-Bahiyya","titleAr":"الخَرِيدَةُ البَهِيَّةُ","subtitle":"The Radiant Pearl: al-Dardīr's creed in verse","author":"Aḥmad al-Dardīr","authorAr":"أحمد الدردير","description":"A 71-line Ashʿarī creed in rajaz by the Egyptian Mālikī scholar and Sufi Aḥmad al-Dardīr (d. 1201/1786), long taught at al-Azhar. It covers the judgements of reason, the attributes of God and what each relates to, the messengers and the unseen, and ends with counsel for the spiritual path.","source":"Arabic text from the poem as printed in Ḥāshiyat al-Ṣāwī ʿalā Sharḥ al-Kharīda al-Bahiyya, ed. Firās Mudallal (Damascus: Dār al-Daqqāq, 2019), whose editor used a manuscript of the poem copied in 1270 AH, checked against other prints of al-Dardīr's commentary and its glosses. Each section's notes give the variants.","edition":"Mudallal’s edition of Ḥāshiyat al-Ṣāwī (Damascus: Dār al-Daqqāq, 2019)","order":4,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":1,"school":"Ashʿarī","summaryPdf":"summaries/al-kharida-al-bahiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"ilahiyyat","name":"God: What Is Necessary, Impossible and Possible","nameAr":"ما يجب لله تعالى وما يستحيل وما يجوز","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"rusul-suluk","name":"The Messengers, the Unseen and the Spiritual Path","nameAr":"الرسل والسمعيات وآداب السلوك","order":2,"paraCount":6,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-mukhtasar-al-latif","title":"al-Mukhtaṣar al-Laṭīf","titleAr":"المُخْتَصَرُ اللَّطِيفُ","subtitle":"The Concise Primer (al-Mukhtaṣar al-Ṣaghīr): the law of worship","author":"ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Bā Faḍl","authorAr":"عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بلحاج بافضل الحضرمي","description":"A short primer of Shāfiʿī law by the Ḥaḍramī jurist ʿAbd Allāh Bā Faḍl (d. 918/1512), also called al-Mukhtaṣar al-Ṣaghīr to distinguish it from his longer al-Muqaddima al-Ḥaḍramiyya. In plain, numbered statements it gives what every Muslim must know of purification, prayer, the Friday prayer and funerals, zakāt, fasting and retreat, the pilgrimage and the lesser pilgrimage, and the basic rules of sale. It is one of the first fiqh texts taught in Ḥaḍramawt and at Dār al-Muṣṭafā in Tarīm.","source":"Arabic text from the critical edition of Aḥmad Yūsuf al-Naṣf, collated with six manuscripts (Kuwait: Dār al-Ḍiyāʾ), compared with the vowelled Dār al-Minhāj print.","edition":"al-Naṣf’s edition (Kuwait: Dār al-Ḍiyāʾ)","order":4,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-mukhtasar-al-latif.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"wudu-ghusl-miyah","name":"Ablution, the Purificatory Bath and Water","nameAr":"الوُضُوءُ وَالغُسْلُ وَالمِيَاهُ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"najasat-tayammum-hayd","name":"Impurity, Dry Ablution and Menstruation","nameAr":"النَّجَاسَاتُ وَالتَّيَمُّمُ وَالحَيْضُ","order":2,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"salat-awqat-shurut-furud","name":"Prayer: Times, Conditions and Integrals","nameAr":"الصَّلَاةُ: أَوْقَاتُهَا وَشُرُوطُهَا وَفُرُوضُهَا","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sunan-jamaa-safar-jumua-janaiz","name":"Prayer: Sunnas, Congregation, Travel, Friday and Funerals","nameAr":"سُنَنُ الصَّلَاةِ وَالجَمَاعَةُ وَالسَّفَرُ وَالجُمُعَةُ وَالجَنَائِزُ","order":4,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-siyam","name":"Zakāt and Fasting","nameAr":"الزَّكَاةُ وَالصِّيَامُ","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hajj-bay","name":"Pilgrimage and Sale","nameAr":"الحَجُّ وَالبَيْعُ","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"durus-al-balagha","title":"Durūs al-Balāgha","titleAr":"دُرُوسُ البَلَاغَةِ","subtitle":"Lessons in Rhetoric, by Ḥifnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sulṭān Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammūm","author":"Ḥifnī Nāṣif, Muḥammad Diyāb, Sulṭān Muḥammad and Muṣṭafā Ṭammūm","authorAr":"حفني ناصف، ومحمد دياب، وسلطان محمد، ومصطفى طموم","description":"A short handbook of the three sciences of Arabic rhetoric written for the secondary schools of Egypt by four teachers of Arabic, approved by the Ministry of Education in 1892 and first printed in 1310/1892–3. In plain numbered rules with a well-chosen example for each, it sets out eloquence and rhetorical excellence, then the science of meanings in eight chapters and a conclusion (statement and command, mention and omission, order, definiteness, qualification, restriction, conjunction and disjunction, concision and prolixity, and departures from the outward requirement), the science of clear expression (simile, figurative speech, metaphor and metonymy) and the science of embellishment, ending with poetic borrowing, quotation, allusion and fine openings and endings. It has been one of the most widely taught first books of rhetoric ever since.","source":"Arabic text from the fourth printing (Būlāq: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Kubrā al-Amīriyya, 1317/1899), read from the page images of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina copy on archive.org (AAlexandrina-028145); the teacher’s review questions at the end are left out.","edition":"the fourth printing (Būlāq: al-Maṭbaʿa al-Kubrā al-Amīriyya, 1317/1899)","order":4,"published":true,"subject":"balagha","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/durus-al-balagha.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khutbat-al-kitab","name":"The Authors’ Preface","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":0,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-fasaha-wal-balagha","name":"Introduction: Eloquence and Rhetorical Excellence","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةٌ فِي الفَصَاحَةِ وَالبَلَاغَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"al-khabar","name":"The Science of Meanings; Chapter 1: Statements","nameAr":"عِلْمُ المَعَانِي: البَابُ الأَوَّلُ فِي الخَبَرِ وَالإِنْشَاءِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-insha-1","name":"Chapter 1: Non-Declarative Speech (Part 1)","nameAr":"الكَلَامُ عَلَى الإِنْشَاءِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-insha-2","name":"Chapter 1: Non-Declarative Speech (Part 2)","nameAr":"الكَلَامُ عَلَى الإِنْشَاءِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-dhikr-wal-hadhf","name":"Chapters 2–3: Mention and Omission; Putting First and Last","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي فِي الذِّكْرِ وَالحَذْفِ، وَالبَابُ الثَّالِثُ فِي التَّقْدِيمِ وَالتَّأْخِيرِ","order":5,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"al-tarif-wal-tankir","name":"Chapter 4: Definiteness and Indefiniteness","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ فِي التَّعْرِيفِ وَالتَّنْكِيرِ","order":6,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-itlaq-wal-taqyid","name":"Chapter 5: Unqualified and Qualified Statements","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ فِي الإِطْلَاقِ وَالتَّقْيِيدِ","order":7,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-qasr-wal-wasl","name":"Chapters 6–7: Restriction; Conjunction and Disjunction","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ فِي القَصْرِ، وَالبَابُ السَّابِعُ فِي الوَصْلِ وَالفَصْلِ","order":8,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijaz-wal-itnab","name":"Chapter 8: Concision, Prolixity and Equality","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّامِنُ فِي الإِيجَازِ وَالإِطْنَابِ وَالمُسَاوَاةِ","order":9,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"khilaf-muqtada-al-zahir","name":"Conclusion of the Science of Meanings: Departing from the Outward Requirement","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ فِي إِخْرَاجِ الكَلَامِ عَلَى خِلَافِ مُقْتَضَى الظَّاهِرِ","order":10,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-tashbih","name":"The Science of Clear Expression: Simile","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَيَانِ: التَّشْبِيهُ","order":11,"paraCount":45,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-wal-istiara","name":"The Purposes of Simile; Figurative Speech and Metaphor","nameAr":"أَغْرَاضُ التَّشْبِيهِ، وَالمَجَازُ، وَالاسْتِعَارَةُ","order":12,"paraCount":42,"published":true},{"id":"al-majaz-al-mursal-wal-kinaya","name":"Loose, Composite and Rational Figures; Metonymy","nameAr":"المَجَازُ المُرْسَلُ وَالمُرَكَّبُ وَالعَقْلِيُّ، وَالكِنَايَةُ","order":13,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-badi-1","name":"The Science of Embellishment: Embellishments of Meaning (Part 1)","nameAr":"عِلْمُ البَدِيعِ: المُحَسِّنَاتُ المَعْنَوِيَّةُ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"al-badi-2","name":"Embellishments of Meaning (Part 2)","nameAr":"المُحَسِّنَاتُ المَعْنَوِيَّةُ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":41,"published":true},{"id":"al-muhassinat-al-lafziyya","name":"Embellishments of Wording","nameAr":"المُحَسِّنَاتُ اللَّفْظِيَّةُ","order":16,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"al-khatima","name":"Conclusion: Borrowing, Quotation and Fine Openings and Endings","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةٌ: فِي السَّرِقَةِ وَمَا يَتَّصِلُ بِهَا","order":17,"paraCount":45,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-04-asrar-al-salat","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Secrets of Prayer","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ أَسْرَارِ الصَّلَاةِ وَمُهِمَّاتِهَا","subtitle":"The fourth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The fourth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, on the prayer: its merits; its outward acts, obligatory and recommended; its inner conditions, presence of heart and humility, and what the heart should hold at each of its acts; leading the prayer and following an imam; the Friday prayer and its etiquette; various questions every seeker meets; and the supererogatory prayers of the day, the week and the year.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the page images of the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011) at doubtful passages.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":4,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-04-asrar-al-salat.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Book of the Secrets of Prayer and Its Essentials: Preface","nameAr":"كِتَابُ أَسْرَارِ الصَّلَاةِ وَمُهِمَّاتِهَا","order":0,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-adhan-wa-l-maktuba","name":"The Merit of the Call to Prayer and of the Prescribed Prayer","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الأَذَانِ وَفَضِيلَةُ المَكْتُوبَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"itmam-al-arkan-wa-l-jamaa","name":"The Merit of Completing the Pillars and of Praying in Congregation","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ إِتْمَامِ الأَرْكَانِ وَفَضِيلَةُ الجَمَاعَةِ","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-sujud-wa-l-khushu-1","name":"The Merit of Prostration and of Humility (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ السُّجُودِ وَفَضِيلَةُ الخُشُوعِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-khushu-2-wa-l-masjid","name":"The Merit of Humility (Part 2) and of the Mosque","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الخُشُوعِ (٢) وَفَضِيلَةُ المَسْجِدِ","order":4,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-takbir-wa-l-qiraa","name":"Standing, the Opening “God Is Greatest” and the Recitation","nameAr":"القِيَامُ وَالتَّكْبِيرُ وَالقِرَاءَةُ","order":5,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-ruku-wa-l-sujud-wa-l-tashahhud","name":"Bowing, Prostration and the Testimony","nameAr":"الرُّكُوعُ وَالسُّجُودُ وَالتَّشَهُّدُ","order":6,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"salat-al-imam-wa-l-manhiyyat","name":"The Imam’s Prayer, and What Is Forbidden in Prayer","nameAr":"صَلَاةُ الإِمَامِ وَالمَنْهِيَّاتُ","order":7,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-al-faraid-wa-l-sunan","name":"Distinguishing the Obligatory Acts from the Recommended","nameAr":"تَمْيِيزُ الفَرَائِضِ وَالسُّنَنِ","order":8,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"ishtirat-al-khushu-1","name":"Why Humility and Presence of Heart Are a Condition (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اشْتِرَاطِ الخُشُوعِ وَحُضُورِ القَلْبِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ishtirat-al-khushu-2","name":"Why Humility and Presence of Heart Are a Condition (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اشْتِرَاطِ الخُشُوعِ وَحُضُورِ القَلْبِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-maani-al-batina-1","name":"The Inner Meanings That Give Prayer Its Life (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المَعَانِي البَاطِنَةِ الَّتِي تَتِمُّ بِهَا حَيَاةُ الصَّلَاةِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-maani-al-batina-2","name":"The Inner Meanings That Give Prayer Its Life (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المَعَانِي البَاطِنَةِ الَّتِي تَتِمُّ بِهَا حَيَاةُ الصَّلَاةِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-dawa","name":"The Remedy That Helps Presence of Heart","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الدَّوَاءِ النَّافِعِ فِي حُضُورِ القَلْبِ","order":13,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-1","name":"What the Heart Should Hold at Each Act of Prayer (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَحْضُرَ فِي القَلْبِ عِنْدَ كُلِّ رُكْنٍ وَشَرْطٍ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-2","name":"What the Heart Should Hold at Each Act of Prayer (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَحْضُرَ فِي القَلْبِ عِنْدَ كُلِّ رُكْنٍ وَشَرْطٍ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-3","name":"What the Heart Should Hold at Each Act of Prayer (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَحْضُرَ فِي القَلْبِ عِنْدَ كُلِّ رُكْنٍ وَشَرْطٍ (٣)","order":16,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-4","name":"What the Heart Should Hold at Each Act of Prayer (Part 4)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَحْضُرَ فِي القَلْبِ عِنْدَ كُلِّ رُكْنٍ وَشَرْطٍ (٤)","order":17,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-5","name":"What the Heart Should Hold at Each Act of Prayer (Part 5)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَحْضُرَ فِي القَلْبِ عِنْدَ كُلِّ رُكْنٍ وَشَرْطٍ (٥)","order":18,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-khashiin","name":"Stories of Those Who Prayed with Humility","nameAr":"حِكَايَاتٌ وَأَخْبَارٌ فِي صَلَاةِ الخَاشِعِينَ","order":19,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"imama-1","name":"Leading the Prayer and Following an Imam (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي الإِمَامَةِ وَالقُدْوَةِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"imama-2","name":"Leading the Prayer and Following an Imam (Part 2)","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي الإِمَامَةِ وَالقُدْوَةِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"imama-3","name":"Leading the Prayer and Following an Imam (Part 3)","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي الإِمَامَةِ وَالقُدْوَةِ (٣)","order":22,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-jumua-wa-shurutuha","name":"The Merit of Friday and the Conditions of Its Prayer","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الجُمُعَةِ وَبَيَانُ شُرُوطِهَا","order":23,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-jumua-1","name":"The Etiquette of Friday in the Order of the Day (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ الجُمُعَةِ عَلَى تَرْتِيبِ العَادَةِ (١)","order":24,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-jumua-2","name":"The Etiquette of Friday in the Order of the Day (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ الجُمُعَةِ عَلَى تَرْتِيبِ العَادَةِ (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-jumua-3","name":"The Etiquette of Friday in the Order of the Day (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ الجُمُعَةِ عَلَى تَرْتِيبِ العَادَةِ (٣)","order":26,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"sunan-al-jumua-1","name":"Friday Practices That Cover the Whole Day (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الآدَابِ وَالسُّنَنِ الخَارِجَةِ عَنِ التَّرْتِيبِ السَّابِقِ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"sunan-al-jumua-2","name":"Friday Practices That Cover the Whole Day (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الآدَابِ وَالسُّنَنِ الخَارِجَةِ عَنِ التَّرْتِيبِ السَّابِقِ (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"sunan-al-jumua-3","name":"Friday Practices That Cover the Whole Day (Part 3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الآدَابِ وَالسُّنَنِ الخَارِجَةِ عَنِ التَّرْتِيبِ السَّابِقِ (٣)","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"masail-mutafarriqa-1","name":"Various Questions Every Seeker Meets (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِي مَسَائِلَ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ (١)","order":30,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"masail-mutafarriqa-2","name":"Various Questions Every Seeker Meets (Part 2)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِي مَسَائِلَ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ (٢)","order":31,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"masail-mutafarriqa-3","name":"Various Questions Every Seeker Meets (Part 3)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِي مَسَائِلَ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ (٣)","order":32,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-1","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (١)","order":33,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-2","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 2)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٢)","order":34,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-3","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 3)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٣)","order":35,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-4","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 4)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٤)","order":36,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-5","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 5)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٥)","order":37,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-6","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 6)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٦)","order":38,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-7","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 7)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٧)","order":39,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-8","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 8)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٨)","order":40,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-9","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 9)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (٩)","order":41,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-10","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 10)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (١٠)","order":42,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawafil-11","name":"The Voluntary Prayers (Part 11)","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي النَّوَافِلِ مِنَ الصَّلَوَاتِ (١١)","order":43,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"matlab-al-iqaz","title":"Maṭlab al-Īqāẓ","titleAr":"مَطْلَبُ الإِيقَاظِ فِي الكَلَامِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ مِنْ غُرَرِ الأَلْفَاظِ","subtitle":"Rousing the Seeker: On Some of the Choice Terms of the Jurists","author":"ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥusayn Bilfaqīh","authorAr":"عبد الله بن حسين بن عبد الله بلفقيه باعلوي","description":"A short Ḥaḍramī guide to the technical language of the later Shāfiʿī books, completed in 1238/1823 by the Tarīm scholar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ḥusayn Bilfaqīh (d. 1266/1849). After advice on how to study a passage and a warning against hasty criticism and fatwās, it explains the formulas by which the jurists report and weigh views, al-Nawawī’s grades of disagreement in the Minhāj (al-aẓhar, al-mashhūr, al-aṣaḥḥ, al-ṣaḥīḥ, al-madhhab, al-naṣṣ, the old and new doctrine), and the signals Ibn Ḥajar uses in Tuḥfat al-muḥtāj (“as”, “but”, “according to”, “so they said”). Its conclusion gathers notes on the ranking of books and scholars, following the school against appeals to public interest and custom, the plain sense of words, the grammar of common legal phrases, and the conditions of learning.","source":"Arabic text from the Dār al-Muhājir print (Medina, distributed by Maktabat Tarīm al-Ḥadītha), which reproduces a copy made in 1358 AH by Ḥusayn ibn Shaykh al-Ḥabashī, read from the page images of the scan on archive.org; no critical edition is known, and pp. 62–63 are missing from the scan.","edition":"the Dār al-Muhājir print (Medina, distributed by Maktabat Tarīm al-Ḥadītha)","order":4,"published":true,"subject":"fiqh-shafii","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/matlab-al-iqaz.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-1","name":"The Author’s Preface and the Introduction on How to Study (Part 1)","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ الكِتَابِ وَالمُقَدِّمَةُ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-2","name":"The Introduction (Part 2): Against Hasty Criticism and Fatwās","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ المُقَدِّمَةِ","order":2,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-1a","name":"The First Aim: The Jurists’ Terms (Part 1): Reporting and Silence","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الأَوَّلُ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-1b","name":"The First Aim (Part 2): “It Is Apparent”, Research, “the Preferred View” and Quoting","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الأَوَّلُ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-1c","name":"The First Aim (Part 3): The Formulas of Commentators and Glossators","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الأَوَّلُ (٣)","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-1d","name":"The First Aim (Part 4): “The Rawḍa and Its Original”, Names and Unrestricted Statements","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الأَوَّلُ (٤)","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-1e","name":"The First Aim (Part 5): “Agreed”, “Consequence”, “Permitted” and Terms of Legal Theory","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الأَوَّلُ (٥)","order":7,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-2a","name":"The Second Aim: Al-Nawawī’s Terms in the Minhāj (Part 1)","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الثَّانِي (١)","order":8,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-2b","name":"The Second Aim (Part 2): “It Is Said”, al-Madhhab, al-Naṣṣ and the Old and New Opinions","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الثَّانِي (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-3a","name":"The Third Aim: Ibn Ḥajar’s Terms in the Tuḥfa (Part 1): Ibn Ḥajar and al-Ramlī","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الثَّالِثُ (١)","order":10,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-3b","name":"The Third Aim (Part 2): “But”, “As”, “According to” and the Names in the Tuḥfa","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الثَّالِثُ (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"maqsad-3c","name":"The Third Aim (Part 3): Silence, “But”, “So They Said” and “A Commentator”","nameAr":"المَقْصِدُ الثَّالِثُ (٣)","order":12,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-1","name":"The Conclusion (Part 1): Fatwās and Books, Early and Later Scholars, “Shaykh” and the Terms of Ḥadīth","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-2","name":"The Conclusion (Part 2): Relying on Books, and the Research of Later Scholars","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-3","name":"The Conclusion (Part 3): Al-Shāfiʿī’s Books, the Layman’s School, and Public Interest","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (٣)","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-4","name":"The Conclusion (Part 4): Bā Makhrama on “Benefit and Harm”","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (٤)","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-5","name":"The Conclusion (Part 5): Do Rulings Change with the Times? The School Is Transmission","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (٥)","order":17,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-6","name":"The Conclusion (Part 6): The Plain Sense of Words, Custom and Intention","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (٦)","order":18,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-7","name":"The Conclusion (Part 7): The Grammar of Khilāfan, Faḍlan, Lughatan, Ayḍan and Aṣlan","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (٧)","order":19,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-8","name":"The Conclusion (Part 8): Conditions of Learning and the Kinds of Sciences","nameAr":"الخَاتِمَةُ (٨)","order":20,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"muqaddimat-al-dawa-al-tamma","title":"Muqaddimat al-Daʿwa al-Tāmma","titleAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ الدَّعْوَةِ التَّامَّةِ وَالتَّذْكِرَةِ العَامَّةِ","subtitle":"The introduction to al-Ḥaddād’s Complete Call and General Reminder: on calling people to God","author":"ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlawī al-Ḥaddād","authorAr":"عبد الله بن علوي الحداد","description":"The introduction to Imām al-Ḥaddād’s book of counsel to the classes of Muslim society: his preface and plan, then an explanation of the call to God. It sets out the Qurʾānic command to call to God’s way, the scholars as heirs of the prophets and the renewers of each century, the knowledge that truly calls to God, the misgivings that keep scholars from teaching and the excuses that keep the ignorant from learning, the duty of scholars to go to people first in an age of ignorance, and the gentleness and patience of the one who calls, ending with al-Ghazālī’s words from the Iḥyāʾ on the duty to go out and teach.","source":"Arabic text from Dār al-Ḥāwī’s edition (4th ed., 1421/2000), checked at doubtful places against an old undated print with Risālat al-Mudhākara in the margin; no critical edition from manuscripts could be found.","edition":"Dār al-Ḥāwī’s edition (4th ed., 1421/2000)","order":4,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/muqaddimat-al-dawa-al-tamma.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"khutba","name":"The Author’s Preface","nameAr":"خُطْبَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-1","name":"The Introduction (Part 1)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-2","name":"The Introduction (Part 2)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-3","name":"The Introduction (Part 3)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (٣)","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-4","name":"The Introduction (Part 4)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (٤)","order":5,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-5","name":"The Introduction (Part 5)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (٥)","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-6","name":"The Introduction (Part 6)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (٦)","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-7","name":"The Introduction (Part 7)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (٧)","order":8,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddima-8","name":"The Introduction (Part 8)","nameAr":"المُقَدِّمَةُ (٨)","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"aqidat-al-haddad","title":"ʿAqīdat al-Ḥaddād","titleAr":"عَقِيدَةُ الحَدَّادِ","subtitle":"The Creed of Imam ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlawī al-Ḥaddād","author":"ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlawī al-Ḥaddād","authorAr":"عبد الله بن علوي الحداد","description":"A brief, comprehensive statement of Sunni belief by the Hadrami scholar and spiritual guide ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlawī al-Ḥaddād (d. 1132/1720), written as the conclusion of his al-Naṣāʾiḥ al-Dīniyya and taught on its own as ʿAqīdat Ahl al-Islām. Mostly in the words of the Qurʾān, it covers God's oneness and attributes, the prophets and the Prophet Muḥammad, the grave and the Hereafter, and the Companions and the four caliphs.","source":"Arabic text from the conclusion of al-Naṣāʾiḥ al-Dīniyya wa-l-Waṣāyā al-Īmāniyya (Dār al-Ḥāwī, 3rd ed., corrected, 1420/1999), an edition made with the help of manuscripts, checked against a second print of the book. The chapter notes give the checks made.","edition":"the Dār al-Ḥāwī edition of al-Naṣāʾiḥ al-Dīniyya (3rd ed., 1420/1999)","order":4,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/aqidat-al-haddad.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"aqida","name":"The Creed of the People of the Sunna","nameAr":"عقيدة أهل السنة والجماعة","order":1,"paraCount":22,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-aqida-al-wasitiyya","title":"al-ʿAqīda al-Wāsiṭiyya","titleAr":"العَقِيدَةُ الوَاسِطِيَّةُ","subtitle":"The Creed for the People of Wāsiṭ","author":"Ibn Taymiyya","authorAr":"ابن تيمية","description":"A short creed that Taqī al-Dīn Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) wrote for a judge of Wāsiṭ in Iraq, setting out the belief of the people of the Sunna and the Community: God’s names and attributes through long lists of Qurʾānic verses and hadiths, the middle way of the Sunna between the sects, the Last Day, the decree, faith, the Companions and the Prophet’s household, the wonders of the saints, and the conduct of the people of the Sunna.","source":"Arabic text from al-ʿAqīda al-Wāsiṭiyya as edited from five manuscripts, the oldest copied in 715 AH and read to the author, by ʿAbd al-Muḥsin b. Muḥammad al-Qāsim, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-thālith (5th ed., 2019), via turath.io, compared with Ashraf b. ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd’s edition (Aḍwāʾ al-Salaf, 1999). Each chapter’s notes list the differences that matter.","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-thālith (5th ed., 1441/2019)","order":5,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-aqida-al-wasitiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-ayat-al-sifat-1","name":"Introduction; the Attributes in the Qurʾān (Part 1)","nameAr":"المقدمة وآيات الصفات (١)","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ayat-al-sifat-2","name":"The Attributes in the Qurʾān (Part 2)","nameAr":"آيات الصفات (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ayat-al-sifat-3","name":"The Attributes in the Qurʾān (Part 3)","nameAr":"آيات الصفات (٣)","order":3,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-sifat-fi-al-sunna","name":"The Attributes in the Sunna; the Middle Way of the People of the Sunna","nameAr":"الصفات في السنة، ووسطية أهل السنة","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-uluww-wa-l-kalam-wa-l-ruya","name":"Highness and Withness; the Qurʾān; the Vision of God","nameAr":"العلو والمعية، والقرآن، والرؤية","order":5,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-yawm-al-akhir","name":"Faith in the Last Day","nameAr":"الإيمان باليوم الآخر","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-qadar-wa-l-iman","name":"The Decree; Faith","nameAr":"القدر، والإيمان","order":7,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-sahaba-wa-ahl-al-bayt","name":"The Companions and the Prophet’s Household","nameAr":"الصحابة وأهل البيت","order":8,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-karamat-wa-tariqat-ahl-al-sunna","name":"The Wonders of the Saints, and the Way of the People of the Sunna","nameAr":"الكرامات، وطريقة أهل السنة","order":9,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"bad-al-amali","title":"Badʾ al-Amālī","titleAr":"بَدْءُ الأَمَالِي","subtitle":"The Ḥanafī-Māturīdī creed in verse, by al-Ūshī","author":"Sirāj al-Dīn al-Ūshī","authorAr":"سراج الدين الأوشي","description":"A rhymed creed of 67 lines, all ending in -lī, by the Ḥanafī jurist Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī b. ʿUthmān al-Ūshī of Farghāna (d. 575/1179), author of al-Fatāwā al-Sirājiyya. Known from its opening words as «Yaqūlu al-ʿabd», it sums up Māturīdī belief: God's eternal attributes, the uncreated Qurʾān, the vision of God, prophecy and sainthood, the ranking of the Companions, faith and unbelief, and the Hereafter. It has been memorised and taught across the Ottoman lands, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, and Mullā ʿAlī al-Qārī and many others wrote commentaries on it.","source":"Arabic text from the poem as printed with Mullā ʿAlī al-Qārī's commentary Ḍawʾ al-maʿālī in Majmūʿ rasāʾil al-ʿallāma al-Mullā ʿAlī al-Qārī (risāla 76, pp. 13–16), whose editors used three manuscripts (Fāḍil Aḥmad, Walī al-Dīn Efendi, King Saud University), checked against Khaldūn Zayn al-Dīn's edition of Ḍawʾ al-maʿālī (Dār al-Bayrūtī, 2017) and the commentaries of al-Qārṣī, al-Ālūsī and Ibn Jamāʿa. Each section's notes give the checks made.","edition":"the Majmūʿ rasāʾil al-ʿallāma al-Mullā ʿAlī al-Qārī edition of Ḍawʾ al-maʿālī li-Badʾ al-Amālī (risāla 76)","order":5,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":1,"school":"Māturīdī","summaryPdf":"summaries/bad-al-amali.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"ilahiyyat-wa-nubuwwat","name":"God, His Attributes and His Prophets","nameAr":"الإلهيات والنبوات","order":1,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"sahaba-wal-iman-wal-akhira","name":"The Companions, Faith and the Hereafter","nameAr":"الصحابة والإيمان والآخرة","order":2,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-05-asrar-al-zakat","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Secrets of Alms","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ أَسْرَارِ الزَّكَاةِ","subtitle":"The fifth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The fifth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. In four sections it sets out the kinds of alms and what makes them due; how they are to be paid, with their outward conditions and the inner courtesies of the giver; who may receive them and how the receiver should take them; and the merit and etiquette of voluntary charity, whether to give it openly or in secret, and whether a poor person should take alms or voluntary charity.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":5,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-05-asrar-al-zakat.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ كِتَابِ أَسْرَارِ الزَّكَاةِ","order":0,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"zakat-al-naam","name":"The Kinds of Alms: Livestock","nameAr":"أَنْوَاعُ الزَّكَاةِ: زَكَاةُ النَّعَمِ","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"sair-al-anwa","name":"The Kinds of Alms: Crops, Gold and Silver, Trade, Treasure and Mines, and Fast-breaking","nameAr":"أَنْوَاعُ الزَّكَاةِ: سَائِرُ الأَنْوَاعِ","order":2,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-ada","name":"Paying Alms: The Five Outward Duties","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ الثَّانِي: فِي الأَدَاءِ وَشُرُوطِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"fahm-al-wujub","name":"The Inner Courtesies: Understanding Why Alms Are Due","nameAr":"دَقَائِقُ الآدَابِ البَاطِنَةِ: فَهْمُ وُجُوبِ الزَّكَاةِ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"waqt-al-ada","name":"The Inner Courtesies: The Time of Payment, and Giving in Secret","nameAr":"دَقَائِقُ الآدَابِ البَاطِنَةِ: وَقْتُ الأَدَاءِ وَالإِسْرَارُ","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-izhar-wal-mann","name":"The Inner Courtesies: Giving Openly, and Not Spoiling Charity by Reproach and Hurt","nameAr":"دَقَائِقُ الآدَابِ البَاطِنَةِ: الإِظْهَارُ، وَتَرْكُ المَنِّ وَالأَذَى","order":6,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"istisghar-wal-intiqa","name":"The Inner Courtesies: Curing Reproach; Thinking the Gift Small; Giving the Best","nameAr":"دَقَائِقُ الآدَابِ البَاطِنَةِ: دَوَاءُ المَنِّ، وَاسْتِصْغَارُ العَطِيَّةِ، وَانْتِقَاءُ الأَجْوَدِ","order":7,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"talab-al-mustahiqq-1","name":"The Inner Courtesies: Seeking the Right Recipient (Part 1)","nameAr":"دَقَائِقُ الآدَابِ البَاطِنَةِ: طَلَبُ مَنْ تَزْكُو بِهِ الصَّدَقَةُ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"talab-al-mustahiqq-2","name":"The Inner Courtesies: Seeking the Right Recipient (Part 2)","nameAr":"دَقَائِقُ الآدَابِ البَاطِنَةِ: طَلَبُ مَنْ تَزْكُو بِهِ الصَّدَقَةُ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-istihqaq","name":"The Receiver: The Causes of Entitlement","nameAr":"القَابِضُ: بَيَانُ أَسْبَابِ الِاسْتِحْقَاقِ","order":10,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"wazaif-al-qabid-1","name":"The Receiver: The Duties of Receiving (Part 1)","nameAr":"القَابِضُ: بَيَانُ وَظَائِفِ القَابِضِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"wazaif-al-qabid-2","name":"The Receiver: The Duties of Receiving (Part 2)","nameAr":"القَابِضُ: بَيَانُ وَظَائِفِ القَابِضِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-sadaqa","name":"Voluntary Charity: The Merit of Charity","nameAr":"صَدَقَةُ التَّطَوُّعِ: بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الصَّدَقَةِ","order":13,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ikhfa-wa-izhar-1","name":"Voluntary Charity: Taking Charity in Secret or Openly (Part 1)","nameAr":"صَدَقَةُ التَّطَوُّعِ: بَيَانُ إِخْفَاءِ الصَّدَقَةِ وَإِظْهَارِهَا (١)","order":14,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ikhfa-wa-izhar-2","name":"Voluntary Charity: Taking Charity in Secret or Openly (Part 2); Whether Alms or Charity Is Better to Take","nameAr":"صَدَقَةُ التَّطَوُّعِ: إِخْفَاءُ الصَّدَقَةِ وَإِظْهَارُهَا (٢)، وَالأَفْضَلُ مِنْ أَخْذِ الصَّدَقَةِ أَوِ الزَّكَاةِ","order":15,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-06-asrar-al-sawm","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Secrets of Fasting","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ أَسْرَارِ الصَّوْمِ","subtitle":"The sixth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The sixth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. After an introduction on why God ascribes fasting to Himself, it sets out in three sections the outward obligations of the fast, what breaking it entails and its recommended practices, including the retreat in the mosque; the three degrees of fasting and the six inner conditions by which the limbs and the heart fast as well as the stomach; and voluntary fasting, with the best days of the year, the month and the week, and al-Ghazālī’s advice on fasting every day, every other day or a third of the time.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful passages against the page images of the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011).","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":6,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-06-asrar-al-sawm.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction: The Merit of Fasting","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ كِتَابِ أَسْرَارِ الصَّوْمِ","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"wajibat","name":"Section One: The Outward Obligations and Sunnas of Fasting, and What Breaking It Entails","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ الأَوَّلُ فِي الوَاجِبَاتِ وَالسُّنَنِ الظَّاهِرَةِ وَاللَّوَازِمِ بِإِفْسَادِهِ","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"asrar-1","name":"Section Two: The Secrets of Fasting and Its Inner Conditions (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ الثَّانِي فِي أَسْرَارِ الصَّوْمِ وَشُرُوطِهِ البَاطِنَةِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"asrar-2","name":"Section Two: The Secrets of Fasting and Its Inner Conditions (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ الثَّانِي فِي أَسْرَارِ الصَّوْمِ وَشُرُوطِهِ البَاطِنَةِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tatawwu","name":"Section Three: Voluntary Fasting and the Arrangement of Regular Fasts","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ الثَّالِثُ فِي التَّطَوُّعِ بِالصِّيَامِ وَتَرْتِيبِ الأَوْرَادِ فِيهِ","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true}]},{"id":"lumat-al-itiqad","title":"Lumʿat al-Iʿtiqād","titleAr":"لُمْعَةُ الاعْتِقَادِ","subtitle":"The Glimmer of Belief, Guiding to the Path of Right Conduct","author":"Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī","authorAr":"ابن قدامة المقدسي","description":"A short creed by the Ḥanbalī jurist Muwaffaq al-Dīn Ibn Qudāma (d. 620/1223), setting out the way of the early generations with the divine attributes, then God’s speech and the Qurʾān, the vision of God, the decree, faith, the Hereafter, the Prophet and his Companions, and the duty to follow the Sunna and avoid innovation.","source":"Arabic text from the Saudi Ministry of Islamic Affairs print (2nd ed., 1420/2000, via turath.io), checked word for word against Badr al-Badr’s critical edition from manuscripts (Kuwait, 1406/1986) and Ismāʿīl al-Jazāʾirī’s vowelled edition from two manuscripts (2016). Each chapter’s notes list the corrections and the variants.","edition":"the Saudi Ministry of Islamic Affairs print (2nd ed., 1420/2000)","order":6,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/lumat-al-itiqad.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Opening and the Way of the Early Generations with God’s Attributes","nameAr":"المقدمة وطريقة السلف في الصفات","order":1,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"ayat-al-sifat","name":"Verses and Hadiths on the Attributes, and God’s Speech","nameAr":"آيات الصفات وأحاديثها، وكلام الله تعالى","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-quran","name":"The Qurʾān Is God’s Speech, and the Believers’ Vision of Their Lord","nameAr":"القرآن كلام الله، ورؤية المؤمنين ربهم","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-qadar","name":"The Decree, Faith, and Belief in What the Prophet Reported","nameAr":"القضاء والقدر، والإيمان، والإيمان بالغيب","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-akhira","name":"The Last Day, the Prophet Muḥammad and His Successors","nameAr":"اليوم الآخر، والنبي محمد وخلفاؤه","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-sahaba","name":"The Companions, the Sunna and the People of Innovation","nameAr":"الصحابة، والسنة، وأهل البدع","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true}]},{"id":"umm-al-barahin","title":"Umm al-Barāhīn","titleAr":"أُمُّ البَرَاهِينِ","subtitle":"The Minor Creed (al-ʿAqīda al-Ṣughrā) of al-Sanūsī","author":"Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-Sanūsī","authorAr":"محمد بن يوسف السنوسي","description":"The short Ashʿarī creed of the Tlemcen scholar al-Sanūsī (d. 895/1490), taught across North and West Africa, Egypt and the Malay world. It sets out what is necessary, impossible and possible for God and for His messengers, with a brief proof for each, and shows how the testimony of faith contains the whole creed.","source":"Arabic text from the matn as printed with al-Sanūsī's own commentary in Ḥāshiyat al-Dasūqī ʿalā Sharḥ Umm al-Barāhīn, ed. Aḥmad ʿĀrif b. Dhī al-Kifl (Cairo: Dār al-Ṣāliḥ, 2022), checked against the Beirut print of 2017 and a Cairo print of 1939. Each section's notes list the variants.","edition":"Ibn Dhī al-Kifl’s edition of Ḥāshiyat al-Dasūqī (Cairo: Dār al-Ṣāliḥ, 2022)","order":6,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":1,"school":"Ashʿarī","summaryPdf":"summaries/umm-al-barahin.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"ilahiyyat","name":"What Is Necessary, Impossible and Possible for God","nameAr":"ما يجب لله تعالى وما يستحيل وما يجوز","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"barahin","name":"The Proofs of What Is Necessary, Impossible and Possible for God","nameAr":"براهين ما يجب لله تعالى وما يستحيل وما يجوز","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"rusul-shahada","name":"The Messengers and the Meaning of the Testimony of Faith","nameAr":"ما يجب للرسل وما يستحيل وما يجوز ومعنى كلمة الشهادة","order":3,"paraCount":19,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-aqaid-al-nasafiyya","title":"al-ʿAqāʾid al-Nasafiyya","titleAr":"العَقَائِدُ النَّسَفِيَّةُ","subtitle":"The creed of Najm al-Dīn ʿUmar al-Nasafī","author":"Najm al-Dīn ʿUmar al-Nasafī","authorAr":"نجم الدين عمر النسفي","description":"The short Māturīdī creed of the Samarqand scholar Najm al-Dīn ʿUmar al-Nasafī (d. 537/1142), best known through al-Taftāzānī’s commentary, which has been taught in madrasas from the Ottoman lands to India for centuries. In some 1,200 words it covers the sources of knowledge, the origination of the world, God’s unity and attributes, His speech, the vision of God, the acts of servants, the grave and the Hereafter, faith, prophethood, the saints, the caliphs and the imamate. This is the matn alone; the commentary is a separate book in the library.","source":"Arabic text of the matn as established in al-Sharafāwī’s edition of al-Taftāzānī’s commentary from nine manuscripts (Damascus: Dār al-Taqwā, 2020), compared with al-Saqqā’s edition of the commentary (Cairo, 1987) and a separate print of the matn in Mutūn al-tawḥīd. Each chapter’s notes list the variants.","edition":"al-Sharafāwī’s edition of Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid al-Nasafiyya (Damascus: Dār al-Taqwā, 2020)","order":7,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":1,"school":"Māturīdī","summaryPdf":"summaries/al-aqaid-al-nasafiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-ilm-wal-ilahiyyat","name":"Knowledge and the World, God, His Attributes and His Acts, and the Hereafter","nameAr":"العلم والعالم، والله تعالى وصفاته وأفعاله، والآخرة","order":1,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-iman-wal-nubuwwa","name":"Faith, Prophethood and the Imamate","nameAr":"الإيمان، والنبوة، والإمامة","order":2,"paraCount":16,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-07-asrar-al-hajj","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Secrets of Pilgrimage","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ أَسْرَارِ الحَجِّ","subtitle":"The seventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The seventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. In three chapters it sets out the merits of pilgrimage, of Mecca, the Ancient House and Medina, with the conditions, integrals and prohibitions of pilgrimage; the outward acts in order, from setting out on the journey to the farewell circling, the visit to the Prophet’s grave and the return home; and the subtle courtesies and inner deeds that give each rite its meaning.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":7,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-07-asrar-al-hajj.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"fadl-al-hajj-1","name":"The Book of the Secrets of Pilgrimage; the Merit of Pilgrimage (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ أَسْرَارِ الحَجِّ، وَفَضِيلَةُ الحَجِّ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-hajj-2","name":"The Merit of Pilgrimage (Part 2); the Merit of the House and of Mecca","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الحَجِّ (٢)، وَفَضِيلَةُ البَيْتِ وَمَكَّةَ","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-muqam-bi-makka","name":"Residing in Mecca; the Merit of Medina; Journeying to Mosques and Graves","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ المُقَامِ بِمَكَّةَ وَكَرَاهِيَتُهُ، وَفَضِيلَةُ المَدِينَةِ","order":3,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-hajj","name":"The Conditions of Pilgrimage and the Ability to Perform It","nameAr":"شُرُوطُ الحَجِّ وَالِاسْتِطَاعَةُ","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-wa-mahzurat","name":"The Integrals, Required Acts, Ways of Performing and Prohibitions of Pilgrimage","nameAr":"أَرْكَانُ الحَجِّ وَوَاجِبَاتُهُ وَوُجُوهُ أَدَائِهِ وَمَحْظُورَاتُهُ","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-sayr","name":"The First Stage: The Journey, from Setting Out to the Pilgrim State","nameAr":"الجُمْلَةُ الأُولَى: فِي السَّيْرِ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الخُرُوجِ إِلَى الإِحْرَامِ","order":6,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-ihram-wa-dukhul-makka","name":"The Second and Third Stages: The Pilgrim State, and Entering Mecca","nameAr":"الجُمْلَتَانِ الثَّانِيَةُ وَالثَّالِثَةُ: آدَابُ الإِحْرَامِ، وَدُخُولُ مَكَّةَ","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawaf","name":"The Fourth Stage: Circling the House","nameAr":"الجُمْلَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: فِي الطَّوَافِ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-sai-wal-wuquf","name":"The Fifth and Sixth Stages: Going between Ṣafā and Marwa, and the Standing at ʿArafa","nameAr":"الجُمْلَتَانِ الخَامِسَةُ وَالسَّادِسَةُ: السَّعْيُ، وَالوُقُوفُ","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"dua-arafa","name":"The Sixth Stage (Part 2): The Supplications of the Day of ʿArafa","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ الجُمْلَةِ السَّادِسَةِ: دُعَاءُ يَوْمِ عَرَفَةَ","order":10,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"baqiyyat-al-amal-1","name":"The Seventh Stage (Part 1): Muzdalifa, the Stoning of ʿAqaba, the Sacrifice and Shaving","nameAr":"الجُمْلَةُ السَّابِعَةُ: فِي بَقِيَّةِ أَعْمَالِ الحَجِّ بَعْدَ الوُقُوفِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-umra-wal-wada","name":"The Seventh Stage (Part 2), the Eighth and the Ninth: The Circling of the Visit, the Days of Minā, the Lesser Pilgrimage and the Farewell Circling","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ الجُمْلَةِ السَّابِعَةِ، وَالجُمْلَتَانِ الثَّامِنَةُ وَالتَّاسِعَةُ: فِي العُمْرَةِ وَطَوَافِ الوَدَاعِ","order":12,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ziyarat-al-madina-1","name":"The Tenth Stage (Part 1): Entering Medina, Greeting the Prophet and His Two Companions","nameAr":"الجُمْلَةُ العَاشِرَةُ: فِي زِيَارَةِ المَدِينَةِ وَآدَابِهَا (١)","order":13,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ziyarat-al-madina-2","name":"The Tenth Stage (Part 2): The Sites of Medina, the Farewell, and the Sunnas of Returning Home","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ الجُمْلَةِ العَاشِرَةِ، وَفَصْلٌ فِي سُنَنِ الرُّجُوعِ مِنَ السَّفَرِ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"daqaiq-al-adab-1","name":"Chapter Three, the Subtle Courtesies (Part 1): Lawful Means, Refusing the Toll, Generous Provision, and Avoiding Obscenity and Quarrelling","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي الآدَابِ الدَّقِيقَةِ وَالأَعْمَالِ البَاطِنَةِ، دَقَائِقُ الآدَابِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"daqaiq-al-adab-2","name":"Chapter Three, the Subtle Courtesies (Part 2): Walking, Riding Plainly, Shabby Dress, and Kindness to the Mount","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَيَانِ دَقَائِقِ الآدَابِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-fahm","name":"Chapter Three: The Ninth and Tenth Courtesies, and the Inner Deeds: Understanding","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ دَقَائِقِ الآدَابِ، وَبَيَانُ الأَعْمَالِ البَاطِنَةِ: الفَهْمُ","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-shawq-wal-azm","name":"Chapter Three, the Inner Deeds (Part 2): Longing, Resolve, Severing Ties, Provisions and the Mount","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَيَانِ الأَعْمَالِ البَاطِنَةِ: الشَّوْقُ، وَالعَزْمُ، وَقَطْعُ العَلَائِقِ، وَالزَّادُ، وَالرَّاحِلَةُ (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-ihram-wa-dukhul-makka-batin","name":"Chapter Three, the Inner Deeds (Part 3): The Pilgrim’s Garments, Setting Out, the Desert, the Talbiya, Entering Mecca and Seeing the House","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَيَانِ الأَعْمَالِ البَاطِنَةِ: ثَوْبَا الإِحْرَامِ، وَالخُرُوجُ، وَالبَادِيَةُ، وَالتَّلْبِيَةُ، وَدُخُولُ مَكَّةَ (٣)","order":19,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawaf-wal-wuquf-batin","name":"Chapter Three, the Inner Deeds (Part 4): Circling, the Stone, the Multazam, the Course, ʿArafa, the Stoning and the Sacrifice","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَيَانِ الأَعْمَالِ البَاطِنَةِ: الطَّوَافُ، وَالِاسْتِلَامُ، وَالمُلْتَزَمُ، وَالسَّعْيُ، وَالوُقُوفُ، وَالرَّمْيُ، وَالذَّبْحُ (٤)","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ziyarat-al-madina-batin","name":"Chapter Three, the Inner Deeds (Part 5): Visiting Medina and the Prophet, and the Signs of Acceptance","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ بَيَانِ الأَعْمَالِ البَاطِنَةِ: زِيَارَةُ المَدِينَةِ وَزِيَارَةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (٥)","order":21,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"kitab-al-tawhid","title":"Kitāb al-Tawḥīd","titleAr":"كِتَابُ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ حَقُّ اللَّهِ عَلَى العَبِيدِ","subtitle":"The Book of God’s Oneness, Which Is God’s Right over His Servants","author":"Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb","authorAr":"محمد بن عبد الوهاب","description":"A short book on the oneness of God in worship by the Najdī Ḥanbalī scholar Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (1115–1206/1703–1792). In sixty-seven chapters it gathers Qurʾānic verses, hadiths and sayings of the early Muslims on tawḥīd and its merit, on major and minor associating of partners with God and the means that lead to it, such as amulets, sacrifice and vows to other than God, seeking help from other than Him, excess over the righteous and their graves, sorcery, soothsaying and omens, and on words and attitudes that touch God’s right. Each chapter ends with the author’s own list of the lessons drawn from its texts.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin b. Muḥammad al-Qāsim’s edition from fourteen manuscripts, one of them bearing readings from the author’s own copy and another in the hand of his grandson Sulaymān b. ʿAbd Allāh (the “ḥawāshī” edition, Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, level 3, Medina, 1447/2025), read from the scan on archive.org and compared with the Imām University edition in Muʾallafāt al-Shaykh (turath.io book 11318). Each chapter’s notes list the differences that matter.","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition, nuskhat al-ḥawāshī (Medina, 1st ed., 1447/2025)","order":7,"published":true,"subject":"creed","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/kitab-al-tawhid.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kitab-al-tawhid","name":"The Book of Tawḥīd","nameAr":"كتاب التوحيد","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-tawhid","name":"The Merit of Tawḥīd and the Sins It Expiates","nameAr":"باب فضل التوحيد وما يكفر من الذنوب","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tahqiq-al-tawhid-wa-l-khawf-min-al-shirk","name":"Whoever Fulfils Tawḥīd Enters Paradise without Reckoning; Fear of Associating Partners with God","nameAr":"باب من حقق التوحيد دخل الجنة بغير حساب، وباب الخوف من الشرك","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-dua-ila-shahadat-la-ilaha-illa-allah","name":"Calling People to Testify that There Is No God but God","nameAr":"باب الدعاء إلى شهادة أن لا إله إلا الله","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tafsir-al-tawhid-wa-lubs-al-halqa","name":"The Meaning of Tawḥīd and of the Testimony; Wearing Rings and Threads to Ward Off Harm","nameAr":"باب تفسير التوحيد وشهادة أن لا إله إلا الله، وباب من الشرك لبس الحلقة والخيط ونحوهما","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-ruqa-wa-l-tamaim-wa-l-tabarruk","name":"Incantations and Amulets; Seeking Blessing from a Tree, a Stone and the Like","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في الرقى والتمائم، وباب من تبرك بشجرة أو حجر ونحوهما","order":6,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-dhabh-li-ghayr-allah","name":"Sacrificing to Other than God; No Sacrifice to God Where Sacrifice Is Made to Others","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في الذبح لغير الله، وباب لا يذبح لله بمكان يذبح فيه لغير الله","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-nadhr-wa-l-istiadha-wa-l-istighatha","name":"Vows, Seeking Refuge and Calling for Help: Shirk When Made to Other than God","nameAr":"باب من الشرك النذر لغير الله، وباب من الشرك الاستعاذة بغير الله، وباب من الشرك أن يستغيث بغير الله أو يدعو غيره","order":8,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"a-yushrikuna-ma-la-yakhluq","name":"“Do They Associate with Him What Creates Nothing?”","nameAr":"باب قول الله تعالى: «أيشركون ما لا يخلق شيئا وهم يخلقون»","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"hatta-idha-fuzzia","name":"“When Fear Is Lifted from Their Hearts”","nameAr":"باب قول الله تعالى: «حتى إذا فزع عن قلوبهم»","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-shafaa","name":"Intercession","nameAr":"باب الشفاعة","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"innaka-la-tahdi","name":"“You Do Not Guide Whom You Love”","nameAr":"باب قول الله تعالى: «إنك لا تهدي من أحببت»","order":12,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghuluww-fi-al-salihin","name":"Excess over the Righteous: The Cause of Disbelief","nameAr":"باب ما جاء أن سبب كفر بني آدم وتركهم دينهم هو الغلو في الصالحين","order":13,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-taghliz-fiman-abada-allah-inda-qabr","name":"The Severity against Worshipping God at the Grave of a Righteous Man","nameAr":"باب ما جاء من التغليظ فيمن عبد الله عند قبر رجل صالح فكيف إذا عبده","order":14,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghuluww-fi-qubur-al-salihin","name":"Excess over the Graves of the Righteous; The Prophet’s Guarding of Tawḥīd","nameAr":"باب ما جاء أن الغلو في قبور الصالحين يصيرها أوثانا تعبد من دون الله، وباب ما جاء في حماية المصطفى ﷺ جناب التوحيد","order":15,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bad-hadhihi-al-umma-yabud-al-awthan","name":"Some of This Community Will Worship Idols","nameAr":"باب ما جاء أن بعض هذه الأمة يعبد الأوثان","order":16,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-sihr","name":"Sorcery and Some of Its Kinds","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في السحر، وباب بيان شيء من أنواع السحر","order":17,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-kuhhan-wa-l-nushra","name":"Soothsayers and Their Like; Undoing Sorcery [al-Nushra]","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في الكهان ونحوهم، وباب ما جاء في النشرة","order":18,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-tatayyur-wa-l-tanjim","name":"Taking Evil Omens; Astrology","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في التطير، وباب ما جاء في التنجيم","order":19,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-istisqa-bi-l-anwa-wa-l-mahabba","name":"Seeking Rain by the Stars; Loving Others as God Is Loved","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في الاستسقاء بالأنواء، وباب قول الله تعالى: ﴿ومن الناس من يتخذ من دون الله أندادا يحبونهم كحب الله﴾","order":20,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-khawf-wa-l-tawakkul-wa-l-amn","name":"Fear, Reliance on God, and Feeling Safe from His Plan","nameAr":"باب قول الله تعالى: ﴿إنما ذلكم الشيطان يخوف أولياءه﴾، وباب قول الله تعالى: ﴿وعلى الله فتوكلوا﴾، وباب قول الله تعالى: ﴿أفأمنوا مكر الله﴾","order":21,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-sabr-wa-l-riya","name":"Patience with God’s Decrees; Showing Off; Seeking This World by One’s Deeds","nameAr":"باب من الإيمان بالله الصبر على أقدار الله، وباب ما جاء في الرياء، وباب من الشرك إرادة الإنسان بعمله الدنيا","order":22,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"taat-al-ulama-wa-l-tahakum","name":"Obeying Scholars and Rulers against God’s Law; Seeking Judgement from al-Ṭāghūt","nameAr":"باب من أطاع العلماء والأمراء في تحريم ما أحل الله أو تحليل ما حرمه فقد اتخذهم أربابا من دون الله، وباب قول الله تعالى: ﴿ألم تر إلى الذين يزعمون أنهم آمنوا بما أنزل إليك﴾","order":23,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"jahd-al-asma-wa-l-andad","name":"Denying God’s Names and Attributes; Denying His Blessings; Setting Up Equals to God","nameAr":"باب من جحد شيئا من الأسماء والصفات، وباب قول الله ﷿: ﴿يعرفون نعمت الله ثم ينكرونها﴾ الآية، وباب قول الله تعالى: ﴿فلا تجعلوا لله أندادا وأنتم تعلمون﴾","order":24,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-hilf-wa-l-mashia-wa-l-dahr","name":"Oaths, “What God Wills and You Will”, Reviling Time, and Names that Belong to God","nameAr":"باب ما جاء فيمن لم يقنع بالحلف بالله، وباب قول: ما شاء الله وشئت، وباب من سب الدهر فقد آذى الله، وباب التسمي بقاضي القضاة ونحوه، وباب احترام أسماء الله تعالى، وتغيير الاسم لأجل ذلك","order":25,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-hazl-wa-hadha-li","name":"Jesting about God, the Qurʾān or the Messenger; “This Is Mine”","nameAr":"باب من هزل بشيء فيه ذكر الله، أو القرآن، أو الرسول، وباب ما جاء في قول الله تعالى: ﴿ولئن أذقناه رحمة منا من بعد ضراء مسته ليقولن هذا لي﴾ الآية","order":26,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"al-tabid-wa-l-asma-wa-l-adab","name":"Names of Servitude to Other than God; God’s Beautiful Names; Courtesies of Speech towards God","nameAr":"باب قول الله تعالى: ﴿فلما آتاهما صالحا جعلا له شركاء فيما آتاهما﴾ الآية، وباب قول الله تعالى: ﴿ولله الأسماء الحسنى فادعوه بها وذروا الذين يلحدون في أسمائه﴾ الآية، وباب لا يقال: السلام على الله، وباب قول: اللهم اغفر لي إن شئت، وباب لا يقول: عبدي وأمتي، وباب لا يرد من سأل بالله، وباب لا يسأل بوجه الله إلا الجنة","order":27,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"al-law-wa-l-rih-wa-zann-al-saw","name":"Saying “If Only”; Reviling the Wind; Thinking Ill of God","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في اللو، وباب النهي عن سب الريح، وباب قول الله تعالى: ﴿يظنون بالله غير الحق ظن الجاهلية﴾ الآية","order":28,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"munkiru-al-qadar-wa-l-musawwirun","name":"Those Who Deny the Decree; Image-Makers","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في منكري القدر، وباب ما جاء في المصورين","order":29,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"kathrat-al-hilf-wa-dhimmat-allah","name":"Swearing Much; the Covenant of God and of His Prophet","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في كثرة الحلف، وباب ما جاء في ذمة الله وذمة نبيه ﷺ","order":30,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-iqsam-wa-l-istishfa-wa-himaya","name":"Swearing That God Will Do Something; Seeking God’s Intercession with His Creatures; The Prophet’s Guarding of Tawḥīd","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في الإقسام على الله، وباب لا يستشفع بالله على خلقه، وباب ما جاء في حماية النبي ﷺ حمى التوحيد، وسده طرق الشرك","order":31,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"wa-ma-qadaru-allah","name":"“They Have Not Esteemed God as He Deserves”","nameAr":"باب ما جاء في قول الله تعالى: ﴿وما قدروا الله حق قدره والأرض جميعا قبضته يوم القيامة﴾ الآية","order":32,"paraCount":20,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-08-adab-tilawat-al-quran","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Etiquette of Reciting the Qurʾān","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ تِلَاوَةِ القُرْآنِ","subtitle":"The eighth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The eighth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. It gathers the hadiths and sayings on the merit of the Qurʾān and the blame of those who recite it heedlessly; sets out ten points of outward etiquette, from the reciter’s posture, the amount to recite and the division of the Qurʾān to measured recitation, weeping, the prostrations of recitation and reciting aloud or silently; describes ten inner deeds, from grasping the greatness of God’s speech to reverence, reflection, understanding and freeing oneself from one’s own power; and explains how the Qurʾān may be understood beyond the transmitted commentary without falling under the threat against interpreting it by opinion.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful passages against the page images of the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011).","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":8,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-08-adab-tilawat-al-quran.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ كِتَابِ آدَابِ تِلَاوَةِ القُرْآنِ","order":1,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-quran","name":"The Merit of the Qurʾān","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ القُرْآنِ","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghafilin","name":"The Blame of Heedless Recitation","nameAr":"فِي ذَمِّ تِلَاوَةِ الغَافِلِينَ","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hal-al-qari","name":"The Reciter’s State, the Amount to Recite and the Division of the Qurʾān","nameAr":"حَالُ القَارِئِ، وَمِقْدَارُ القِرَاءَةِ، وَوَجْهُ القِسْمَةِ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-kitaba-wa-l-tartil","name":"Writing the Qurʾān, Measured Recitation and Weeping","nameAr":"الكِتَابَةُ، وَالتَّرْتِيلُ، وَالبُكَاءُ","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sujud-al-tilawa","name":"The Prostrations of Recitation, and Seeking Refuge and Supplication","nameAr":"سُجُودُ التِّلَاوَةِ، وَالِاسْتِعَاذَةُ وَالدُّعَاءُ","order":6,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-jahr-bi-l-qiraa","name":"Reciting Aloud and Silently","nameAr":"الجَهْرُ بِالقِرَاءَةِ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tahsin-al-qiraa","name":"Reciting with a Beautiful Voice","nameAr":"تَحْسِينُ القِرَاءَةِ","order":8,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"fahm-azamat-al-kalam","name":"Understanding the Greatness of the Speech","nameAr":"فَهْمُ عَظَمَةِ الكَلَامِ","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-tazim-wa-l-tadabbur","name":"Reverence, Presence of Heart and Reflection","nameAr":"التَّعْظِيمُ وَحُضُورُ القَلْبِ وَالتَّدَبُّرُ","order":10,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-tafahhum","name":"Understanding","nameAr":"التَّفَهُّمُ","order":11,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mawani-al-fahm","name":"The Barriers to Understanding, and Applying the Qurʾān to Oneself","nameAr":"مَوَانِعُ الفَهْمِ وَالتَّخْصِيصُ","order":12,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-taaththur","name":"Being Affected by the Recitation","nameAr":"التَّأَثُّرُ","order":13,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-taraqqi-wa-l-tabarri","name":"Rising, and Disowning One’s Own Power","nameAr":"التَّرَقِّي وَالتَّبَرِّي","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fahm-al-quran","name":"Understanding the Qurʾān beyond the Transmitted Commentary","nameAr":"فَهْمُ القُرْآنِ","order":15,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-tafsir-bi-l-ray","name":"What Is Forbidden in Interpretation by Opinion","nameAr":"النَّهْيُ عَنِ التَّفْسِيرِ بِالرَّأْيِ","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-sama-wa-l-naql-1","name":"What Can Only Be Known by Transmission (Part 1)","nameAr":"مَا لَا بُدَّ فِيهِ مِنَ السَّمَاعِ (١)","order":17,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-sama-wa-l-naql-2","name":"What Can Only Be Known by Transmission (Part 2)","nameAr":"مَا لَا بُدَّ فِيهِ مِنَ السَّمَاعِ (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"jawharat-al-tawhid","title":"Jawharat al-Tawḥīd","titleAr":"جَوْهَرَةُ التَّوْحِيدِ","subtitle":"The Jewel of Divine Unity, by al-Laqānī","author":"Ibrāhīm al-Laqānī","authorAr":"إبراهيم اللقاني","description":"A 144-line creed in rajaz metre by the Egyptian Mālikī scholar Burhān al-Dīn Ibrāhīm al-Laqānī (d. 1041/1631), one of the most widely studied statements of Ashʿarī belief. It covers the duty of knowing God, faith and Islam, what is necessary, impossible and possible for God and His messengers, the Companions and the imams, the matters known by revelation from death to Paradise and Hell, the imamate, and closing ethical counsel. Al-Bājūrī's commentary on it, Tuḥfat al-murīd, has been taught at al-Azhar for two centuries.","source":"Arabic text from the fully vowelled poem printed with al-Laqānī's own large commentary ʿUmdat al-murīd (Amman: Dār al-Nūr al-Mubīn, 2016), edited from manuscripts including the copy al-Laqānī taught from, checked against his Hidāyat al-murīd, al-Bājūrī's Tuḥfat al-murīd and al-Ṣāwī's commentary. Each chapter's notes give the variants.","edition":"the Dār al-Nūr al-Mubīn edition of ʿUmdat al-murīd sharḥ Jawharat al-tawḥīd (Amman, 2016)","order":8,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":2,"school":"Ashʿarī","summaryPdf":"summaries/jawharat-al-tawhid.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction: Knowing God, and Faith","nameAr":"المقدمة","order":1,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"ilahiyyat","name":"Divinity: What Is Necessary, Impossible and Possible for God","nameAr":"الإلهيات","order":2,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"nubuwwat","name":"Prophethood, the Companions and the Imams","nameAr":"النبوات","order":3,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"samiyyat-1","name":"Matters Known by Revelation (Part 1): Saints, Death and the Hereafter","nameAr":"السمعيات (١)","order":4,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"samiyyat-2","name":"Matters Known by Revelation (Part 2) and Closing Counsel","nameAr":"السمعيات (٢) والخاتمة","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-09-al-adhkar-wa-l-daawat","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Remembrances and Supplications","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ الأَذْكَارِ وَالدَّعَوَاتِ","subtitle":"The ninth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The ninth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn. It sets out the merit of remembering God, in general and in its particular formulas, and why remembrance with a present heart is the best of deeds; the merit and etiquette of supplication, with seeking forgiveness and blessing the Prophet; and the supplications transmitted from the Prophet, his Companions and the righteous for morning and evening, after prayer and for the occasions of daily life.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful passages against the page images of the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011).","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":9,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-09-al-adhkar-wa-l-daawat.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ كِتَابِ الأَذْكَارِ وَالدَّعَوَاتِ","order":1,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-dhikr","name":"Chapter One: The Merit of Remembrance, and the Merit of Gatherings of Remembrance","nameAr":"البَابُ الأَوَّلُ فِي فَضِيلَةِ الذِّكْرِ، وَفَضِيلَةُ مَجَالِسِ الذِّكْرِ","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tahlil","name":"The Merit of Saying “There Is No God but God”","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ التَّهْلِيلِ","order":3,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tasbih-1","name":"The Merit of Glorifying and Praising God, and the Other Remembrances (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ التَّسْبِيحِ وَالتَّحْمِيدِ وَبَقِيَّةِ الأَذْكَارِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tasbih-2","name":"The Merit of Glorifying and Praising God, and the Other Remembrances (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ التَّسْبِيحِ وَالتَّحْمِيدِ وَبَقِيَّةِ الأَذْكَارِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"sirr-fadl-al-dhikr-1","name":"Why Remembrance Excels the Other Acts of Worship (Part 1)","nameAr":"سِرُّ فَضْلِ الذِّكْرِ عَلَى سَائِرِ العِبَادَاتِ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sirr-fadl-al-dhikr-2","name":"Why Remembrance Excels the Other Acts of Worship (Part 2)","nameAr":"سِرُّ فَضْلِ الذِّكْرِ عَلَى سَائِرِ العِبَادَاتِ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-dua","name":"Chapter Two: The Merit of Supplication, and Its Etiquette (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فَضِيلَةُ الدُّعَاءِ وَآدَابُهُ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-dua","name":"The Etiquette of Supplication (Part 2)","nameAr":"آدَابُ الدُّعَاءِ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawba-wa-radd-al-mazalim","name":"The Etiquette of Supplication (Part 3): Repentance and Restoring Wrongs","nameAr":"آدَابُ الدُّعَاءِ (٣): التَّوْبَةُ وَرَدُّ المَظَالِمِ","order":10,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-salat-ala-al-nabi","name":"The Merit of Blessing the Messenger of God, and His Merit","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الصَّلَاةِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَفَضْلُهُ ﷺ","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-istighfar-1","name":"The Merit of Seeking Forgiveness (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الِاسْتِغْفَارِ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-istighfar-2","name":"The Merit of Seeking Forgiveness (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الِاسْتِغْفَارِ (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"dua-al-nabi-bad-al-fajr","name":"Chapter Three: The Prophet’s Supplication after the Dawn Sunna; the Supplications of ʿĀʾisha and Fāṭima","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: دُعَاءُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعْدَ رَكْعَتَيِ الفَجْرِ، وَدُعَاءُ عَائِشَةَ وَفَاطِمَةَ","order":14,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"dua-abi-bakr-wa-burayda","name":"The Supplications of Abū Bakr, Burayda, Qabīṣa and Abū al-Dardāʾ","nameAr":"دُعَاءُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَبُرَيْدَةَ وَقَبِيصَةَ وَأَبِي الدَّرْدَاءِ","order":15,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dua-al-anbiya-wa-al-salihin","name":"The Supplications of Abraham, Jesus, al-Khiḍr, Maʿrūf al-Karkhī, ʿUtba al-Ghulām and Adam","nameAr":"دُعَاءُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَعِيسَى وَالخَضِرِ وَمَعْرُوفٍ الكَرْخِيِّ وَعُتْبَةَ الغُلَامِ وَآدَمَ","order":16,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"dua-ali-wa-ibn-adham","name":"The Supplications of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Sulaymān al-Taymī and Ibrāhīm ibn Adham","nameAr":"دُعَاءُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَسُلَيْمَانَ التَّيْمِيِّ، وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ أَدْهَمَ","order":17,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"adiya-al-nabi-1","name":"Chapter Four: Chosen Supplications of the Prophet (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَدْعِيَةٌ مَأْثُورَةٌ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"adiya-al-nabi-2-wa-al-istiadha","name":"Chosen Supplications of the Prophet (Part 2); the Forms of Seeking Refuge","nameAr":"أَدْعِيَةٌ مَأْثُورَةٌ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ (٢)، وَأَنْوَاعُ الِاسْتِعَاذَةِ","order":19,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"adiya-al-hawadith-1","name":"Chapter Five: Supplications for Every Occasion (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: الأَدْعِيَةُ المَأْثُورَةُ عِنْدَ حُدُوثِ كُلِّ حَادِثٍ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"adiya-al-hawadith-2","name":"Supplications for Every Occasion (Part 2)","nameAr":"الأَدْعِيَةُ المَأْثُورَةُ عِنْدَ حُدُوثِ كُلِّ حَادِثٍ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"adiya-al-hawadith-3","name":"Supplications for Every Occasion (Part 3); the Benefit of Supplication","nameAr":"الأَدْعِيَةُ المَأْثُورَةُ عِنْدَ حُدُوثِ كُلِّ حَادِثٍ (٣)، وَفَائِدَةُ الدُّعَاءِ","order":22,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"luma-al-adilla","title":"Lumaʿ al-Adilla","titleAr":"لُمَعُ الأَدِلَّةِ","subtitle":"Glimmers of the Proofs, by Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī","author":"Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī","authorAr":"إمام الحرمين الجويني","description":"A short Ashʿarī creed by Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī (d. 478/1085), the teacher of al-Ghazālī, written at his students' request. In brief, closely argued sections it proves the origination of the world and its Maker, God's attributes, His will, the vision of God and His creation of human acts, and then treats prophecy and miracles, the matters of the hereafter, and the imamate.","source":"Arabic text from Lumaʿ al-adilla fī qawāʿid ʿaqāʾid ahl al-sunna wa-l-jamāʿa, ed. Fawqiyya Ḥusayn Maḥmūd from three manuscripts (2nd ed., Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1987), via turath.io (book 6398), checked against the scan of the same edition and its manuscript variants. Each chapter's notes list the corrections made.","edition":"Fawqiyya Ḥusayn Maḥmūd’s edition (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 2nd ed., 1407/1987)","order":9,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":2,"school":"Ashʿarī","summaryPdf":"summaries/luma-al-adilla.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"hudus-al-alam","name":"The Origination of the World and Its Maker","nameAr":"حدوث العالم وإثبات الصانع","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"sifat","name":"God’s Attributes (Part 1): Eternity, Life, Will and Oneness","nameAr":"صفات الباري (١)","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kalam","name":"God’s Attributes (Part 2): His Speech, and What Is Impossible for Him","nameAr":"صفات الباري (٢): الكلام وما يستحيل في أوصافه","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"irada","name":"God’s Will Embraces All Events","nameAr":"إرادة الله تعالى","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ruya-khalq","name":"The Vision of God, the Creation of Acts, and God’s Freedom from Obligation","nameAr":"رؤية الله تعالى وخلق الأفعال","order":5,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"nubuwwat-imama","name":"Prophecy, Miracles, the Hereafter and the Imamate","nameAr":"إثبات النبوات والسمعيات والإمامة","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-iqtisad","title":"al-Iqtiṣād fī al-Iʿtiqād","titleAr":"الاقْتِصَادُ فِي الاعْتِقَادِ","subtitle":"Moderation in Belief","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"Al-Ghazālī's systematic Ashʿarī creed, arguing for a middle path between blind literalism and unrestrained speculation.","source":"Arabic text from al-Iqtiṣād fī al-Iʿtiqād, with notes by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Khalīlī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2004), via turath.io, except the First, Second and Third Preliminaries, which are from the OpenITI corpus (Rafed edition). Each section's notes list the corrections made to the text.","edition":"al-Khalīlī’s edition (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2004)","order":10,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":3,"school":"Ashʿarī","summaryPdf":"summaries/al-iqtisad.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Author’s Introduction","nameAr":"مقدمة المؤلف","order":0,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tamhid-1","name":"The First Preliminary","nameAr":"التمهيد الأول","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tamhid-2","name":"The Second Preliminary","nameAr":"التمهيد الثاني","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tamhid-3","name":"The Third Preliminary","nameAr":"التمهيد الثالث","order":3,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tamhid-4a","name":"The Fourth Preliminary (Part 1)","nameAr":"التمهيد الرابع (١)","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tamhid-4b","name":"The Fourth Preliminary (Part 2)","nameAr":"التمهيد الرابع (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-1a","name":"The First Pole, Claim 1: God exists (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى الأولى (١)","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-1b","name":"The First Pole, Claim 1: God exists (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى الأولى (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-1c","name":"The First Pole, Claim 1: God exists (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى الأولى (٣)","order":8,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-2","name":"The First Pole, Claims 2–3: God is eternal and everlasting","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى الثانية والثالثة","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-4","name":"The First Pole, Claims 4–6: not a substance, a body or an accident","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعاوى الرابعة والخامسة والسادسة","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-7a","name":"The First Pole, Claim 7: God is not in a direction (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى السابعة (١)","order":11,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-7b","name":"The First Pole, Claim 7: raising the hands to the sky (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى السابعة (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-7c","name":"The First Pole, Claim 7: an existent in no direction (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى السابعة (٣)","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-8a","name":"The First Pole, Claim 8: ‘settling’ and ‘descending’ (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى الثامنة (١)","order":14,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-8b","name":"The First Pole, Claim 8: the meaning of ‘settling’ and ‘descending’ (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى الثامنة (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-9a","name":"The First Pole, Claim 9: God can be seen (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى التاسعة (١)","order":16,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-9b","name":"The First Pole, Claim 9: what ‘vision’ means (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى التاسعة (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-9c","name":"The First Pole, Claim 9: vision in revelation (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى التاسعة (٣)","order":18,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-10a","name":"The First Pole, Claim 10: God is one (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى العاشرة (١)","order":19,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb1-10b","name":"The First Pole, Claim 10: no second creator (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الأول: الدعوى العاشرة (٢)","order":20,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-1a","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 1: God’s power (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: القدرة (١)","order":21,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-1b","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 1: power over what God knows will not happen (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: القدرة (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-1c","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 1: God’s power and human acts (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: القدرة (٣)","order":23,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-1d","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 1: acquisition (kasb) (Part 4)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: القدرة (٤)","order":24,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-1e","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 1: ‘generated’ effects (tawallud) (Part 5)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: القدرة (٥)","order":25,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-2","name":"The Second Pole, Attributes 2–4: knowledge, life and will (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: العلم والحياة والإرادة (١)","order":26,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-4b","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 4: will (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الإرادة (٢)","order":27,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-5","name":"The Second Pole, Attributes 5–6: hearing and sight","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: السمع والبصر","order":28,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-7a","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 7: speech (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الكلام (١)","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-7b","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 7: inner speech (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الكلام (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-7c","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 7: speech, objections 1–2 (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الكلام (٣)","order":31,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-7d","name":"The Second Pole, Attribute 7: speech, objections 3–5 (Part 4)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الكلام (٤)","order":32,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h1a","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 1: the attributes are additional to the essence (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الأول (١)","order":33,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h1b","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 1: the middle way on the attributes (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الأول (٢)","order":34,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h2","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 2: the attributes subsist in God’s essence","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الثاني","order":35,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h3a","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 3: the attributes are eternal (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الثالث (١)","order":36,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h3b","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 3: eternal knowledge of changing things (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الثالث (٢)","order":37,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h3c","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 3: knowledge, will and the word “Be!” (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الثالث (٣)","order":38,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h3d","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 3: eternal speech and command (Part 4)","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الثالث (٤)","order":39,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qutb2-h4","name":"The Second Pole, Ruling 4: God’s names from eternity","nameAr":"القطب الثاني: الحكم الرابع","order":40,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-0a","name":"The Third Pole, Preface: what ‘necessary’ means (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: المقدمة (١)","order":41,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-0b","name":"The Third Pole, Preface: ‘good’, ‘bad’ and ‘wisdom’ (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: المقدمة (٢)","order":42,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-0c","name":"The Third Pole, Preface: errors of the imagination (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: المقدمة (٣)","order":43,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-0d","name":"The Third Pole, Preface: why we find acts good or bad (Part 4)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: المقدمة (٤)","order":44,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-1","name":"The Third Pole, Claim 1: God need not create or impose obligations","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعوى الأولى","order":45,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-2","name":"The Third Pole, Claim 2: obligations beyond capacity","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعوى الثانية","order":46,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-3","name":"The Third Pole, Claims 3 and 4: pain without compensation; no duty to do the best","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعويان الثالثة والرابعة","order":47,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-5","name":"The Third Pole, Claim 5: reward and punishment are not obligatory","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعوى الخامسة","order":48,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-6a","name":"The Third Pole, Claim 6: no obligation by reason alone (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعوى السادسة (١)","order":49,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-6b","name":"The Third Pole, Claim 6: no obligation by reason alone (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعوى السادسة (٢)","order":50,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-7a","name":"The Third Pole, Claim 7: sending prophets is possible (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعوى السابعة (١)","order":51,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb3-7b","name":"The Third Pole, Claim 7: sending prophets is possible (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الثالث: الدعوى السابعة (٢)","order":52,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-1a","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 1: Muḥammad’s prophethood (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الأول (١)","order":53,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-1b","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 1: the Qurʾān as a miracle (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الأول (٢)","order":54,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-2a","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 2: what reason and revelation each teach","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثاني: المقدمة","order":55,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-2b","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 2, Section 1: the Gathering","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثاني: الفصل الأول (١)","order":56,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-2c","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 2, Section 1: the grave, the Scale and the Bridge","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثاني: الفصل الأول (٢)","order":57,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-2d","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 2, Section 2: topics left out; does the slain die at his term?","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثاني: الفصل الثاني (١)","order":58,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-2e","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 2, Section 2: does faith increase and decrease?","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثاني: الفصل الثاني (٢)","order":59,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-2f","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 2, Section 2: may a sinner command right and forbid wrong?","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثاني: الفصل الثاني (٣)","order":60,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-3a","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 3: the imamate (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثالث (١)","order":61,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-3b","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 3: the imamate (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثالث (٢)","order":62,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-3c","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 3: the imamate (Part 3)","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الثالث (٣)","order":63,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-4a","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 4: whom to declare unbelievers (Part 1)","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الرابع (١)","order":64,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-4b","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 4: whom to declare unbelievers (Part 2)","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الرابع (٢)","order":65,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qutb4-4c","name":"The Fourth Pole, Chapter 4: whom to declare unbelievers (Part 3); end of the book","nameAr":"القطب الرابع: الباب الرابع (٣) وخاتمة الكتاب","order":66,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-10-tartib-al-awrad","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Arrangement of Devotions","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ تَرْتِيبِ الأَوْرَادِ وَتَفْصِيلِ إِحْيَاءِ اللَّيْلِ","subtitle":"The tenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The tenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, which closes the quarter on acts of worship. It shows why regular devotions at set times are the road to God, divides the day into seven devotions and the night into five, with the prayers, remembrances, recitation and reflection proper to each, and explains how the devotions differ for the worshipper, the scholar, the student, the craftsman, the ruler and the one absorbed in God; it then gives the merit of the night vigil and of the time between the two evening prayers, the outward and inward means that make rising at night easy, the ways of dividing the night, and the nights and days of special merit.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 1","order":10,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-10-tartib-al-awrad.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"fadl-al-awrad","name":"The Book of the Arrangement of Devotions; the Merit of Devotions","nameAr":"كِتَابُ تَرْتِيبِ الأَوْرَادِ، وَفَضِيلَةُ الأَوْرَادِ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-nahar-1","name":"The Number and Order of the Devotions: the First Devotion of the Day (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَعْدَادِ الأَوْرَادِ وَتَرْتِيبِهَا: الوِرْدُ الأَوَّلُ مِنَ النَّهَارِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-nahar-2","name":"The First Devotion of the Day (Part 2)","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الأَوَّلُ مِنَ النَّهَارِ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-nahar-3","name":"The First Devotion of the Day (Part 3): the Ten Sevenfold Recitations","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الأَوَّلُ مِنَ النَّهَارِ (٣): المُسَبَّعَاتُ العَشْرُ","order":4,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-nahar-4","name":"The First Devotion of the Day (Part 4): Reflection","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الأَوَّلُ مِنَ النَّهَارِ (٤): الفِكْرُ","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-nahar-5","name":"The Second and Third Devotions of the Day","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الثَّانِي وَالثَّالِثُ مِنَ النَّهَارِ","order":6,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-nahar-6","name":"The Fourth to Seventh Devotions of the Day","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الرَّابِعُ إِلَى السَّابِعِ مِنَ النَّهَارِ","order":7,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-layl-1","name":"The Devotions of the Night: the First and Second, and the Witr","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَوْرَادِ اللَّيْلِ: الوِرْدُ الأَوَّلُ وَالثَّانِي، وَالوِتْرُ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-layl-2","name":"The Third Devotion of the Night: Sleep and Its Courtesies (Part 1)","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الثَّالِثُ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ: النَّوْمُ وَآدَابُهُ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-layl-3","name":"The Third Devotion of the Night: Sleep and Its Courtesies (Part 2)","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الثَّالِثُ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ: النَّوْمُ وَآدَابُهُ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-layl-4","name":"The Fourth Devotion of the Night: the Vigil in the Middle of the Night","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الرَّابِعُ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ: التَّهَجُّدُ","order":11,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"awrad-al-layl-5","name":"The Fifth Devotion of the Night: the Hours before Dawn","nameAr":"الوِرْدُ الخَامِسُ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ: السَّحَرُ","order":12,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-al-awrad-1","name":"How the Devotions Differ with People’s States: the Worshipper and the Scholar","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اخْتِلَافِ الأَوْرَادِ بِاخْتِلَافِ الأَحْوَالِ: العَابِدُ وَالعَالِمُ","order":13,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-al-awrad-2","name":"How the Devotions Differ with People’s States: the Student, the Craftsman and the Ruler","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اخْتِلَافِ الأَوْرَادِ بِاخْتِلَافِ الأَحْوَالِ: المُتَعَلِّمُ وَالمُحْتَرِفُ وَالوَالِي","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-al-awrad-3","name":"How the Devotions Differ with People’s States: the One Absorbed in God, and Constancy","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اخْتِلَافِ الأَوْرَادِ بِاخْتِلَافِ الأَحْوَالِ: المُوَحِّدُ المُسْتَغْرِقُ، وَالمُدَاوَمَةُ","order":15,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ma-bayna-al-ishaayn","name":"Chapter Two; the Merit of Reviving the Time between the Two Evening Prayers","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي، وَفَضِيلَةُ إِحْيَاءِ مَا بَيْنَ العِشَاءَيْنِ","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-qiyam-al-layl-1","name":"The Merit of the Night Vigil (Part 1): Verses and Hadiths","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ قِيَامِ اللَّيْلِ (١)","order":17,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-qiyam-al-layl-2","name":"The Merit of the Night Vigil (Part 2): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ قِيَامِ اللَّيْلِ (٢): الآثَارُ","order":18,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-qiyam-al-layl-1","name":"The Means That Make the Night Vigil Easy (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَسْبَابِ الَّتِي بِهَا يَتَيَسَّرُ قِيَامُ اللَّيْلِ (١)","order":19,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-qiyam-al-layl-2","name":"The Means That Make the Night Vigil Easy (Part 2): Love of God","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَسْبَابِ الَّتِي بِهَا يَتَيَسَّرُ قِيَامُ اللَّيْلِ (٢): الحُبُّ لِلَّهِ","order":20,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qismat-al-layl","name":"The Ways of Dividing the Night","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طُرُقِ القِسْمَةِ لِأَجْزَاءِ اللَّيْلِ","order":21,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-layali-al-fadila","name":"The Nights and Days of Special Merit","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اللَّيَالِي وَالأَيَّامِ الفَاضِلَةِ","order":22,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-11-adab-al-akl","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Etiquette of Eating","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ الأَكْلِ","subtitle":"The eleventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences, the first of the quarter on customs","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The eleventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the first of its second quarter, on the customs of daily life. In four chapters it sets out what one eating alone must observe before, during and after the meal; the further courtesies of eating together; the merit and courtesies of serving food to visiting brothers; and the etiquette of invitations and hospitality, from accepting an invitation to seeing the guest off; it closes with a section of assorted medical and legal points on food.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":11,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-11-adab-al-akl.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction","nameAr":"مُقَدِّمَةُ كِتَابِ آدَابِ الأَكْلِ","order":0,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-munfarid-1","name":"Chapter One, What One Eating Alone Must Observe (Part 1): Before the Meal","nameAr":"البَابُ الأَوَّلُ: فِيمَا لَا بُدَّ لِلْمُنْفَرِدِ مِنْهُ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-munfarid-2","name":"Chapter One, What One Eating Alone Must Observe (Part 2): Many Hands, the Meal Itself and After It","nameAr":"البَابُ الأَوَّلُ: فِيمَا لَا بُدَّ لِلْمُنْفَرِدِ مِنْهُ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijtima","name":"Chapter Two: The Extra Courtesies of Eating Together","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فِيمَا يَزِيدُ بِسَبَبِ الِاجْتِمَاعِ وَالمُشَارَكَةِ فِي الأَكْلِ","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-ikhwan-1","name":"Chapter Three, Serving Food to Visiting Brothers (Part 1): Its Merit, and the Courtesies of Entering","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي آدَابِ تَقْدِيمِ الطَّعَامِ إِلَى الإِخْوَانِ الزَّائِرِينَ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-ikhwan-2","name":"Chapter Three, Serving Food to Visiting Brothers (Part 2): The Courtesies of Serving","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي آدَابِ تَقْدِيمِ الطَّعَامِ إِلَى الإِخْوَانِ الزَّائِرِينَ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-diyafa-1","name":"Chapter Four, The Etiquette of Hospitality (Part 1): Its Merit, the Invitation, and Accepting without Distinction","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي آدَابِ الضِّيَافَةِ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-diyafa-2","name":"Chapter Four, The Etiquette of Hospitality (Part 2): The Other Courtesies of Accepting, and of Attending","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي آدَابِ الضِّيَافَةِ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-diyafa-3","name":"Chapter Four, The Etiquette of Hospitality (Part 3): The First Three Courtesies of Bringing the Food","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي آدَابِ الضِّيَافَةِ (٣)","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-diyafa-4","name":"Chapter Four, The Etiquette of Hospitality (Part 4): The Last Courtesies of Bringing the Food, and Taking Leave","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي آدَابِ الضِّيَافَةِ (٤)","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fasl-1","name":"A Closing Section of Assorted Medical and Legal Courtesies and Prohibitions (Part 1)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ يَجْمَعُ آدَابًا وَمَنَاهِيَ طِبِّيَّةً وَشَرْعِيَّةً مُتَفَرِّقَةً (١)","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"fasl-2","name":"A Closing Section of Assorted Medical and Legal Courtesies and Prohibitions (Part 2)","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ يَجْمَعُ آدَابًا وَمَنَاهِيَ طِبِّيَّةً وَشَرْعِيَّةً مُتَفَرِّقَةً (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"sharh-al-aqaid","title":"Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid al-Nasafiyya","titleAr":"شَرْحُ العَقَائِدِ النَّسَفِيَّةِ","subtitle":"Al-Taftāzānī’s commentary on the creed of Najm al-Dīn al-Nasafī","author":"Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī","authorAr":"سعد الدين التفتازاني","description":"Saʿd al-Dīn al-Taftāzānī (d. 792/1390) finished this commentary in Khwarazm in 768/1367. It explains the short creed of Najm al-Dīn ʿUmar al-Nasafī (d. 537/1142), and it has been the standard textbook of kalām in Ottoman, Central Asian and South Asian madrasas ever since. It covers the sources of knowledge, the origination of the world, God’s unity and attributes, His speech, the vision of God, the acts of servants, the grave and the hereafter, faith, prophethood, the saints, the Companions and the imamate. Al-Nasafī’s own words are printed in parentheses.","source":"Arabic text from Aḥmad Ḥijāzī al-Saqqā’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyyāt al-Azhariyya, 1987), which follows a manuscript dated 971 AH and the Ḥalabī print, as typed for al-Maktaba al-Shāmila. It is checked against Anas Muḥammad ʿAdnān al-Sharafāwī’s edition from nine manuscripts (Damascus: Dār al-Taqwā, 2020) and Claude Salāma’s (Damascus, 1974). Each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"al-Saqqā’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyyāt al-Azhariyya, 1987)","order":11,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":3,"school":"Māturīdī creed, Ashʿarī commentator","summaryPdf":"summaries/sharh-al-aqaid.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Commentator’s Introduction","nameAr":"مقدمة الشارح","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"haqaiq-al-ashya","name":"Things Are Real and Knowable","nameAr":"حقائق الأشياء ثابتة","order":2,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-ilm-1","name":"The Sources of Knowledge (Part 1): the senses","nameAr":"أسباب العلم (١): الحواس","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-ilm-2","name":"The Sources of Knowledge (Part 2): truthful report","nameAr":"أسباب العلم (٢): الخبر الصادق","order":4,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-ilm-3","name":"The Sources of Knowledge (Part 3): reason and inspiration","nameAr":"أسباب العلم (٣): العقل والإلهام","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"huduth-al-alam-1","name":"The World Is Originated (Part 1): substances","nameAr":"حدوث العالم (١): الأعيان","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"huduth-al-alam-2","name":"The World Is Originated (Part 2): accidents","nameAr":"حدوث العالم (٢): الأعراض","order":7,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-muhdith-al-wahid","name":"The Originator of the World Is God, the One","nameAr":"المحدث للعالم هو الله الواحد","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tanzih-1","name":"The Eternal, and What Is Denied of Him (Part 1)","nameAr":"القديم وتنزيهه تعالى (١)","order":9,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"tanzih-2","name":"The Eternal, and What Is Denied of Him (Part 2)","nameAr":"القديم وتنزيهه تعالى (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-sifat-1","name":"The Eternal Attributes (Part 1)","nameAr":"الصفات الأزلية (١)","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-sifat-2","name":"The Eternal Attributes (Part 2): neither He nor other than He","nameAr":"الصفات الأزلية (٢): لا هو ولا غيره","order":12,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-sifat-wal-kalam","name":"The Attributes Listed, and Divine Speech","nameAr":"تعداد الصفات والكلام","order":13,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-quran","name":"The Qurʾān Is the Uncreated Speech of God","nameAr":"القرآن كلام الله غير مخلوق","order":14,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-takwin-1","name":"Bringing into Being (Part 1)","nameAr":"التكوين (١)","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-takwin-2","name":"Bringing into Being (Part 2), and the Will","nameAr":"التكوين (٢) والإرادة","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-ruya","name":"The Vision of God","nameAr":"رؤية الله تعالى","order":17,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"afal-al-ibad-1","name":"The Acts of Servants (Part 1): God creates them","nameAr":"أفعال العباد (١): خلق الله لها","order":18,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"afal-al-ibad-2","name":"The Acts of Servants (Part 2): choice and acquisition","nameAr":"أفعال العباد (٢): الاختيار والكسب","order":19,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-istitaa","name":"The Acts of Servants (Part 3): good and evil acts, and capacity","nameAr":"أفعال العباد (٣): الحسن والقبيح والاستطاعة","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-taklif-wal-ajal","name":"Obligation, Generated Effects and the Term of Life","nameAr":"التكليف والتولد والأجل","order":21,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-rizq-wal-hidaya","name":"Provision, Guidance and the Best","nameAr":"الرزق والهداية والأصلح","order":22,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"adhab-al-qabr","name":"The Punishment of the Grave","nameAr":"عذاب القبر","order":23,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-akhira","name":"The Scales, the Pool, the Bridge, Paradise and Hell","nameAr":"الوزن والحوض والصراط والجنة والنار","order":24,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-kabira-1","name":"Major Sins (Part 1)","nameAr":"الكبيرة (١)","order":25,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-kabira-2","name":"Major Sins (Part 2): forgiveness and intercession","nameAr":"الكبيرة (٢): المغفرة والشفاعة","order":26,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-iman-1","name":"Faith (Part 1): assent and avowal","nameAr":"الإيمان (١): التصديق والإقرار","order":27,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-iman-2","name":"Faith (Part 2): deeds, and increase and decrease","nameAr":"الإيمان (٢): الأعمال والزيادة والنقصان","order":28,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-iman-wal-islam","name":"Faith and Islam Are One","nameAr":"الإيمان والإسلام واحد","order":29,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul","name":"The Sending of Messengers","nameAr":"إرسال الرسل","order":30,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-anbiya-wal-malaika","name":"The Prophets, the Angels, the Books and the Ascension","nameAr":"الأنبياء والملائكة والكتب والمعراج","order":31,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-karamat","name":"The Miracles of Saints","nameAr":"كرامات الأولياء","order":32,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"afdal-al-bashar","name":"The Best of People after the Prophet, and the Caliphate","nameAr":"أفضل البشر بعد نبينا والخلافة","order":33,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-imama-1","name":"The Imamate (Part 1)","nameAr":"الإمامة (١)","order":34,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-imama-2","name":"The Imamate (Part 2): his qualifications","nameAr":"الإمامة (٢): شروط الإمام","order":35,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-sahaba","name":"Prayer behind Anyone, and the Companions","nameAr":"الصلاة خلف كل بر وفاجر والصحابة","order":36,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"zawahir-al-nusus","name":"Obligation Never Lapses; Texts Have Their Plain Sense","nameAr":"لا يسقط الأمر والنهي، والنصوص على ظواهرها","order":37,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-kufr-wal-dua","name":"Unbelief, Prayer for the Dead and the Signs of the Hour","nameAr":"الكفر والدعاء للأموات وأشراط الساعة","order":38,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujtahid-wal-tafdil","name":"The Mujtahid, and Humans and Angels Compared","nameAr":"المجتهد وتفضيل البشر على الملائكة","order":39,"paraCount":16,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-ajurrumiyya","title":"al-Ājurrūmiyya","titleAr":"الآجُرُّومِيَّةُ","subtitle":"The grammar primer of Ibn Ājurrūm (al-Muqaddima al-Ājurrūmiyya)","author":"Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Dāwūd Ibn Ājurrūm al-Ṣanhājī","authorAr":"محمد بن محمد بن داود ابن آجروم الصنهاجي","description":"The short primer of Arabic grammar by the Fez scholar Ibn Ājurrūm (d. 723/1323), for centuries the first book of naḥw learned by heart from Morocco to Indonesia. In a few pages it defines speech and its parts, inflection and its signs, the kinds of verb, and every noun that stands in the nominative, the accusative and the genitive, each with short examples.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Qāsim’s edition from twelve manuscripts (the oldest copied in 775 AH), in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm (5th ed., 2019), checked word by word against the Dār al-Ṣumayʿī print (1998) and against the matn quoted in Ibn Qāsim’s Ḥāshiyat al-Ājurrūmiyya. Each chapter’s notes list the variants.","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm, al-mustawā al-thālith (5th ed., 1441/2019)","order":12,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-ajurrumiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kalam-irab","name":"Speech, Inflection and Its Signs","nameAr":"الكَلَامُ وَالإِعْرَابُ وَعَلَامَاتُهُ","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"afal-marfuat","name":"Verbs and the Nominative Nouns","nameAr":"الأَفْعَالُ وَمَرْفُوعَاتُ الأَسْمَاءِ","order":2,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"mansubat-makhfudat","name":"The Accusative and Genitive Nouns","nameAr":"مَنْصُوبَاتُ الأَسْمَاءِ وَمَخْفُوضَاتُهَا","order":3,"paraCount":28,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-12-adab-al-nikah","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Etiquette of Marriage","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ النِّكَاحِ","subtitle":"The twelfth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twelfth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the second in the quarter on customs. In three chapters it weighs the reports for and against marriage and the benefits and harms that decide whether a given person should marry; sets out the conditions of the contract, the impediments to marriage and the qualities to look for in a wife; and gives the etiquette of married life, from the wedding feast to divorce, with the husband’s duties and the wife’s.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":12,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-12-adab-al-nikah.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-l-targhib","name":"The Book of the Etiquette of Marriage; the Opening, and the Verses and Hadiths Encouraging Marriage","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آدَابِ النِّكَاحِ، وَالتَّرْغِيبُ فِي النِّكَاحِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-athar-wa-l-tarhib","name":"The Sayings of the Early Muslims on Marriage, and the Reports Discouraging It","nameAr":"التَّرْغِيبُ فِي النِّكَاحِ (٢)، وَالتَّرْهِيبُ عَنْهُ","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-walad-1","name":"The Benefits and Harms of Marriage; the First Benefit, Children (Part 1)","nameAr":"آفَاتُ النِّكَاحِ وَفَوَائِدُهُ، الفَائِدَةُ الأُولَى: الوَلَدُ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-walad-2","name":"The First Benefit, Children (Part 2): God’s Love and Will, the Prophet’s Pride, and a Righteous Child’s Prayer","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الأُولَى: الوَلَدُ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-walad-3-wa-l-tahassun","name":"Children (Part 3): the Intercession of Children Who Die Young; the Second Benefit, Protection from Satan (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الأُولَى: الوَلَدُ (٣)، وَالفَائِدَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: التَّحَصُّنُ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-tahassun-2","name":"The Second Benefit, Protection from Satan (Part 2): the Power of Desire, and How Many Wives","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: التَّحَصُّنُ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tarwih-al-nafs-wa-tadbir-al-manzil","name":"The Third Benefit, Rest for the Soul; the Fourth, a Heart Freed from Running the Household","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ: تَرْوِيحُ النَّفْسِ، وَالفَائِدَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: تَفْرِيغُ القَلْبِ عَنْ تَدْبِيرِ المَنْزِلِ","order":7,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"mujahadat-al-nafs","name":"The Fifth Benefit, Disciplining the Self by Caring for a Family","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: مُجَاهَدَةُ النَّفْسِ وَرِيَاضَتُهَا بِالرِّعَايَةِ","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"afat-al-nikah","name":"The Three Harms of Marriage","nameAr":"آفَاتُ النِّكَاحِ، وَهِيَ ثَلَاثٌ","order":9,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-muwazana","name":"Weighing the Benefits against the Harms: Who Should Marry","nameAr":"مُوَازَنَةُ الفَوَائِدِ بِالآفَاتِ","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-aqd-wa-l-mawani","name":"Chapter Two: the Integrals and Courtesies of the Contract, and the Nineteen Impediments","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: أَرْكَانُ العَقْدِ وَآدَابُهُ، وَمَوَانِعُ النِّكَاحِ","order":11,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-din-wa-l-khuluq","name":"The Qualities to Look For in a Wife (Part 1): Religion and Good Character","nameAr":"الخِصَالُ المُطَيِّبَةُ لِلْعَيْشِ (١): الدِّينُ وَحُسْنُ الخُلُقِ","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"husn-al-wajh","name":"The Qualities to Look For in a Wife (Part 2): Beauty, and Looking at Her before Marriage","nameAr":"الخِصَالُ المُطَيِّبَةُ لِلْعَيْشِ (٢): حُسْنُ الوَجْهِ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"khiffat-al-mahr-wa-baqi-l-khisal","name":"The Qualities to Look For in a Wife (Part 3): a Light Dower, Fertility, Virginity, Family and Distance of Kin; and the Guardian’s Duty","nameAr":"الخِصَالُ المُطَيِّبَةُ لِلْعَيْشِ (٣): خِفَّةُ المَهْرِ وَبَاقِي الخِصَالِ","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-walima-wa-husn-al-khuluq","name":"Chapter Three: the Husband’s Duties; the Wedding Feast, and Good Character with Wives","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: آدَابُ الزَّوْجِ، الوَلِيمَةُ وَحُسْنُ الخُلُقِ","order":15,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudaaba-wa-l-itidal","name":"The Third Duty, Playfulness; the Fourth, Not Going Too Far in Indulging Her","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ الثَّالِثُ: المُدَاعَبَةُ، وَالرَّابِعُ: الِاعْتِدَالُ فِي المُوَافَقَةِ","order":16,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghayra","name":"The Rest of the Fourth Duty; the Fifth, Moderation in Jealousy","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ الأَدَبِ الرَّابِعِ، وَالخَامِسُ: الِاعْتِدَالُ فِي الغَيْرَةِ","order":17,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-nafaqa-wa-l-adl","name":"The Sixth Duty, Moderate Spending; the Seventh, the Rules of Menstruation; the Eighth, Fairness among Wives","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ السَّادِسُ: الِاعْتِدَالُ فِي النَّفَقَةِ، وَالسَّابِعُ: تَعَلُّمُ أَحْكَامِ الحَيْضِ، وَالثَّامِنُ: العَدْلُ بَيْنَ النِّسَاءِ","order":18,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-nushuz-wa-adab-al-jima","name":"The Ninth Duty, Discord; the Tenth, the Etiquette of Intercourse (Part 1)","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ التَّاسِعُ: النُّشُوزُ، وَالعَاشِرُ: آدَابُ الجِمَاعِ (١)","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-azl","name":"The Tenth Duty, the Etiquette of Intercourse (Part 2): Withdrawal and the Intentions behind It","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ العَاشِرُ: آدَابُ الجِمَاعِ (٢): العَزْلُ وَالنِّيَّاتُ البَاعِثَةُ عَلَيْهِ","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-wilada-1","name":"The Tenth Duty (Part 3): Objections on Withdrawal; the Eleventh, the Etiquette of Birth (Part 1)","nameAr":"تَتِمَّةُ العَزْلِ، وَالأَدَبُ الحَادِيَ عَشَرَ: آدَابُ الوِلَادَةِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-aqiqa-wa-l-talaq-1","name":"The Eleventh Duty (Part 2): the ʿAqīqa and Taḥnīk; the Twelfth, Divorce (Part 1)","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ الحَادِيَ عَشَرَ: آدَابُ الوِلَادَةِ (٢)، وَالثَّانِيَ عَشَرَ: الطَّلَاقُ (١)","order":22,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-talaq-2","name":"The Twelfth Duty, Divorce (Part 2): Kindness in Divorce and Keeping Her Secrets","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ الثَّانِيَ عَشَرَ: الطَّلَاقُ (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-zawj-1","name":"The Husband’s Rights over His Wife (Part 1): Obedience, Seclusion and Contentment","nameAr":"القِسْمُ الثَّانِي: حُقُوقُ الزَّوْجِ عَلَى الزَّوْجَةِ (١)","order":24,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-zawj-2","name":"The Husband’s Rights over His Wife (Part 2): Her Conduct, Mourning and Service","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الزَّوْجِ عَلَى الزَّوْجَةِ (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"mawqif-al-aql","title":"Mawqif al-ʿAql wa-l-ʿIlm wa-l-ʿĀlam","titleAr":"مَوْقِفُ العَقْلِ وَالعِلْمِ وَالعَالَمِ مِنْ رَبِّ العَالَمِينَ وَعِبَادِهِ المُرْسَلِينَ","subtitle":"The Stance of Reason, Science and the World towards the Lord of the Worlds and His Messengers","author":"Muṣṭafā Ṣabrī (1286–1373 AH / 1869–1954 CE)","authorAr":"شيخ الإسلام مصطفى صبري","description":"The last Shaykh al-Islām of the Ottoman state wrote this defence of belief in God, prophethood and revelation in exile in Cairo and published it in 1950. Against materialism, positivism and the Egyptian modernists of his day, he argues that the proofs of the theologians still stand, that reason requires a Maker, and that miracles and the unseen cannot be explained away. Volume 1 opens with his dedication and his account of the book’s method and of the “revelation from the West” he saw reaching al-Azhar. This long work, about half a million words in four volumes, is being published volume by volume, in batches of chapters.","source":"Arabic text from the first print (Cairo: ʿĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1369/1950, 4 vols, published by the author), read from the page images of its photographic reprint (Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1401/1981), which keeps the same pages.","edition":"the first print (Cairo: ʿĪsā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1950), whose pages the Beirut reprint of 1981 keeps","order":12,"published":true,"subject":"kalam","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/mawqif-al-aql.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-1","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 1): to my father","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١): إلى روح والدي","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-2","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 2): to the few who want to read it","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٢): إلى الفئة القليلة الراغبين في قراءته","order":2,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-3","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 3): “we have lost the world”","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٣): أضعنا الدنيا","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-4","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 4): the small states, Egypt, and gaining the Hereafter","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٤): الدول الصغيرة ومصر وكسب الآخرة","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-5","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 5): strength from religion and reason","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٥): القوة من الدين والعقل","order":5,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-6","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 6): the morals and the reason of the modern West","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٦): أخلاق الغرب الحديث وعقله","order":6,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-7","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 7): the book’s plan, an end to imitation, and the primacy of belief","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٧): خطة الكتاب ترك التقليد والعناية بالعقيدة","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-8","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 8): Islamic democracy and Bolshevism","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٨): الديمقراطية الإسلامية والبلشفة","order":8,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-9","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 9): Soviet democracy, modesty, and a call to the scholars","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (٩): الديمقراطية السوفييتية والاحتشام ودعوة العلماء","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-10","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 10): why the book was written, from Turkey to Egypt","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١٠): الباعث على تأليف الكتاب من تركيا إلى مصر","order":10,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-11","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 11): Farīd Wajdī, and the denial of miracles in Egypt","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١١): فريد وجدي وإنكار المعجزات في مصر","order":11,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-12","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 12): signs of unbelief in God, and al-Marāghī on the inimitable Qurʾān","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١٢): علامات عدم الاعتراف بوجود الله، والمراغي وإعجاز القرآن","order":12,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-13","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 13): Haykal and Farīd Wajdī on the inimitability of the Qurʾān","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١٣): هيكل وفريد وجدي وإعجاز القرآن","order":13,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-14","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 14): Egypt and the new Turkey, and the doubters of al-Azhar","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١٤): مصر وتركيا الحديثتان وشكوك الأزهريين","order":14,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-15","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 15): the schools of law, the unseen, and the infinite regress","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١٥): المذاهب والغيب والتسلسل","order":15,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"kalimat-al-muallif-16","name":"The Author’s Word (Part 16): positivism in Egypt, what this book will rebuild, and the farce of Qāsim Amīn","nameAr":"كلمة المؤلف (١٦): الفلسفة الوضعية بمصر وما يجدده الكتاب","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-1","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 1): quoting opponents in full","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (١)","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-2","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 2): defining the unseen, and ignoring opponents","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (٢): تفسير الغيب والإعراض عن المخالفين","order":18,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-3","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 3): why opponents are named","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (٣): التصريح بأسماء المخالفين","order":19,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-4","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 4): no flattery, and severity towards opponents","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (٤): ترك المصانعة والشدة على المخالفين","order":20,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-5","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 5): al-Ṭawīl, Ibn Khaldūn and the miracles","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (٥): الطويل وابن خلدون والمعجزات","order":21,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-6","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 6): the Qurʾān as sole proof, and why the book is severe","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (٦): القرآن وحده حجة، ولماذا القسوة","order":22,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-7","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 7): why not the newspapers? Wajdī in al-Risāla","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (٧): لماذا لم تنشر المناقشات في الصحف","order":23,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"manhaj-al-kitab-8","name":"The Book’s Method in Criticizing Views (Part 8): the freedom of the press, and why al-Risāla refused the reply","nameAr":"التعريف بمنهج الكتاب في نقد الأقوال (٨): حرية الصحافة وإباء «الرسالة» نشر الرد","order":24,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"akhir-wahy-al-gharb-1","name":"The Latest Revelation from the West to the Modern Azhar (Part 1): ʿAbduh, Wajdī and “religion in the battle of doubts”","nameAr":"آخر وحي الغرب إلى الأزهر الحديث (١)","order":25,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"akhir-wahy-al-gharb-2","name":"The Latest Revelation from the West to the Modern Azhar (Part 2): Myers’s condition, and reason against experiment","nameAr":"آخر وحي الغرب إلى الأزهر الحديث (٢): شرط مايرز والعقل والتجربة","order":26,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"akhir-wahy-al-gharb-3","name":"The Latest Revelation from the West to the Modern Azhar (Part 3): believing only in what is seen","nameAr":"آخر وحي الغرب إلى الأزهر الحديث (٣): الإيمان بالمعاينة","order":27,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"akhir-wahy-al-gharb-4","name":"The Latest Revelation from the West to the Modern Azhar (Part 4): spiritism in the journal of al-Azhar, and this book","nameAr":"آخر وحي الغرب إلى الأزهر الحديث (٤): استحضار الأرواح ومجلة الأزهر","order":28,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"akhir-wahy-al-gharb-5","name":"The Latest Revelation from the West to the Modern Azhar (Part 5): a God awaiting discovery","nameAr":"آخر وحي الغرب إلى الأزهر الحديث (٥): إله ينتظر الاكتشاف","order":29,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddimat-al-kitab-1","name":"The Introduction to the Book (Part 1): how the book began, ʿInān and the two Turkeys","nameAr":"مقدمة الكتاب (١): قصة تأليفه، وعنان وتركيا القديمة والجديدة","order":30,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"muqaddimat-al-kitab-2","name":"The 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النوابغ","order":669,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-21","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (21): “The Qurʾān is the only miracle”: Riḍā and al-Marāghī","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢١): «القرآن هو المعجزة الوحيدة»: رشيد رضا والمراغي","order":670,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-22","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (22): Haykal’s “scientific method” and the books of ḥadīth","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٢): «الطريقة العلمية» عند هيكل وكتب الحديث","order":671,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-23","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (23): Haykal on the growth of miracle reports in the sīra books","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٣): هيكل وتزايد أخبار الخوارق في كتب السيرة","order":672,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-24","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (24): The sifting of ḥadīth and al-Bukhārī’s selection","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٤): تمحيص الحديث واختيار البخاري","order":673,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-25","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (25): Haykal’s aim, and why the Companions did not write down the Sunna","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٥): غرض هيكل ولماذا لم يدون الصحابة السنن","order":674,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-26","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (26): Al-Kawtharī on the imams left out of the Ṣaḥīḥs","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٦): الكوثري في الأئمة الذين لم يخرج لهم الشيخان","order":675,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-27","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (27): The Western biographers’ “scientific method”, and Shiblī Nuʿmānī’s preface","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٧): «الطريقة العلمية» عند الغربيين ومقدمة شبلي النعماني","order":676,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-28","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (28): The Prophet’s life preserved as no other founder’s","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٨): حفظ سيرة النبي دون سائر مؤسسي الأديان","order":677,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-29","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (29): The science of narrators, and political forgery exposed","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٢٩): علم الرجال وكشف الوضع السياسي","order":678,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-30","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (30): Haykal on the late writing-down of ḥadīth","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٠): هيكل وتأخر تدوين الحديث","order":679,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-31","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (31): The reports forbidding the writing of ḥadīth","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣١): الروايات الناهية عن كتابة الحديث","order":680,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-32","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (32): Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr on disliking and permitting the writing of knowledge","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٢): ابن عبد البر في كراهة كتابة العلم والرخصة فيها","order":681,"paraCount":3,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-33","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (33): Ḥadīth written in the Prophet’s time; Haykal’s criterion of the Qurʾān","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٣): كتابة الحديث في العهد النبوي ومقياس هيكل","order":682,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-34","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (34): Transmission first – the limits of the Qurʾānic criterion","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٤): تقدم الرواية على الدراية وحدود مقياس موافقة القرآن","order":683,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-35","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (35): Were the ḥadīth books written in fear of the caliphs?","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٥): هل كتبت كتب الحديث خوفا من الخلفاء؟","order":684,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-36","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (36): Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyab refuses the oath","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٦): سعيد بن المسيب يأبى البيعة","order":685,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-37","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (37): Haykal: no miracle but the Qurʾān","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٧): هيكل ونفي المعجزات غير القرآن","order":686,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-38","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (38): Haykal’s “human, rational” miracle","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٨): المعجزة «الإنسانية العقلية» عند هيكل","order":687,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-39","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (39): Are the miracles to blame for the Muslims’ decline?","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٣٩): هل المعجزات سبب انحطاط المسلمين؟","order":688,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-40","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (40): Does faith need no miracle but the Qurʾān?","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٠): هل يستغني الإيمان عن معجزة غير القرآن؟","order":689,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-41","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (41): “No miracle brought anyone to faith”","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤١): «لم تحمل معجزة أحدا على الإيمان»","order":690,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-42","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (42): Doubt cast on all the books of ḥadīth and Sīra","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٢): التشكيك في كتب الحديث والسيرة كلها","order":691,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-43","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (43): “Haykal’s book refutes itself”","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٣): «كتاب الباشا ينقض نفسه بنفسه»","order":692,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-44","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (44): The second point: doubting the ḥadīth demolishes the Sunna","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٤): الثاني: التشكيك في الأحاديث هدم لركن السنة","order":693,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-45","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (45): The ranks of ḥadīth and the attack on the Sunna","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٥): مراتب الأحاديث والطعن في السنة","order":694,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-46","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (46): An unforgivable crime, and al-Azhar’s endorsement of it","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٦): جناية لا تغتفر وتأييد مشيخة الأزهر لها","order":695,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-47","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (47): The third point: Haykal’s four criteria confused","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٧): الثالث: الخلط بين موانع أربعة","order":696,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-48","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (48): Al-Marāghī’s use of al-Būṣīrī’s line","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٨): استشهاد الأستاذ الأكبر ببيت البوصيري","order":697,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-49","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (49): Al-Ghazālī, ʿAbduh and al-Marāghī","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٤٩): الغزالي ومحمد عبده والمراغي","order":698,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-50","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (50): Rational and Cosmic Miracles","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٠): المعجزة العقلية والمعجزة الكونية","order":699,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-51","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (51): The Sūra of the Elephant","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥١): سورة الفيل","order":700,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-52","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (52): Retreat Wins No Critic","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٢): التبرؤ لا يقنع الناقدين","order":701,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-53","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (53): Be Rational before Being Learned","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٣): كن عاقلا قبل أن تكون عالما","order":702,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-54","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (54): Concessions That Win No One","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٤): تنازل لا يرضي أحدا","order":703,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-55","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (55): Haykal’s Two Kinds of Critics","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٥): نوعان من نقاد «حياة محمد»","order":704,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-56","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (56): The Faith of Abū Bakr","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٦): إيمان أبي بكر","order":705,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-57","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (57): God’s Unchanging Custom","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٧): سنة الله التي لا تبديل لها","order":706,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-58","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (58): Faith and the Fear of God","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٨): الإيمان ومخافة الله","order":707,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-59","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (59): Fleeing from God to God","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٥٩): الفرار من الله إلى الله","order":708,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-rusul-wa-al-mujizat-60","name":"The Messengers and Their Miracles (60): Does the Qurʾān Rule Out Miracles?","nameAr":"الرسل والمعجزات (٦٠): هل في القرآن ما يمنع المعجزات؟","order":709,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-tuhfa-al-saniyya","title":"al-Tuḥfa al-Saniyya","titleAr":"التُّحْفَةُ السَّنِيَّةُ بِشَرْحِ المُقَدِّمَةِ الآجُرُّومِيَّةِ","subtitle":"Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd’s commentary on the Ājurrūmiyya","author":"Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd","authorAr":"محمد محيي الدين عبد الحميد","description":"The best-known modern commentary on Ibn Ājurrūm’s grammar primer, written for beginners by the Egyptian Azhar scholar Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd (d. 1393/1973), who finished it in Ramaḍān 1353/January 1935. After a short introduction to the science of grammar it quotes the primer section by section and explains each rule in plain language, with many examples from the Qurʾān, poetry and everyday speech: speech and its parts, inflection and its signs, the inflected words, the verbs, and every noun in the nominative, the accusative and the genitive. After the main sections on the nominative and the accusative come the author’s parsing drills, each with his own answer, which parse short sentences word by word. Ibn Ājurrūm’s words are printed in parentheses. They follow the text of the matn as the Tuḥfa prints it, which differs in a few places from al-Qāsim’s manuscript-based edition in our al-Ājurrūmiyya (see the notes to chapter 1).","source":"Arabic text from the Qatar Ministry of Awqāf and Islamic Affairs print (Doha, 1428/2007), read from the page images, with doubtful readings checked against the Dār al-Fayḥāʾ and Dār al-Salām print (Damascus and Riyadh, 1414/1994). The author’s parsing drills [tadrīb ʿalā al-iʿrāb], with his own worked answers, are included as chapters after the sections they belong to; his footnotes, exercises, questions and practice lists are not.","edition":"the Qatar Ministry of Awqāf print (Doha, 1428/2007)","order":13,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-tuhfa-al-saniyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddimat","name":"The Author’s Preface and Preliminaries","nameAr":"خطبة الكتاب والمقدمات","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-kalam","name":"Speech and Its Kinds","nameAr":"الكلام وأنواعه","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-kalim","name":"The Signs of the Noun, the Verb and the Particle","nameAr":"علامات الاسم والفعل والحرف","order":3,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-irab","name":"Inflection","nameAr":"باب الإعراب","order":4,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-raf-1","name":"The Signs of Inflection (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب معرفة علامات الإعراب (١)","order":5,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-raf-2","name":"The Wāw in Place of the Ḍamma","nameAr":"نيابة الواو عن الضمة","order":6,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-raf-3","name":"The Alif and the Nūn in Place of the Ḍamma","nameAr":"نيابة الألف والنون عن الضمة","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-nasb","name":"The Signs of the Accusative","nameAr":"علامات النصب","order":8,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-khafd","name":"The Signs of the Genitive","nameAr":"علامات الخفض","order":9,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-jazm","name":"The Two Signs of the Jussive","nameAr":"علامتا الجزم","order":10,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-murabat-1","name":"The Inflected Words (Part 1)","nameAr":"المعربات (١)","order":11,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-murabat-2","name":"The Inflected Words (Part 2)","nameAr":"المعربات (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"al-afal","name":"The Verbs and Their Kinds","nameAr":"الأفعال وأنواعها","order":13,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"nawasib-al-mudari","name":"The Particles of the Subjunctive","nameAr":"نواصب المضارع","order":14,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"jawazim-al-mudari","name":"The Particles of the Jussive","nameAr":"جوازم المضارع","order":15,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-marfuat-wal-fail","name":"The Nominatives and the Agent","nameAr":"باب مرفوعات الأسماء وباب الفاعل","order":16,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-marfuat","name":"Iʿrāb Drill: The Nominatives","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: مرفوعات الأسماء","order":17,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-fail-al-mudmar-wa-naib-al-fail","name":"The Pronoun Agent and the Deputy Agent","nameAr":"الفاعل المضمر ونائب الفاعل","order":18,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-fail-wa-naib-al-fail","name":"Iʿrāb Drills: The Agent and the Deputy Agent","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: الفاعل ونائب الفاعل","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubtada-wal-khabar","name":"Subject and Predicate","nameAr":"المبتدأ والخبر","order":20,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-mubtada-wal-khabar","name":"Iʿrāb Drill: Subject and Predicate","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: المبتدأ والخبر","order":21,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-nawasikh","name":"Kāna, Inna, Ẓanna and Their Sisters","nameAr":"نواسخ المبتدأ والخبر","order":22,"paraCount":58,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-nawasikh","name":"Iʿrāb Drill: Kāna, Inna and Ẓanna","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: نواسخ المبتدأ والخبر","order":23,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-nat","name":"The Adjective","nameAr":"النعت","order":24,"paraCount":33,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-nat","name":"Iʿrāb Drill: The Adjective","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: النعت","order":25,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-atf","name":"Conjunction","nameAr":"باب العطف","order":26,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-atf","name":"Iʿrāb Drill: Conjunction","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: العطف","order":27,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawkid-wal-badal","name":"Emphasis and the Substitute","nameAr":"التوكيد والبدل","order":28,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-tawkid","name":"Iʿrāb Drill: Emphasis","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: التوكيد","order":29,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-mansubat-wal-maful-bih","name":"The Accusatives and the Direct Object","nameAr":"باب منصوبات الأسماء وباب المفعول به","order":30,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-masdar-wal-zarf","name":"The Absolute Object and Adverbs of Time and Place","nameAr":"المصدر وظرف الزمان والمكان","order":31,"paraCount":46,"published":true},{"id":"al-hal-wal-tamyiz","name":"The Circumstantial and the Specifying Accusative","nameAr":"الحال والتمييز","order":32,"paraCount":41,"published":true},{"id":"tadrib-al-hal-wal-tamyiz","name":"Iʿrāb Drills: The Ḥāl and the Tamyīz","nameAr":"تدريب على الإعراب: الحال والتمييز","order":33,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-istithna","name":"Exception","nameAr":"الاستثناء","order":34,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"la-wal-munada","name":"Lā and the Vocative","nameAr":"باب لا وباب المنادى","order":35,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-li-ajlih-wa-maah","name":"The Object of Purpose and the Object of Accompaniment","nameAr":"باب المفعول من أجله وباب المفعول معه","order":36,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"al-makhfudat","name":"Nouns in the Genitive","nameAr":"المخفوضات من الأسماء","order":37,"paraCount":28,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-13-adab-al-kasb","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Earning a Living","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ الكَسْبِ وَالمَعَاشِ","subtitle":"The thirteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the third in the quarter on customs. In five chapters it gives the merit of earning a living and when leaving it is better; the law of the six contracts every earner needs, sale, usury, advance sale, hire, silent partnership and partnership; justice in dealings, against hoarding, counterfeit coin, false praise, hidden defects, short measure and concealed prices; kindness in dealings, beyond what justice requires; and the merchant’s care for his religion, in his intention, his trade, his remembrance in the market and the people he deals with.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":13,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-13-adab-al-kasb.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"fadl-al-kasb-1","name":"The Book of the Etiquette of Earning and Livelihood; the Merit of Earning (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آدَابِ الكَسْبِ وَالمَعَاشِ، وَفَضْلُ الكَسْبِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-kasb-2","name":"The Merit of Earning (Part 2): When Leaving Earning Is Better","nameAr":"فَضْلُ الكَسْبِ (٢): مَتَى يَكُونُ تَرْكُ الكَسْبِ أَفْضَلَ","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-bay-1","name":"Chapter Two, the Law of Earning; the First Contract, Sale (Part 1): The Contracting Parties and the Object","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فِي عِلْمِ الكَسْبِ، العَقْدُ الأَوَّلُ: البَيْعُ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-bay-2","name":"The First Contract, Sale (Part 2): The Remaining Conditions of the Object, and the Wording","nameAr":"العَقْدُ الأَوَّلُ: البَيْعُ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-bay-3","name":"The First Contract, Sale (Part 3): The Problem of Sale by Handing Over","nameAr":"العَقْدُ الأَوَّلُ: البَيْعُ (٣): مَسْأَلَةُ المُعَاطَاةِ","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-riba-wa-l-salam","name":"The Second Contract, Usury; the Third Contract, Advance Sale","nameAr":"العَقْدُ الثَّانِي: الرِّبَا، وَالعَقْدُ الثَّالِثُ: السَّلَمُ","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijara","name":"The Fourth Contract, Hire","nameAr":"العَقْدُ الرَّابِعُ: الإِجَارَةُ","order":7,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-qirad-wa-l-sharika","name":"The Fifth Contract, Silent Partnership; the Sixth Contract, Partnership","nameAr":"العَقْدُ الخَامِسُ: القِرَاضُ، وَالعَقْدُ السَّادِسُ: الشَّرِكَةُ","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-ihtikar","name":"Chapter Three, Justice in Dealings; Hoarding","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي بَيَانِ العَدْلِ، وَالِاحْتِكَارُ","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-zayf","name":"Injustice That Harms the Public (Part 2): Passing Counterfeit Coin","nameAr":"مَا يَعُمُّ ضَرَرُهُ (٢): تَرْوِيجُ الزَّيْفِ","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-thana-wa-l-uyub","name":"Injustice That Harms the Other Party (Part 1): False Praise, Oaths and Hidden Defects","nameAr":"مَا يَخُصُّ ضَرَرُهُ المُعَامِلَ (١): الثَّنَاءُ وَالعُيُوبُ","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"izhar-al-uyub","name":"Injustice That Harms the Other Party (Part 2): The Two Beliefs That Make Good Faith Easy","nameAr":"مَا يَخُصُّ ضَرَرُهُ المُعَامِلَ (٢): إِظْهَارُ العُيُوبِ","order":12,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-kayl-wa-l-wazn","name":"Injustice That Harms the Other Party (Part 3): Weight and Measure","nameAr":"مَا يَخُصُّ ضَرَرُهُ المُعَامِلَ (٣): المِقْدَارُ","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sir-al-waqt","name":"Injustice That Harms the Other Party (Part 4): The Market Price","nameAr":"مَا يَخُصُّ ضَرَرُهُ المُعَامِلَ (٤): سِعْرُ الوَقْتِ","order":14,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-ihsan-1","name":"Chapter Four, Kindness in Dealings (Part 1): Not Overcharging, and Bearing a Loss","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي الإِحْسَانِ فِي المُعَامَلَةِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-ihsan-2","name":"Kindness in Dealings (Part 2): Debts, Cancelling a Sale, and Credit to the Poor","nameAr":"الإِحْسَانُ فِي المُعَامَلَةِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"shafaqat-al-tajir-1","name":"Chapter Five, the Merchant’s Concern for His Religion (Part 1): Intention, and Choosing a Trade","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: فِي شَفَقَةِ التَّاجِرِ عَلَى دِينِهِ (١)","order":17,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"shafaqat-al-tajir-2","name":"The Merchant’s Concern for His Religion (Part 2): The Mosque Before the Market, and Remembrance in the Market","nameAr":"شَفَقَةُ التَّاجِرِ عَلَى دِينِهِ (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"shafaqat-al-tajir-3","name":"The Merchant’s Concern for His Religion (Part 3): Moderation, Doubtful Goods, and the Reckoning","nameAr":"شَفَقَةُ التَّاجِرِ عَلَى دِينِهِ (٣)","order":19,"paraCount":13,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-14-al-halal-wa-l-haram","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Lawful and the Unlawful","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ الحَلَالِ وَالحَرَامِ","subtitle":"The fourteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences, the fourth of the quarter on customs","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The fourteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the fourth of its quarter on customs. Answering those who think that nothing lawful is left in the world, it sets out in seven chapters the merit of the lawful and the blame of the unlawful, with the kinds of each and the degrees of scrupulousness; the levels and sources of doubtful things; when one must inquire into the origin of what one is given, and when one may take it without asking; how a penitent frees himself from wealth wrongly held; the stipends and gifts of rulers; visiting and associating with rulers; and a set of miscellaneous questions.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":14,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-14-al-halal-wa-l-haram.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"fadilat-al-halal-1","name":"The Book of the Lawful and the Unlawful; the Merit of the Lawful and the Blame of the Unlawful (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الحَلَالِ وَالحَرَامِ، وَفَضِيلَةُ الحَلَالِ وَمَذَمَّةُ الحَرَامِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-halal-2","name":"The Merit of the Lawful and the Blame of the Unlawful (Part 2): The Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الحَلَالِ وَمَذَمَّةُ الحَرَامِ (٢): الآثَارُ","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"asnaf-al-halal-1","name":"The Kinds of the Lawful and Its Ways In (Part 1): What Is Unlawful in Itself","nameAr":"أَصْنَافُ الحَلَالِ وَمَدَاخِلُهُ (١): الحَرَامُ لِصِفَةٍ فِي عَيْنِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"asnaf-al-halal-2","name":"The Kinds of the Lawful and Its Ways In (Part 2): A Defect in the Way of Acquiring","nameAr":"أَصْنَافُ الحَلَالِ وَمَدَاخِلُهُ (٢): مَا يَحْرُمُ لِخَلَلٍ فِي جِهَةِ إِثْبَاتِ اليَدِ عَلَيْهِ","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-halal-1","name":"The Degrees of the Lawful and the Unlawful (Part 1): The Four Degrees of Scrupulousness","nameAr":"دَرَجَاتُ الحَلَالِ وَالحَرَامِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-halal-2","name":"The Degrees of the Lawful and the Unlawful (Part 2): The Scrupulousness of the God-Fearing","nameAr":"دَرَجَاتُ الحَلَالِ وَالحَرَامِ (٢): وَرَعُ المُتَّقِينَ","order":6,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-halal-3","name":"The Degrees of the Lawful and the Unlawful (Part 3): The Scrupulousness of the Truthful","nameAr":"دَرَجَاتُ الحَلَالِ وَالحَرَامِ (٣): وَرَعُ الصِّدِّيقِينَ","order":7,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-al-shubuhat","name":"Chapter Two, the Levels of Doubtful Things: The Absolutely Lawful, the Purely Unlawful and the Doubtful","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فِي مَرَاتِبِ الشُّبُهَاتِ، الحَلَالُ المُطْلَقُ وَالحَرَامُ المَحْضُ وَالشُّبْهَةُ","order":8,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-awwal-1","name":"The First Source of Doubt (Part 1): When the Prohibition or the Lawfulness Is Known Beforehand","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الأَوَّلُ: الشَّكُّ فِي السَّبَبِ المُحَلِّلِ وَالمُحَرِّمِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-awwal-2","name":"The First Source of Doubt (Part 2): When Probability Points the Other Way","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الأَوَّلُ: الشَّكُّ فِي السَّبَبِ المُحَلِّلِ وَالمُحَرِّمِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thani-1","name":"The Second Source of Doubt (Part 1): Mixing with a Limited Number","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّانِي: شَكٌّ مَنْشَؤُهُ الِاخْتِلَاطُ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thani-2","name":"The Second Source of Doubt (Part 2): The Unlimited Mixed with the Unlimited","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّانِي: شَكٌّ مَنْشَؤُهُ الِاخْتِلَاطُ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thani-3","name":"The Second Source of Doubt (Part 3): The Long Chain of Owners, and the Analogy with Impurity","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّانِي: شَكٌّ مَنْشَؤُهُ الِاخْتِلَاطُ (٣)","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thani-4","name":"The Second Source of Doubt (Part 4): Purity and Wealth Compared, and Why the Unlawful Is Not the Most","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّانِي: شَكٌّ مَنْشَؤُهُ الِاخْتِلَاطُ (٤)","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thani-5","name":"The Second Source of Doubt (Part 5): If the Unlawful Filled the World","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّانِي: شَكٌّ مَنْشَؤُهُ الِاخْتِلَاطُ (٥)","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thani-6","name":"The Second Source of Doubt (Part 6): Three Proofs for Taking What Is Not Known to Be Unlawful","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّانِي: شَكٌّ مَنْشَؤُهُ الِاخْتِلَاطُ (٦)","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thalith-1","name":"The Third Source of Doubt (Part 1): Sins That Accompany or Follow the Cause","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّالِثُ: أَنْ يَتَّصِلَ بِالسَّبَبِ المُحَلِّلِ مَعْصِيَةٌ (١)","order":17,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thalith-2","name":"The Third Source of Doubt (Part 2): Sins That Precede the Cause, and the Verdict of the Heart","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّالِثُ: أَنْ يَتَّصِلَ بِالسَّبَبِ المُحَلِّلِ مَعْصِيَةٌ (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-thalith-3","name":"The Third Source of Doubt (Part 3): Sin in the Price, and the Cupper’s Earnings","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الثَّالِثُ: أَنْ يَتَّصِلَ بِالسَّبَبِ المُحَلِّلِ مَعْصِيَةٌ (٣)","order":19,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-rabi-1","name":"The Fourth Source of Doubt (Part 1): Conflicting Proofs of the Law","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الرَّابِعُ: الِاخْتِلَافُ فِي الأَدِلَّةِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-mathar-al-rabi-2","name":"The Fourth Source of Doubt (Part 2): Conflicting Signs and Conflicting Resemblances","nameAr":"المَثَارُ الرَّابِعُ: الِاخْتِلَافُ فِي الأَدِلَّةِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-bahth-wa-l-sual-1","name":"Chapter Three, Inquiring and Asking (Part 1): The Unknown Owner","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي البَحْثِ وَالسُّؤَالِ وَالهُجُومِ وَالإِهْمَالِ وَمَظَانِّهَا (١)","order":22,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-bahth-wa-l-sual-2","name":"Chapter Three, Inquiring and Asking (Part 2): The Doubtful Owner and the Known Owner","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي البَحْثِ وَالسُّؤَالِ وَالهُجُومِ وَالإِهْمَالِ وَمَظَانِّهَا (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-bahth-wa-l-sual-3","name":"Chapter Three, Inquiring and Asking (Part 3): Mixed Wealth in a Market and in One Man’s Hands","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي البَحْثِ وَالسُّؤَالِ وَالهُجُومِ وَالإِهْمَالِ وَمَظَانِّهَا (٣)","order":24,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-bahth-wa-l-sual-4","name":"Chapter Three, Inquiring and Asking (Part 4): Objections Answered, and When Asking Is Obligatory","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي البَحْثِ وَالسُّؤَالِ وَالهُجُومِ وَالإِهْمَالِ وَمَظَانِّهَا (٤)","order":25,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-bahth-wa-l-sual-5","name":"Chapter Three, Inquiring and Asking (Part 5): Questions on Trustees, Houses and Asking Tactfully","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي البَحْثِ وَالسُّؤَالِ وَالهُجُومِ وَالإِهْمَالِ وَمَظَانِّهَا (٥)","order":26,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-bahth-wa-l-sual-6","name":"Chapter Three, Inquiring and Asking (Part 6): Whose Word to Trust, and the Heart as Mufti","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي البَحْثِ وَالسُّؤَالِ وَالهُجُومِ وَالإِهْمَالِ وَمَظَانِّهَا (٦)","order":27,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-bahth-wa-l-sual-7","name":"Chapter Three, Inquiring and Asking (Part 7): How Far to Ask, and the Food of a Sufi Lodge","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي البَحْثِ وَالسُّؤَالِ وَالهُجُومِ وَالإِهْمَالِ وَمَظَانِّهَا (٧)","order":28,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"khuruj-al-taib-1","name":"Chapter Four, How the Penitent Frees Himself from Wrongs Involving Wealth (Part 1): Separating Mixed Wealth","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ خُرُوجِ التَّائِبِ عَنِ المَظَالِمِ المَالِيَّةِ (١)","order":29,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"khuruj-al-taib-2","name":"Chapter Four, How the Penitent Frees Himself from Wrongs Involving Wealth (Part 2): The Stubborn Owner, Mixed Houses, and Profits on Usurped Wealth","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ خُرُوجِ التَّائِبِ عَنِ المَظَالِمِ المَالِيَّةِ (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"khuruj-al-taib-3","name":"Chapter Four, How the Penitent Frees Himself from Wrongs Involving Wealth (Part 3): Inherited Wealth, and Where the Unlawful Is to Be Spent","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ خُرُوجِ التَّائِبِ عَنِ المَظَالِمِ المَالِيَّةِ (٣)","order":31,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"khuruj-al-taib-4","name":"Chapter Four, How the Penitent Frees Himself from Wrongs Involving Wealth (Part 4): A Ruler’s Wealth, How Much One May Keep, and What to Keep Lawful","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ خُرُوجِ التَّائِبِ عَنِ المَظَالِمِ المَالِيَّةِ (٤)","order":32,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"khuruj-al-taib-5","name":"Chapter Four, How the Penitent Frees Himself from Wrongs Involving Wealth (Part 5): Guests, Parents, Pilgrimage and Expiation","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ خُرُوجِ التَّائِبِ عَنِ المَظَالِمِ المَالِيَّةِ (٥)","order":33,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"idrarat-al-salatin-1","name":"Chapter Five, The Stipends and Gifts of Rulers (Part 1): The Sources of a Ruler’s Income","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: فِي إِدْرَارَاتِ السَّلَاطِينِ وَصِلَاتِهِمْ (١)","order":34,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"idrarat-al-salatin-2","name":"Chapter Five, The Stipends and Gifts of Rulers (Part 2): The Case of Those Who Took from Unjust Rulers","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: فِي إِدْرَارَاتِ السَّلَاطِينِ وَصِلَاتِهِمْ (٢)","order":35,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"idrarat-al-salatin-3","name":"Chapter Five, The Stipends and Gifts of Rulers (Part 3): The First and Second Degrees of Scrupulousness","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: فِي إِدْرَارَاتِ السَّلَاطِينِ وَصِلَاتِهِمْ (٣)","order":36,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"idrarat-al-salatin-4","name":"Chapter Five, The Stipends and Gifts of Rulers (Part 4): The Third and Fourth Degrees, and the Rulers of Our Time","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: فِي إِدْرَارَاتِ السَّلَاطِينِ وَصِلَاتِهِمْ (٤)","order":37,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"idrarat-al-salatin-5","name":"Chapter Five, The Stipends and Gifts of Rulers (Part 5): Who Has a Claim on Public Funds, and the Authority of Unjust Rulers","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: فِي إِدْرَارَاتِ السَّلَاطِينِ وَصِلَاتِهِمْ (٥)","order":38,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"idrarat-al-salatin-6","name":"Chapter Five, The Stipends and Gifts of Rulers (Part 6): Taking When the Ruler Does Not Give to All","nameAr":"البَابُ الخَامِسُ: فِي إِدْرَارَاتِ السَّلَاطِينِ وَصِلَاتِهِمْ (٦)","order":39,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-1","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 1): Reports Censuring Going in to Rulers","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (١)","order":40,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-2","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 2): Sins of Deed and of Silence in Going in to Rulers","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٢)","order":41,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-3","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 3): Sins of Word and of the Heart, and the Two Excuses","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٣)","order":42,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-4","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 4): When the Ruler Comes to You","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٤)","order":43,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-5","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 5): Keeping Away from Rulers, and How the Early Scholars Went in to Them","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٥)","order":44,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-6","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 6): Abū Ḥāzim, the Bedouin and Abū Bakra, and the Delusions of Worldly Scholars","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٦)","order":45,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-7","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 7): Taking a Ruler’s Money to Give Away, and Whether His Wealth May Be Stolen","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٧)","order":46,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-8","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 8): Trading with Rulers, Their Markets, Judges and Servants","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٨)","order":47,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"mukhalatat-al-salatin-9","name":"Chapter Six, Visiting Rulers and Associating with Them (Part 9): Bridges, Mosques and Other Buildings Put Up by Wrongdoers","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّادِسُ: فِيمَا يَحِلُّ مِنْ مُخَالَطَةِ السَّلَاطِينِ الظَّلَمَةِ وَمَا يَحْرُمُ (٩)","order":48,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"masail-mutafarriqa-1","name":"Chapter Seven, Miscellaneous Questions (Part 1): What a Sufi Lodge’s Servant Collects, and Who Counts as a Sufi","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي مَسَائِلَ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ يَكْثُرُ مَسِيسُ الحَاجَةِ إِلَيْهَا (١)","order":49,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"masail-mutafarriqa-2","name":"Chapter Seven, Miscellaneous Questions (Part 2): Endowments for Sufi Lodges, and the Difference between a Bribe and a Gift","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي مَسَائِلَ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ يَكْثُرُ مَسِيسُ الحَاجَةِ إِلَيْهَا (٢)","order":50,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"masail-mutafarriqa-3","name":"Chapter Seven, Miscellaneous Questions (Part 3): Gifts Given for Affection and Gifts Given for a Man’s Office","nameAr":"البَابُ السَّابِعُ: فِي مَسَائِلَ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ يَكْثُرُ مَسِيسُ الحَاجَةِ إِلَيْهَا (٣)","order":51,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"mulhat-al-irab","title":"Mulḥat al-Iʿrāb","titleAr":"مُلْحَةُ الإِعْرَابِ","subtitle":"The Fine Points of Inflection: al-Ḥarīrī's grammar in verse","author":"al-Qāsim b. ʿAlī al-Ḥarīrī","authorAr":"القاسم بن علي الحريري","description":"A grammar of Arabic in 375 lines of rajaz by al-Ḥarīrī of Basra (d. 516/1122), the author of the Maqāmāt, written for beginners and long memorised in Yemen, the Ḥijāz and beyond. It moves from speech and its parts through inflection, the cases of the noun, the vocative, the diminutive, the relative adjective, diptotes and numbers, to the moods of the verb and fixed words, with a short example for every rule.","source":"Arabic text from Fāʾiz Fāris’s critical edition of al-Ḥarīrī’s own commentary, Sharḥ Mulḥat al-Iʿrāb (Irbid: Dār al-Amal, 1991), based on two manuscripts of the poem and four of the commentary, read line by line from the scan, with the Dār al-Salām print (2005) as a draft and Ibn al-Ṣāʾigh’s al-Lamḥa fī sharḥ al-Mulḥa for comparison. Each chapter’s notes list the variants.","edition":"Fāris’s edition of Sharḥ Mulḥat al-Iʿrāb (Irbid: Dār al-Amal, 1412/1991)","order":14,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/mulhat-al-irab.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kalam-wal-irab","name":"Speech, Its Parts and Inflection","nameAr":"الكَلَامُ وَأَقْسَامُهُ وَالإِعْرَابُ","order":1,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-jarr-wal-marfuat-wal-mafailat","name":"Genitives, the Sentence and the Objects","nameAr":"المَجْرُورَاتُ وَالجُمْلَةُ وَالمَفَاعِيلُ","order":2,"paraCount":37,"published":true},{"id":"al-istithna-ila-al-tasghir","name":"From Exception to the Diminutive","nameAr":"مِنَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ إِلَى التَّصْغِيرِ","order":3,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"al-nasab-ila-al-adad","name":"Relative Adjectives, Followers, Diptotes and Numbers","nameAr":"النَّسَبُ وَالتَّوَابِعُ وَمَا لَا يَنْصَرِفُ وَالعَدَدُ","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-fil-wal-mabniyyat","name":"The Moods of the Verb and Fixed Words","nameAr":"نَوَاصِبُ الفِعْلِ وَجَوَازِمُهُ وَالمَبْنِيَّاتُ","order":5,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"qatr-al-nada","title":"Qaṭr al-Nadā wa-Ball al-Ṣadā","titleAr":"قَطْرُ النَّدَى وَبَلُّ الصَّدَى","subtitle":"The grammar primer of Ibn Hishām","author":"Jamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf Ibn Hishām al-Anṣārī","authorAr":"جمال الدين عبد الله بن يوسف بن هشام الأنصاري","description":"The short grammar of the Cairene scholar Ibn Hishām (d. 761/1360), long a student’s second book of naḥw after the Ājurrūmiyya. In a few pages it covers the parts of speech and inflection, the moods of the verb, definite and indefinite nouns, the subject and predicate and the words that modify them, the agent and the objects, the state, specification and exception, the genitive, words that act like verbs, the followers, numbers, diptotes, the verbs of wonder, the pause and points of spelling. Ibn Hishām wrote his own commentary on it, Sharḥ Qaṭr al-Nadā.","source":"Arabic text from the matn appended by Muʾmin ʿUmar al-Baddārīn to his edition of al-Fākihī’s Mujīb al-Nidā fī sharḥ Qaṭr al-Nadā, compared with the matn as Ibn Hishām quotes it in his own Sharḥ Qaṭr al-Nadā (ed. Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd), with the Ṣumayʿī print and with al-Fawzān’s Taʿjīl al-Nadā. Each chapter’s notes list the corrections and variants.","edition":"al-Baddārīn’s appendix to his edition of al-Fākihī’s Mujīb al-Nidā (al-Dār al-ʿUthmāniyya)","order":14,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/qatr-al-nada.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kalima-irab","name":"The Word and Inflection","nameAr":"الكلمة والإعراب","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mudari-marifa","name":"The Moods of the Imperfect Verb; Indefinite and Definite Nouns","nameAr":"إعراب المضارع والنكرة والمعرفة","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mubtada-nawasikh","name":"Subject and Predicate and the Words That Modify Them","nameAr":"المبتدأ والخبر ونواسخهما","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fail-tanazu","name":"The Agent, Its Deputy, Preoccupation and Contention","nameAr":"الفاعل ونائبه والاشتغال والتنازع","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mafulat","name":"The Objects","nameAr":"المفعولات","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"hal-amil","name":"The State, Specification, Exception, the Genitive and Words That Act like Their Verbs","nameAr":"الحال والتمييز والاستثناء والمخفوضات وما يعمل عمل فعله","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"tawabi-hija","name":"Followers, Numbers, Diptotes, Wonder, the Pause and Spelling","nameAr":"التَّوَابِعُ وَالعَدَدُ وَمَوَانِعُ الصَّرْفِ وَالتَّعَجُّبُ وَالوَقْفُ وَالهِجَاءُ","order":7,"paraCount":17,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-15-adab-al-ukhuwwa","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Friendship and Brotherhood","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ الأُلْفَةِ وَالأُخُوَّةِ وَالصُّحْبَةِ وَالمُعَاشَرَةِ مَعَ أَصْنَافِ الخَلْقِ","subtitle":"The fifteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The fifteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the fifth in the quarter on customs. In three chapters it gives the merit of friendship and brotherhood in God, what love and hatred for God’s sake mean, and the qualities to look for in a companion; the rights of brotherhood and companionship, in wealth, help, speech, forgiveness, prayer, loyalty and lightness of burden; and the rights of Muslims in general, of kin, of neighbours and of those in one’s possession.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":15,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-15-adab-al-ukhuwwa.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"fadilat-al-ulfa-1","name":"The Book of Friendship and Brotherhood; the Merit of Friendship and Brotherhood (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آدَابِ الأُلْفَةِ وَالأُخُوَّةِ، وَفَضِيلَةُ الأُلْفَةِ وَالأُخُوَّةِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-ulfa-2","name":"The Merit of Friendship and Brotherhood (Part 2): Love and Hatred for God’s Sake","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الأُلْفَةِ وَالأُخُوَّةِ (٢): الحُبُّ فِي اللَّهِ وَالبُغْضُ فِي اللَّهِ","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mana-al-ukhuwwa-1","name":"The Meaning of Brotherhood in God (Part 1): Love for a Person’s Own Sake","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الأُخُوَّةِ فِي اللَّهِ (١): حُبُّ الإِنْسَانِ لِذَاتِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"mana-al-ukhuwwa-2","name":"The Meaning of Brotherhood in God (Part 2): Love as a Means to This World or the Next","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الأُخُوَّةِ فِي اللَّهِ (٢): الحُبُّ لِلتَّوَصُّلِ إِلَى الدُّنْيَا أَوِ الآخِرَةِ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mana-al-ukhuwwa-3","name":"The Meaning of Brotherhood in God (Part 3): When Worldly and Otherworldly Aims Combine","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الأُخُوَّةِ فِي اللَّهِ (٣): اجْتِمَاعُ الحَظِّ العَاجِلِ وَالآجِلِ","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mana-al-ukhuwwa-4","name":"The Meaning of Brotherhood in God (Part 4): Love for God’s Sake Alone","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الأُخُوَّةِ فِي اللَّهِ (٤): الحُبُّ لِلَّهِ وَفِي اللَّهِ","order":6,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-bughd-fi-llah-1","name":"Hatred for God’s Sake (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ البُغْضِ فِي اللَّهِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-bughd-fi-llah-2","name":"Hatred for God’s Sake (Part 2): Forgiveness, the Ways of the Early Muslims, and Its Ruling","nameAr":"بَيَانُ البُغْضِ فِي اللَّهِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-al-mubghadin-1","name":"The Degrees of Those Hated for God’s Sake (Part 1): Unbelievers and Innovators","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَرَاتِبِ الَّذِينَ يُبْغَضُونَ فِي اللَّهِ (١): الكُفَّارُ وَالمُبْتَدِعَةُ","order":9,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-al-mubghadin-2","name":"The Degrees of Those Hated for God’s Sake (Part 2): Sinners in Deed","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَرَاتِبِ الَّذِينَ يُبْغَضُونَ فِي اللَّهِ (٢): العُصَاةُ بِالفِعْلِ","order":10,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-sahib-1","name":"The Qualities Required in a Companion (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الصِّفَاتِ المَشْرُوطَةِ فِيمَنْ تَخْتَارُ صُحْبَتَهُ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"sifat-al-sahib-2","name":"The Qualities Required in a Companion (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الصِّفَاتِ المَشْرُوطَةِ فِيمَنْ تَخْتَارُ صُحْبَتَهُ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-mal-1","name":"Chapter Two, the Rights of Brotherhood; the First Right: Wealth (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فِي حُقُوقِ الأُخُوَّةِ، وَالحَقُّ الأَوَّلُ: فِي المَالِ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-mal-2","name":"The First Right: Wealth (Part 2): Preferring One’s Brother","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الأَوَّلُ: فِي المَالِ (٢): الإِيثَارُ","order":14,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-iana","name":"The Second Right: Help in Person","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الثَّانِي: فِي الإِعَانَةِ بِالنَّفْسِ","order":15,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-lisan-1","name":"The Third Right: The Tongue (Part 1): Keeping Silent about a Brother’s Faults","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الثَّالِثُ: فِي اللِّسَانِ (١): السُّكُوتُ","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-lisan-2","name":"The Third Right: The Tongue (Part 2): Silence of the Heart","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الثَّالِثُ: فِي اللِّسَانِ (٢): سُكُوتُ القَلْبِ","order":17,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-lisan-3","name":"The Third Right: The Tongue (Part 3): Keeping Secrets and Not Disputing","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الثَّالِثُ: فِي اللِّسَانِ (٣): كِتْمَانُ السِّرِّ وَتَرْكُ المِرَاءِ","order":18,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-nutq-1","name":"The Fourth Right: The Tongue in Speech (Part 1): Showing Love and Defending Him","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الرَّابِعُ: عَلَى اللِّسَانِ بِالنُّطْقِ (١): إِظْهَارُ المَحَبَّةِ وَالذَّبُّ عَنْهُ","order":19,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"haqq-al-nutq-2","name":"The Fourth Right: The Tongue in Speech (Part 2): Teaching and Sincere Counsel","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الرَّابِعُ: عَلَى اللِّسَانِ بِالنُّطْقِ (٢): التَّعْلِيمُ وَالنَّصِيحَةُ","order":20,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-afw-1","name":"The Fifth Right: Pardoning Slips (Part 1): A Brother Who Sins","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الخَامِسُ: العَفْوُ عَنِ الزَّلَّاتِ (١): زَلَّةُ الأَخِ فِي دِينِهِ","order":21,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-afw-2","name":"The Fifth Right: Pardoning Slips (Part 2): Keeping Faith, and Forgiving Wrongs","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الخَامِسُ: العَفْوُ عَنِ الزَّلَّاتِ (٢): الوَفَاءُ بِالعَقْدِ وَاحْتِمَالُ الأَذَى","order":22,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-dua","name":"The Sixth Right: Praying for One’s Brother","nameAr":"الحَقُّ السَّادِسُ: الدُّعَاءُ لِلْأَخِ","order":23,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-wafa","name":"The Seventh Right: Loyalty and Sincerity","nameAr":"الحَقُّ السَّابِعُ: الوَفَاءُ وَالإِخْلَاصُ","order":24,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-takhfif-1","name":"The Eighth Right: Lightness and No Formality (Part 1)","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الثَّامِنُ: التَّخْفِيفُ وَتَرْكُ التَّكَلُّفِ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-takhfif-2","name":"The Eighth Right: Lightness and No Formality (Part 2): Ease, and Seeing Others as Better","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الثَّامِنُ: التَّخْفِيفُ وَتَرْكُ التَّكَلُّفِ (٢): الِانْبِسَاطُ وَرُؤْيَةُ الفَضْلِ لِلْإِخْوَانِ","order":26,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-takhfif-3","name":"The Eighth Right: Lightness and No Formality (Part 3): Consultation, and the Sum of the Rights","nameAr":"الحَقُّ الثَّامِنُ: التَّخْفِيفُ وَتَرْكُ التَّكَلُّفِ (٣): المُشَاوَرَةُ، وَجَامِعُ حُقُوقِ الصُّحْبَةِ","order":27,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"khatimat-al-bab","name":"Conclusion of Chapter Two: Manners of Social Life and Sitting with People","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةُ البَابِ الثَّانِي: آدَابُ العِشْرَةِ وَالمُجَالَسَةِ مَعَ أَصْنَافِ الخَلْقِ","order":28,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-1","name":"Chapter Three, the Rights of Muslims, Kin and Neighbours; the Rights of a Muslim (Part 1): Bonds and Their Degrees","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: فِي حَقِّ المُسْلِمِ وَالرَّحِمِ وَالجِوَارِ، وَحُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (١): الرَّوَابِطُ وَدَرَجَاتُهَا","order":29,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-2","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 2): Harming No One, Humility, Talebearing, Shunning, Kindness and Asking Leave","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٢): كَفُّ الأَذَى، وَالتَّوَاضُعُ، وَتَرْكُ النَّمِيمَةِ وَالهَجْرِ، وَالإِحْسَانُ، وَالِاسْتِئْذَانُ","order":30,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-3","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 3): Elders and Children, a Cheerful Face, Keeping Promises and Fairness","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٣): تَوْقِيرُ المَشَايِخِ وَرَحْمَةُ الصِّبْيَانِ، وَطَلَاقَةُ الوَجْهِ، وَالوَفَاءُ بِالوَعْدِ، وَالإِنْصَافُ","order":31,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-4","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 4): Honouring People by Rank, Making Peace, and Covering Faults","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٤): إِنْزَالُ النَّاسِ مَنَازِلَهُمْ، وَإِصْلَاحُ ذَاتِ البَيْنِ، وَسَتْرُ العَوْرَاتِ","order":32,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-5","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 5): Not Spying, Avoiding Suspicion, and Interceding","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٥): تَرْكُ التَّجَسُّسِ، وَاتِّقَاءُ مَوَاضِعِ التُّهَمِ، وَالشَّفَاعَةُ","order":33,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-6","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 6): Greeting and Shaking Hands","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٦): السَّلَامُ وَالمُصَافَحَةُ","order":34,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-7","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 7): Standing, Seating, Defending a Brother’s Honour, and Blessing One Who Sneezes","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٧): القِيَامُ وَالمَجَالِسُ، وَالذَّبُّ عَنْ عِرْضِ الأَخِ، وَتَشْمِيتُ العَاطِسِ","order":35,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-8","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 8): Bearing with the Wicked, the Poor and Orphans, and Sincere Concern","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٨): مُدَارَاةُ ذِي الشَّرِّ، وَالمَسَاكِينُ وَالأَيْتَامُ، وَالنَّصِيحَةُ","order":36,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-9","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 9): Visiting the Sick and Following Funerals","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (٩): عِيَادَةُ المَرْضَى وَتَشْيِيعُ الجَنَائِزِ","order":37,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-muslim-10","name":"The Rights of a Muslim (Part 10): Visiting Graves, Condolence, and the Sum of Living with People","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المُسْلِمِ (١٠): زِيَارَةُ القُبُورِ، وَالتَّعْزِيَةُ، وَجَامِعُ آدَابِ المُعَاشَرَةِ","order":38,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-jiwar-1","name":"The Rights of Neighbours (Part 1): The Neighbour’s Right in the Hadith, and Bearing His Harm","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الجِوَارِ (١): حَقُّ الجَارِ فِي الأَخْبَارِ، وَاحْتِمَالُ أَذَاهُ","order":39,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-jiwar-2","name":"The Rights of Neighbours (Part 2): The Sum of the Neighbour’s Right, and Sayings on Neighbours","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الجِوَارِ (٢): جُمْلَةُ حَقِّ الجَارِ، وَآثَارٌ فِي الجِيرَانِ","order":40,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-aqarib","name":"The Rights of Kin","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الأَقَارِبِ وَالرَّحِمِ","order":41,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-walidayn-1","name":"The Rights of Parents and Children (Part 1): Dutifulness to Parents, and a Child’s Right","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ وَالوَلَدِ (١): بِرُّ الوَالِدَيْنِ، وَحَقُّ الوَلَدِ","order":42,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-walidayn-2","name":"The Rights of Parents and Children (Part 2): Gentleness with Children, and Obeying Parents","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ الوَالِدَيْنِ وَالوَلَدِ (٢): الرِّفْقُ بِالوَلَدِ، وَطَاعَةُ الأَبَوَيْنِ","order":43,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"huquq-al-mamluk","name":"The Rights of Slaves","nameAr":"حُقُوقُ المَمْلُوكِ","order":44,"paraCount":16,"published":true}]},{"id":"isaghuji","title":"Īsāghūjī","titleAr":"إِيسَاغُوجِي","subtitle":"The introduction to logic of al-Abharī","author":"Athīr al-Dīn al-Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar al-Abharī","authorAr":"أثير الدين المفضل بن عمر الأبهري","description":"The short logic primer of Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī (d. 663/1265), named after Porphyry’s Eisagōgē and taught for centuries as a student’s first book of logic. In a few pages it covers how words signify, the five universals, definition and description, propositions, contradiction and conversion, the syllogism and its figures, and the five arts of argument from demonstration to sophistry.","source":"Arabic text from ʿArafa al-Nādī’s edition of the matn, made from two Azhar manuscripts and three Cairo prints and printed with his edition of al-Anṣārī’s al-Maṭlaʿ, checked against the matn as quoted in al-Ḥāzimī’s lessons on al-Maṭlaʿ. Each chapter’s notes list the variants.","edition":"al-Nādī’s edition of the matn, printed with al-Maṭlaʿ sharḥ Īsāghūjī and the glosses of al-Mallawī and al-ʿAṭṭār","order":15,"published":true,"subject":"logic","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/isaghuji.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kulliyyat","name":"The Five Universals and Definition","nameAr":"الكليات الخمس والقول الشارح","order":1,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qadaya","name":"Propositions, Contradiction and Conversion","nameAr":"القضايا","order":2,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qiyas","name":"The Syllogism and the Five Arts","nameAr":"القياس","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"mutammimat-al-ajurrumiyya","title":"Mutammimat al-Ājurrūmiyya","titleAr":"مُتَمِّمَةُ الآجُرُّومِيَّةِ","subtitle":"al-Ḥaṭṭāb’s completion of the Ājurrūmiyya","author":"Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-Ḥaṭṭāb al-Ruʿaynī","authorAr":"محمد بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن الحطاب الرعيني","description":"A short grammar by the Meccan Mālikī scholar al-Ḥaṭṭāb al-Ruʿaynī (d. 954/1547) that keeps the order and much of the wording of Ibn Ājurrūm’s primer and fills it out with the topics a student meets next: the signs of inflection in detail, the diptote, the kinds of definite noun, the sisters of kāna and inna, ẓanna and lā of generic negation, the objects, exception, the genitive, the subjunctive and jussive, the followers, the nouns that govern like verbs, contention, wonder, numbers and pausing. It is meant as a step between the Ājurrūmiyya and the longer works, and is illustrated throughout with verses of the Qurʾān and lines of poetry.","source":"Arabic text from Mālik b. Sālim b. Maṭar al-Mahdharī’s critical edition, based on al-Azhar’s manuscript of 1137 AH and compared with manuscripts in King Saud University and Ṣanʿāʾ and the Ḥalabī prints of al-Fākihī’s and al-Ahdal’s commentaries (Riyadh and Medina, 1439/2018), read from the page images; doubtful places were compared with ʿAbd al-Karīm Qabbūl’s print (al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya) and ʿAlī al-Sallūm’s (Dār al-Ṣumayʿī, 1433/2012).","edition":"al-Mahdharī’s edition (Riyadh and Medina: al-Nāshir al-Mutamayyiz and Dār al-Naṣīḥa, 1439/2018)","order":15,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/mutammimat-al-ajurrumiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-kalam-wal-irab","name":"Speech and Its Parts; Inflection and Fixed Endings","nameAr":"الكَلَامُ وَأَقْسَامُهُ، وَبَابُ الإِعْرَابِ وَالبِنَاءِ","order":1,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-irab","name":"Chapter on the Signs of Inflection","nameAr":"بَابُ مَعْرِفَةِ عَلَامَاتِ الإِعْرَابِ","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-murabat","name":"Section on the Kinds of Inflected Words","nameAr":"فَصْلٌ فِي أَقْسَامِ المُعْرَبَاتِ","order":3,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-irab-al-taqdiri-wa-mamnu-al-sarf","name":"Supposed Vowels, and the Noun That Is Not Fully Declined","nameAr":"الإِعْرَابُ التَّقْدِيرِيُّ، وَالِاسْمُ الَّذِي لَا يَنْصَرِفُ","order":4,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-nakira-wal-marifa","name":"Indefinite and Definite Nouns: Pronouns and Proper Names","nameAr":"بَابُ النَّكِرَةِ وَالمَعْرِفَةِ: المُضْمَرُ وَالعَلَمُ","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-ishara-wal-mawsul","name":"Demonstratives, Relative Nouns, the Article and Annexation","nameAr":"اسْمُ الإِشَارَةِ، وَالِاسْمُ المَوْصُولُ، وَالمُعَرَّفُ بِالأَدَاةِ، وَالمُضَافُ","order":6,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-fail-wa-naib-al-fail","name":"The Nominatives: the Agent and the Deputy Agent","nameAr":"بَابُ المَرْفُوعَاتِ: الفَاعِلُ وَنَائِبُ الفَاعِلِ","order":7,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubtada-wal-khabar","name":"Chapter on the Subject and the Predicate","nameAr":"بَابُ المُبْتَدَإِ وَالخَبَرِ","order":8,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kana-wa-akhawatuha","name":"Kāna and Its Sisters, the Particles like Laysa, and the Verbs of Nearness","nameAr":"كَانَ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا، وَالحُرُوفُ المُشَبَّهَةُ بِلَيْسَ، وَأَفْعَالُ المُقَارَبَةِ","order":9,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"inna-wa-la-al-nafiya","name":"Inna and Its Sisters, and Lā of Generic Negation","nameAr":"إِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا، وَلَا الَّتِي لِنَفْيِ الجِنْسِ","order":10,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"zanna-wa-akhawatuha","name":"Ẓanna and Its Sisters","nameAr":"ظَنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا","order":11,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-bih-wal-munada","name":"The Accusatives: the Object and the Vocative","nameAr":"بَابُ المَنْصُوبَاتِ: المَفْعُولُ بِهِ وَالمُنَادَى","order":12,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-mafail","name":"The Absolute Object, the Adverbs, the Object of Purpose and the Object of Accompaniment","nameAr":"المَفْعُولُ المُطْلَقُ، وَالمَفْعُولُ فِيهِ، وَالمَفْعُولُ مِنْ أَجْلِهِ، وَالمَفْعُولُ مَعَهُ","order":13,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-hal-wal-tamyiz-wal-mustathna","name":"The Circumstantial Word, the Specifier and the Excepted Word","nameAr":"الحَالُ، وَالتَّمْيِيزُ، وَالمُسْتَثْنَى","order":14,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-makhfudat","name":"Chapter on the Nouns in the Genitive","nameAr":"بَابُ المَخْفُوضَاتِ مِنَ الأَسْمَاءِ","order":15,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"nawasib-wa-jawazim-al-mudari","name":"Chapter on the Inflection of Verbs","nameAr":"بَابُ إِعْرَابِ الأَفْعَالِ","order":16,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"al-nat","name":"Chapter on the Adjective","nameAr":"بَابُ النَّعْتِ","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-atf-wal-tawkid-wal-badal","name":"Conjunction, Emphasis and the Substitute","nameAr":"العَطْفُ وَالتَّوْكِيدُ وَالبَدَلُ","order":18,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-asma-al-amila","name":"Chapter on the Nouns That Govern Like Verbs","nameAr":"بَابُ الأَسْمَاءِ العَامِلَةِ عَمَلَ الفِعْلِ","order":19,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-tanazu-wal-taajjub-wal-adad-wal-waqf","name":"Contention, Wonder, Numbers and Pausing","nameAr":"التَّنَازُعُ، وَالتَّعَجُّبُ، وَالعَدَدُ، وَالوَقْفُ","order":20,"paraCount":19,"published":true}]},{"id":"sharh-qatr-al-nada","title":"Sharḥ Qaṭr al-Nadā wa-Ball al-Ṣadā","titleAr":"شَرْحُ قَطْرِ النَّدَى وَبَلِّ الصَّدَى","subtitle":"Ibn Hishām’s commentary on his own grammar primer","author":"Jamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf Ibn Hishām al-Anṣārī","authorAr":"جمال الدين عبد الله بن يوسف بن هشام الأنصاري","description":"Ibn Hishām’s own commentary on Qaṭr al-Nadā, his short survey of Arabic grammar and one of the most widely taught grammar books after the Ājurrūmiyya. He quotes the primer section by section (marked “Text”) and explains it (“Commentary”), giving the reasons behind each definition, answering objections in the form “If you ask … I reply”, and adding the Qurʾānic verses and lines of poetry that serve as evidence: the word and its kinds, inflection and indeclinability, the moods of the imperfect verb, definite and indefinite nouns, the nominatives, accusatives and genitives, the words that work like verbs, the followers and the rest of grammar.","source":"Arabic text from Khālid ibn ʿAbbūd Bā ʿĀmir’s critical edition (Sanaa: Dār al-Āthār, 2nd ed., 1442/2021), based on five manuscripts, read from its page images (archive.org, 20230413_20230413_1135), with Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd’s typed text (turath.io 6970) as a working draft. The editor’s notes are left out; each chapter’s notes list the differences from ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd and any corrections.","edition":"Bā ʿĀmir’s edition (Sanaa: Dār al-Āthār, 2nd ed., 1442/2021), vol. 1","order":15,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/sharh-qatr-al-nada.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-wal-kalima","name":"The Author’s Preface; the Word, Its Kinds and the Signs of the Noun","nameAr":"مقدمة المصنف، والكلمة وأقسامها، وعلامات الاسم","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"murab-wa-mabni","name":"The Inflected and the Fixed Noun","nameAr":"انقسام الاسم إلى معرب ومبني","order":2,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"al-madi-wal-amr","name":"The Kinds of Verb: the Past and the Imperative","nameAr":"أقسام الفعل: الماضي والأمر","order":3,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-mudari-wal-harf","name":"The Imperfect Verb and the Particle","nameAr":"الفعل المضارع والحرف","order":4,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-kalam-wal-irab","name":"Speech, the Kinds of Inflection and the Six Nouns","nameAr":"الكلام، وأنواع الإعراب، والأسماء الستة","order":5,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-muthanna-wal-jam","name":"The Dual and the Sound Plurals","nameAr":"المثنى، وجمع المذكر السالم، وما جمع بألف وتاء","order":6,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"mamnu-wal-amthila-wat-taqdir","name":"The Diptote, the Five Verbs, the Weak Verb and Understood Inflection","nameAr":"ما لا ينصرف، والأمثلة الخمسة، والمعتل الآخر، والإعراب المقدر","order":7,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"raf-al-mudari-wa-lan-wa-kay-wa-idhan","name":"The Nominative of the Imperfect; lan, kay and idhan","nameAr":"رفع المضارع، ونصبه بلن وكي وإذن","order":8,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"an-al-masdariyya","name":"The Masdar Particle an, Stated and Understood","nameAr":"أن المصدرية ظاهرة ومضمرة","order":9,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"hatta-wa-aw-wal-fa","name":"An Understood after ḥattā, aw and the fā of Cause","nameAr":"إضمار أن بعد حتى وأو وفاء السببية","order":10,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"waw-al-maiyya-wal-jazm-bit-talab","name":"The wāw of Accompaniment; the Jussive in Answer to a Request","nameAr":"واو المعية، وجزم المضارع في جواب الطلب","order":11,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-jawazim","name":"The Jussive Particles of One Verb and of Two","nameAr":"جوازم الفعل الواحد والفعلين","order":12,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"an-nakira-wad-damir","name":"The Indefinite and the Definite; the Pronoun","nameAr":"النكرة والمعرفة، والضمير","order":13,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-alam-wal-ishara","name":"The Proper Name and the Demonstrative","nameAr":"العلم، واسم الإشارة","order":14,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-mawsul","name":"The Relative Noun and Its Relative Clause","nameAr":"الموصول وصلته","order":15,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-adat-wal-mudaf","name":"The Noun Made Definite by al- and by Annexation","nameAr":"المعرف بالأداة وبالإضافة","order":16,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubtada-wal-khabar-1","name":"The Subject and the Predicate (Part 1)","nameAr":"المبتدأ والخبر (١)","order":17,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubtada-wal-khabar-2","name":"The Subject and the Predicate (Part 2)","nameAr":"المبتدأ والخبر (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"kana-wa-akhawatuha-1","name":"Kāna and Its Sisters (Part 1)","nameAr":"كان وأخواتها (١)","order":19,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"kana-wa-akhawatuha-2","name":"Kāna and Its Sisters (Part 2)","nameAr":"كان وأخواتها (٢)","order":20,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"ma-wa-la-wa-lata","name":"Mā, lā and lāta, Which Work Like laysa","nameAr":"ما ولا ولات العاملات عمل ليس","order":21,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"inna-wa-akhawatuha-1","name":"Inna and Its Sisters (Part 1)","nameAr":"إن وأخواتها (١)","order":22,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"inna-wa-akhawatuha-2","name":"Inna and Its Sisters (Part 2)","nameAr":"إن وأخواتها (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"lam-al-ibtida-wa-la-al-nafiya-lil-jins","name":"The l after inna; the lā That Denies the Whole Kind","nameAr":"لام الابتداء بعد إن، ولا النافية للجنس","order":24,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"la-hawla-wa-zanna-wa-akhawatuha","name":"Repeated lā and Its Adjective; ẓanna and Its Sisters","nameAr":"تكرار لا ونعت اسمها، وظن وأخواتها","order":25,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"al-ilgha-wat-taliq","name":"Cancelling and Suspending ẓanna and Its Sisters","nameAr":"الإلغاء والتعليق في ظن وأخواتها","order":26,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-fail-1","name":"The Doer (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفاعل (١)","order":27,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"al-fail-2","name":"The Doer (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفاعل (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"naib-al-fail","name":"The Stand-in for the Doer","nameAr":"النائب عن الفاعل","order":29,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-ishtighal","name":"Preoccupation (ishtighāl)","nameAr":"الاشتغال","order":30,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"at-tanazu","name":"Contention (tanāzuʿ)","nameAr":"التنازع","order":31,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-bihi-wal-munada","name":"The Objects; the Direct Object; the Vocative (Part 1)","nameAr":"المفعولات، والمفعول به، والمنادى (١)","order":32,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-munada-2","name":"The Vocative (Part 2): Annexed to the y of the Speaker","nameAr":"المنادى (٢): المضاف إلى ياء المتكلم","order":33,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"tabi-al-munada","name":"The Vocative (Part 3): Its Followers; yā Zaydu Zayda l-yaʿmalāti","nameAr":"المنادى (٣): تابع المنادى، ويا زيد زيد اليعملات","order":34,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"at-tarkhim","name":"Shortening the Vocative (tarkhīm)","nameAr":"ترخيم المنادى","order":35,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-istighatha-wan-nudba","name":"Calling for Help and Lamenting","nameAr":"الاستغاثة والندبة","order":36,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutlaq-wal-maful-lahu","name":"The Absolute Object and the Object of Reason","nameAr":"المفعول المطلق، والمفعول له","order":37,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-fihi-wal-maful-maahu","name":"The Adverbial Object and the Object of Accompaniment","nameAr":"المفعول فيه، والمفعول معه","order":38,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-hal","name":"The State","nameAr":"الحال","order":39,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"at-tamyiz","name":"The Specification","nameAr":"التمييز","order":40,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustathna-bi-illa","name":"The Exception with Illā","nameAr":"المستثنى بإلا","order":41,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"adawat-al-istithna","name":"The Other Particles of Exception","nameAr":"أدوات الاستثناء غير إلا","order":42,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"huruf-al-jarr","name":"The Prepositions","nameAr":"حروف الجر","order":43,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-idafa","name":"The Genitive by Annexation","nameAr":"المجرور بالإضافة","order":44,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-fil","name":"The Verbal Noun of Command","nameAr":"اسم الفعل","order":45,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-masdar-1","name":"The Masdar (1)","nameAr":"المصدر (١)","order":46,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-masdar-2","name":"The Masdar (2)","nameAr":"المصدر (٢)","order":47,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-fail","name":"The Active Participle","nameAr":"اسم الفاعل","order":48,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"amthilat-al-mubalagha-wa-ism-al-maful","name":"The Intensive Forms and the Passive Participle","nameAr":"أمثلة المبالغة، واسم المفعول","order":49,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"as-sifa-al-mushabbaha","name":"The Adjective Resembling the Participle","nameAr":"الصفة المشبهة","order":50,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"ism-at-tafdil","name":"The Elative","nameAr":"اسم التفضيل","order":51,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"at-tawabi-wan-nat-1","name":"The Followers; the Adjective (1)","nameAr":"التوابع، والنعت (١)","order":52,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"an-nat-2","name":"The Adjective (2)","nameAr":"النعت (٢)","order":53,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"at-tawkid-al-lafzi","name":"Verbal Emphasis","nameAr":"التوكيد اللفظي","order":54,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"at-tawkid-al-manawi","name":"Emphasis in Meaning","nameAr":"التوكيد المعنوي","order":55,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"atf-al-bayan","name":"The Explanatory Apposition","nameAr":"عطف البيان","order":56,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"atf-an-nasaq","name":"Coordination by a Particle","nameAr":"عطف النسق","order":57,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-badal","name":"The Substitute","nameAr":"البدل","order":58,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-adad","name":"Number","nameAr":"العدد","order":59,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mawani-as-sarf-1","name":"The Diptote (1)","nameAr":"موانع الصرف (١)","order":60,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"mawani-as-sarf-2","name":"The Diptote (2)","nameAr":"موانع الصرف (٢)","order":61,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"at-taajjub","name":"Wonder","nameAr":"التعجب","order":62,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-waqf-wal-kitaba","name":"The Pause and Points of Spelling","nameAr":"الوقف، ومسائل من الكتابة","order":63,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"hamzat-al-wasl","name":"The Connecting Hamza","nameAr":"همزة الوصل","order":64,"paraCount":17,"published":true}]},{"id":"sharh-shudhur-al-dhahab","title":"Sharḥ Shudhūr al-Dhahab","titleAr":"شَرْحُ شُذُورِ الذَّهَبِ فِي مَعْرِفَةِ كَلَامِ العَرَبِ","subtitle":"Ibn Hishām’s commentary on his grammar of the speech of the Arabs","author":"Jamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh b. Yūsuf Ibn Hishām al-Anṣārī","authorAr":"جمال الدين عبد الله بن يوسف بن هشام الأنصاري","description":"Ibn Hishām’s own commentary on Shudhūr al-Dhahab fī Maʿrifat Kalām al-ʿArab, his middle-length grammar. He quotes his matn section by section and explains it: the word and speech, inflection and indeclinability, definite and indefinite nouns, the nominatives, accusatives and genitives, the moods of the verb, the words that work like verbs, the followers and the rest of grammar. True to the promise of his preface, he parses every verse he cites as evidence, explains rare words, and ends many questions with a verse of the Qurʾān and its grammar.","source":"Arabic text from Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd’s edition (Cairo: Dār al-Ṭalāʾiʿ, 2004), read from its page images (archive.org, sharh_shothor_althahab), with ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Daqr’s typed text (turath.io 6969) as a working draft and Barakāt Hubbūd’s edition (Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr; archive.org, a922n) consulted at doubtful places. The editor’s notes are left out; each chapter’s notes list the differences and corrections.","edition":"Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd’s edition (Cairo: Dār al-Ṭalāʾiʿ, 2004)","order":15,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":4,"summaryPdf":"summaries/sharh-shudhur-al-dhahab.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kalima","name":"The Author’s Preface; the Word and Its Three Kinds","nameAr":"مقدمة المؤلف، والكلمة وأقسامها","order":1,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-ism","name":"The Signs of the Noun","nameAr":"علامات الاسم","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"anwa-al-fil","name":"The Kinds of Verb and Their Signs; the Particle","nameAr":"أنواع الفعل وعلاماتها، والحرف","order":3,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"kalam","name":"Speech: Its Meanings and Its Kinds","nameAr":"الكلام: معانيه وأقسامه","order":4,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"irab","name":"Inflection and Its Four Kinds","nameAr":"الإعراب وأنواعه","order":5,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"mamnu-wa-jam-muannath","name":"Departures from the Basic Signs (1): the Diptote and the Plural in -āt","nameAr":"ما خرج عن الأصل (١): ما لا ينصرف، وما جمع بألف وتاء","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-asma-al-sitta","name":"Departures from the Basic Signs (2): the Six Nouns","nameAr":"ما خرج عن الأصل (٢): الأسماء الستة","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-muthanna","name":"Departures from the Basic Signs (3): the Dual, and “Inna hādhāni la-sāḥirāni”","nameAr":"ما خرج عن الأصل (٣): المثنى، وتوجيه «إن هذان لساحران»","order":8,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"mulhaq-bil-muthanna","name":"Departures from the Basic Signs (4): the Alleged Error in the Muṣḥaf; Words Treated Like the Dual","nameAr":"ما خرج عن الأصل (٤): دعوى اللحن في المصحف، وما ألحق بالمثنى","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"jam-al-mudhakkar","name":"Departures from the Basic Signs (5): the Sound Masculine Plural","nameAr":"ما خرج عن الأصل (٥): جمع المذكر السالم","order":10,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"sinun-wal-afal-al-khamsa","name":"Departures from the Basic Signs (6): Plurals Like sinūna; the Five Verbs","nameAr":"ما خرج عن الأصل (٦): سنون وبابه، والأمثلة الخمسة","order":11,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutall-wal-muqaddar","name":"Departures from the Basic Signs (7): the Weak Verb; Understood Vowels","nameAr":"ما خرج عن الأصل (٧): الفعل المعتل الآخر، والإعراب المقدر","order":12,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-bina-wal-mabni-alas-sukun","name":"Fixed Words: Definition; Words Fixed on Sukūn","nameAr":"البناء: حده، والمبني على السكون","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mabni-alal-fath-1","name":"Words Fixed on a (Part 1): Past and Emphatic Verbs, Compound Numbers, Adverbs and States","nameAr":"المبني على الفتح (١): الماضي، والمضارع المؤكد، والمركب من الأعداد والظروف والأحوال","order":14,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-mabni-alal-fath-2","name":"Words Fixed on a (Part 2) and on a or Its Substitute: Vague Words Annexed; the Noun of lā","nameAr":"المبني على الفتح (٢)، والمبني على الفتح أو نائبه: المبهم المضاف، واسم لا","order":15,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"masail-la-wal-mabni-alal-kasr","name":"Two Questions on lā; Words Fixed on i (Part 1)","nameAr":"مسألتان في باب لا، والمبني على الكسر (١)","order":16,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-mabni-alal-kasr-2","name":"Words Fixed on i (Part 2)","nameAr":"المبني على الكسر (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-mabni-alad-damm","name":"Words Fixed on u","nameAr":"المبني على الضم","order":18,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-munada-al-mabni","name":"Words Fixed on u or Its Substitute: the Vocative","nameAr":"المبني على الضم أو نائبه: المنادى","order":19,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yattarid-1","name":"Words with No Fixed Vowel (Part 1): Particles and Verbal Nouns","nameAr":"ما لا يطرد فيه شيء بعينه (١): الحروف وأسماء الأفعال","order":20,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yattarid-2","name":"Words with No Fixed Vowel (Part 2): Pronouns, Demonstratives, Relatives and Others","nameAr":"ما لا يطرد فيه شيء بعينه (٢): المضمرات والإشارات والموصولات وغيرها","order":21,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"an-nakira-wal-mudmar","name":"Indefinite and Definite Nouns: the Indefinite; the Pronoun","nameAr":"النكرة والمعرفة: النكرة، والمضمر","order":22,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"al-alam-wal-ishara","name":"Proper Names and Demonstratives","nameAr":"العلم، والإشارة","order":23,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-mawsul","name":"Relative Nouns","nameAr":"الموصول","order":24,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-muhalla-bi-al-wal-mudaf","name":"Nouns with al-; Nouns Annexed to a Definite Noun","nameAr":"المحلى بأل، والمضاف لمعرفة","order":25,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"fail-wa-naibuh","name":"The Nominatives: the Agent and Its Deputy","nameAr":"المرفوعات: الفاعل ونائبه","order":40,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"ahkam-al-fail-1","name":"Five Rulings Shared by the Agent and Its Deputy (Part 1)","nameAr":"أحكام الفاعل ونائبه (١)","order":41,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ahkam-al-fail-2","name":"Five Rulings Shared by the Agent and Its Deputy (Part 2)","nameAr":"أحكام الفاعل ونائبه (٢)","order":42,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubtada-wa-khabaruh","name":"The Subject and Its Predicate","nameAr":"المبتدأ وخبره","order":43,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"kana-wa-akhawatuha","name":"Kāna and Its Sisters; the Verbs of Nearness","nameAr":"اسم كان وأخواتها، واسم أفعال المقاربة","order":44,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"ma-wa-la-wa-lata-wa-in","name":"The Noun of the Particles That Work Like Laysa","nameAr":"اسم الحروف العاملة عمل ليس","order":45,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"khabar-inna","name":"The Predicate of Inna and Its Sisters; When Inna Takes i","nameAr":"خبر إن وأخواتها، ومواضع كسر همزة إن","order":46,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"fath-anna-wa-khabar-la","name":"When Anna Takes a; the Predicate of Lā; the Imperfect Verb","nameAr":"مواضع فتح همزة أن، وخبر لا النافية للجنس، والمضارع المرفوع","order":47,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-bih","name":"The Accusatives: the Direct Object and the Vocative","nameAr":"المنصوبات: المفعول به والمنادى","order":48,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-ikhtisas-wal-ighra","name":"Specification and Incitement","nameAr":"المنصوب على الاختصاص، والإغراء والتحذير","order":49,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-al-mutlaq-wa-lah","name":"The Absolute Object and the Object of Purpose","nameAr":"المفعول المطلق، والمفعول له","order":50,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-fih","name":"The Adverb (the Object In Which)","nameAr":"المفعول فيه","order":51,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-maah","name":"The Object of Accompaniment; the Noun Likened to a Direct Object","nameAr":"المفعول معه، والمشبه بالمفعول به","order":52,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-hal-1","name":"The Circumstantial Noun (Part 1)","nameAr":"الحال (١)","order":53,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"al-hal-2","name":"The Circumstantial Noun (Part 2)","nameAr":"الحال (٢)","order":54,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-tamyiz-1","name":"The Specifying Noun (Part 1)","nameAr":"التمييز (١)","order":55,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-tamyiz-2","name":"The Specifying Noun (Part 2)","nameAr":"التمييز (٢)","order":56,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustathna-1","name":"The Excepted Noun (Part 1)","nameAr":"المستثنى (١)","order":57,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustathna-2","name":"The Excepted Noun (Part 2)","nameAr":"المستثنى (٢)","order":58,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"khabar-kana-wa-kada","name":"The Predicates of Kāna, Kāda and the Laysa-like Particles; the Noun of Inna","nameAr":"خبر كان وكاد وما حمل على ليس، واسم إن","order":59,"paraCount":40,"published":true},{"id":"inna-ma-wal-takhfif-wa-la","name":"Inna with Mā; the Lightened Inna, Anna, Kaʾanna and Lākinna; the Noun of Lā","nameAr":"إن وأخواتها مع ما، وتخفيفها، واسم لا النافية للجنس","order":60,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"nawasib-al-mudari-1","name":"The Imperfect Verb after a Particle of the Subjunctive (Part 1): Lan, Kay and Idhan","nameAr":"المضارع بعد ناصب (١): لن وكي وإذن","order":61,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"nawasib-al-mudari-2","name":"The Imperfect Verb after a Particle of the Subjunctive (Part 2): An","nameAr":"المضارع بعد ناصب (٢): أن","order":62,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"idmar-an-1","name":"The Implied An (Part 1): after Ḥattā, Lām and Kay","nameAr":"إضمار أن (١): بعد حتى واللام وكي","order":63,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"idmar-an-2","name":"The Implied An (Part 2): after Aw, the Fāʾ of Cause and the Wāw of Accompaniment; the Answer to a Negation","nameAr":"إضمار أن (٢): بعد أو وفاء السببية وواو المعية، وجواب النفي","order":64,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"idmar-an-3","name":"The Implied An (Part 3): the Fāʾ of Cause after the Seven Requests","nameAr":"إضمار أن (٣): فاء السببية بعد الطلب","order":65,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"idmar-an-4","name":"The Implied An (Part 4): the Wāw of Accompaniment; Optional An after a Pure Noun","nameAr":"إضمار أن (٤): واو المعية، وإضمار أن جوازًا بعد الاسم الصريح","order":66,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"harf-al-jarr","name":"Words Made Genitive by a Preposition: The Six Kinds of Preposition","nameAr":"المجرور بالحرف: أقسام الحروف الجارة","order":70,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"hadhf-harf-al-jarr","name":"Omitting a Preposition while Its Effect Remains","nameAr":"حذف حرف الجر وبقاء عمله","order":71,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-idafa","name":"Words Made Genitive by Annexation","nameAr":"المجرور بالإضافة","order":72,"paraCount":29,"published":true},{"id":"al-jiwar","name":"The Genitive by Proximity","nameAr":"المجرور للمجاورة","order":73,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-jawazim","name":"The Jussive Particles; the Condition and Its Answer","nameAr":"الجوازم، والشرط وجوابه","order":74,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"jawab-bil-fa","name":"When the Answer Takes fa- or idhā","nameAr":"اقتران الجواب بالفاء أو إذا الفجائية","order":75,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"hadhf-al-shart","name":"Omitting Parts of the Conditional Sentence","nameAr":"الحذف في باب الشرط والجزاء","order":76,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"istighna-an-al-jawab","name":"When the Answer Must Be Left Unstated; a Verb after fa- or wa-","nameAr":"وجوب الاستغناء عن الجواب، والفعل بعد الفاء أو الواو","order":77,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"amal-al-fil","name":"The Government of the Verb; Verbs That Take No Object","nameAr":"عمل الفعل، وما لا يتعدى إلى المفعول به","order":78,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutaaddi","name":"Verbs That Take One, Two or Varying Objects; the Verbs of the Heart","nameAr":"المتعدي إلى واحد وإلى اثنين، وأفعال القلوب","order":79,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"ilgha-wa-taliq","name":"The Verbs of the Heart: Governing, Cancelling and Suspension","nameAr":"أفعال القلوب: الإعمال والإلغاء والتعليق","order":80,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"amara-wa-akhawatuha","name":"Amara and Its Kind; Verbs with Three Objects; Omitting the Objects; Qāla Treated Like Ẓanna","nameAr":"أمر وأخواتها، وما يتعدى إلى ثلاثة، وحذف المفعولين، وإجراء القول مجرى الظن","order":81,"paraCount":49,"published":true},{"id":"al-masdar","name":"Nouns That Govern Like Verbs: The Verbal Noun","nameAr":"الأسماء التي تعمل عمل الفعل: المصدر","order":82,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-fail","name":"The Active Participle, the Intensive Forms and the Passive Participle","nameAr":"اسم الفاعل، وأمثلة المبالغة، واسم المفعول","order":83,"paraCount":45,"published":true},{"id":"al-sifa-al-mushabbaha","name":"The Resembling Adjective","nameAr":"الصفة المشبهة","order":84,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-fil","name":"The Verbal Interjection","nameAr":"اسم الفعل","order":85,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"al-zarf-wa-ism-al-masdar","name":"The Adverbial and Prepositional Phrase; the Noun of the Verbal Noun","nameAr":"الظرف والمجرور، واسم المصدر","order":86,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ism-al-tafdil","name":"The Elative: What It Governs and When It Agrees","nameAr":"اسم التفضيل: عمله ومطابقته","order":87,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"bina-al-tafdil-wal-taajjub","name":"The Verbs from Which the Elative and the Verbs of Wonder Are Formed","nameAr":"ما يُبْنَى مِنْهُ اسْمُ التَّفْضِيلِ وَفِعْلَا التَّعَجُّبِ","order":88,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"al-tanazu","name":"Contention: Two Governors Seeking One Word","nameAr":"التَّنَازُعُ","order":89,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-ishtighal","name":"Preoccupation: A Verb Taken Up by the Pronoun of a Preceding Noun","nameAr":"الاشْتِغَالُ","order":90,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawkid","name":"The Followers; Emphasis","nameAr":"التَّوَابِعُ: التَّوْكِيدُ","order":91,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-nat","name":"Description","nameAr":"النَّعْتُ","order":92,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"atf-al-bayan","name":"Explicative Apposition","nameAr":"عَطْفُ البَيَانِ","order":93,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-badal","name":"Substitution","nameAr":"البَدَلُ","order":94,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"atf-al-nasaq-1","name":"Coordination (1): The Meanings of the Conjunctions","nameAr":"عَطْفُ النَّسَقِ (١): مَعَانِي حُرُوفِ العَطْفِ","order":95,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"atf-al-nasaq-2-wa-tabi-al-munada","name":"Coordination (2): Joining to Pronouns; the Followers of the Vocative","nameAr":"عَطْفُ النَّسَقِ (٢): العَطْفُ عَلَى الضَّمِيرِ، وَأَحْكَامُ تَابِعِ المُنَادَى","order":96,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mawani-al-sarf-1","name":"Diptotes (1): The Nine Causes; Feminine Alif, the Long Plural and Deflection","nameAr":"مَوَانِعُ الصَّرْفِ (١): العِلَلُ التِّسْعُ، وَأَلِفُ التَّأْنِيثِ، وَصِيغَةُ مُنْتَهَى الجُمُوعِ، وَالعَدْلُ","order":97,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mawani-al-sarf-2","name":"Diptotes (2): The Verb Pattern, the Added -ān, and the Conditions; the Feminine","nameAr":"مَوَانِعُ الصَّرْفِ (٢): الوَزْنُ وَالزِّيَادَةُ وَالشُّرُوطُ، وَالتَّأْنِيثُ","order":98,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-adad-wal-khatima","name":"Number; the Author’s Closing Words","nameAr":"العَدَدُ، وَخَاتِمَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":99,"paraCount":24,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-kafiya","title":"al-Kāfiya fī ʿIlm al-Naḥw","titleAr":"الكَافِيَةُ فِي عِلْمِ النَّحْوِ","subtitle":"Ibn al-Ḥājib’s concise summa of Arabic grammar","author":"Jamāl al-Dīn ʿUthmān b. ʿUmar Ibn al-Ḥājib","authorAr":"جمال الدين أبو عمرو عثمان بن عمر بن الحاجب","description":"The grammar of the Mālikī jurist and grammarian Ibn al-Ḥājib (d. 646/1249), one of the most studied texts of naḥw from Egypt to India, with more than a hundred and forty commentaries, among them those of al-Raḍī al-Astarābādhī and al-Jāmī. In tight, definition-led prose it covers the word and speech, inflection and diptotes, the nominatives, accusatives and genitives, the followers, the indeclinable nouns, definiteness, number, gender, dual and plural, the verbal nouns and participles, the elative, the verb and its moods, and the particles.","source":"Arabic text from Ṣāliḥ ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm al-Shāʿir’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat al-Ādāb, 2010), which revises Ṭāriq Najm ʿAbd Allāh’s edition from nine witnesses against a Princeton manuscript of 793 AH collated with the author’s own copy; via turath.io (book 122234), checked against the print’s page images (archive.org 33555283). Each chapter’s notes list the corrections and readings to check.","edition":"al-Shāʿir’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat al-Ādāb, 2010)","order":16,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":4,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-kafiya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"kalima-irab","name":"The Word, Speech, Inflection and Diptotes","nameAr":"الكلمة والكلام والإعراب وغير المنصرف","order":1,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"marfuat","name":"The Nominatives","nameAr":"المرفوعات","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mansubat-1","name":"The Accusatives (Part 1)","nameAr":"المنصوبات (١)","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"mansubat-2","name":"The Accusatives (Part 2)","nameAr":"المنصوبات (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mansubat-3","name":"The Accusatives (Part 3)","nameAr":"المنصوبات (٣)","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"majrurat-tawabi","name":"The Genitives and the Followers","nameAr":"المجرورات والتوابع","order":6,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"mabni-mudmarat","name":"The Indeclinable Noun and the Pronouns","nameAr":"المبني والمضمرات","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mabniyyat-2","name":"Demonstratives, Relatives and the Other Indeclinable Nouns","nameAr":"أسماء الإشارة والموصولات وسائر المبنيات","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"marifa-adad-jam","name":"Definite and Indefinite, Number, Gender, Dual and Plural","nameAr":"المعرفة والنكرة والعدد والمذكر والمؤنث والمثنى والمجموع","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"masdar-mushtaqqat","name":"The Verbal Noun, the Participles, the Resembling Adjective and the Elative","nameAr":"المصدر واسم الفاعل واسم المفعول والصفة المشبهة واسم التفضيل","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fil-1","name":"The Verb (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفعل (١)","order":11,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fil-2","name":"The Verb (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفعل (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"huruf-1","name":"The Particle (Part 1)","nameAr":"الحرف (١)","order":13,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"huruf-2","name":"The Particle (Part 2)","nameAr":"الحرف (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-maqulat-al-ashr","title":"al-Maqūlāt al-ʿAshr","titleAr":"المَقُولَاتُ العَشْرُ","subtitle":"Al-Sujāʿī’s poem on the ten categories, with his own commentary al-Jawāhir al-Muntaẓamāt","author":"Aḥmad b. Aḥmad al-Sujāʿī","authorAr":"أحمد بن أحمد السجاعي","description":"An eight-line rajaz poem on the ten Aristotelian categories by the Egyptian Azharī scholar Aḥmad al-Sujāʿī (d. 1197/1783), with his own commentary, al-Jawāhir al-muntaẓamāt fī ʿuqūd al-maqūlāt (completed 1182/1768), the text known in the madrasas as “Maqūlāt al-Sujāʿī” and read after Īsāghūjī. The poem names the ten highest genera of existing things, substance and the nine accidents, and defines each. The commentary, drawing on al-Mawāqif, al-Maqāṣid and their commentaries, explains every definition and sets out the views of the philosophers and the theologians on body, place, time, relation, knowledge and the rest. It was glossed by Ḥasan al-ʿAṭṭār, al-ʿAdawī and Ḥasanayn Makhlūf.","source":"Arabic text from Khālid b. Manāḥī al-Ḥusaynī’s edition of al-Jawāhir al-muntaẓamāt, made from two Dār al-Kutub manuscripts (copied 1288 and 1277 AH) and the Khayriyya print of 1324 AH, read from its page images; checked at doubtful places against the commentary as printed with al-ʿAdawī’s gloss. Each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"Khālid b. Manāḥī al-Ḥusaynī’s edition of al-Jawāhir al-muntaẓamāt (unpaginated; no page numbers are given)","order":16,"published":true,"subject":"logic","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-maqulat-al-ashr.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"nazm","name":"The Poem on the Ten Categories","nameAr":"نظم المقولات العشر","order":1,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"khutba","name":"The Commentator’s Preface; the Ten Categories in General","nameAr":"خطبة الشرح والمقولات على الإجمال","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"arad-wa-jawhar","name":"Accident and Substance","nameAr":"العرض والجوهر","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"kamm","name":"Quantity","nameAr":"الكم","order":4,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"kayf","name":"Quality","nameAr":"الكيف","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ayn-1","name":"Where (Part 1)","nameAr":"الأين (١)","order":6,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"ayn-2","name":"Where (Part 2): What Place Is","nameAr":"الأين (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"mata-wa-idafa-1","name":"When; Relation (Part 1)","nameAr":"المتى والإضافة (١)","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"idafa-2","name":"Relation (Part 2)","nameAr":"الإضافة (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"wad","name":"Position","nameAr":"الوضع","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"milk-wa-an-yafal","name":"Possession; Action and Passion; Conclusion","nameAr":"الملك وأن يفعل وأن ينفعل","order":11,"paraCount":14,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-sullam-al-munawraq","title":"al-Sullam al-Munawraq","titleAr":"السُّلَّمُ المُنَوْرَقُ","subtitle":"The Ladder in Leaf: a primer of logic in verse, by al-Akhḍarī","author":"ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī","authorAr":"عبد الرحمن الأخضري","description":"A 144-line poem in rajaz metre on Aristotelian logic by the Algerian Mālikī scholar ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Akhḍarī (d. 983/1575), written in 941/1534 when he was twenty-one. Based on al-Abharī’s Īsāghūjī, it covers the permissibility of studying logic, conception and assent, signification, the five universals, definitions, propositions, contradiction, conversion, the syllogism and its figures, induction and analogy, the kinds of proof and the errors of argument. It has been the standard first text of logic in al-Azhar and North Africa for centuries, with commentaries by al-Akhḍarī himself, al-Damanhūrī, al-Malawī, al-Bājūrī and many others.","source":"Arabic text from the fully vowelled poem printed with Muḥammad Nūr al-Dīn’s edition of al-Damanhūrī’s Īḍāḥ al-mubham, edited from four manuscripts (one collated in 1189 AH), checked against Shannār’s edition of Īḍāḥ al-mubham with al-Akhḍarī’s own commentary (Dār al-Farfūr, 2001) and Bilāl al-Najjār’s vowelled text. Each chapter’s notes give the variants.","edition":"Muḥammad Nūr al-Dīn’s edition of the poem printed with al-Damanhūrī’s Īḍāḥ al-mubham min maʿānī al-Sullam (pp. 49–59)","order":16,"published":true,"subject":"logic","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-sullam-al-munawraq.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction: Logic, Its Study, Knowledge and Signification","nameAr":"المقدمة","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"alfaz","name":"Conceptions: Words, Universals and Definitions","nameAr":"مباحث الألفاظ والمعرفات","order":2,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qadaya","name":"Propositions, Contradiction and Conversion","nameAr":"القضايا وأحكامها","order":3,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"qiyas","name":"The Syllogism","nameAr":"القياس","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"hujja","name":"Kinds of Proof, Fallacies and Conclusion","nameAr":"أقسام الحجة والخاتمة","order":5,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-16-adab-al-uzla","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Seclusion","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ العُزْلَةِ","subtitle":"The sixteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The sixteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the sixth in the quarter on customs. In two chapters it sets out the views of the early Muslims on seclusion and mixing with people, weighs the arguments of each side and finds them inconclusive; then counts the six benefits of seclusion and the seven benefits of mixing that seclusion loses, and judges that the better course differs with the person and his state, closing with the etiquette of the one who withdraws.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":16,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-16-adab-al-uzla.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-aqawil-al-uzla","name":"The Book of the Etiquette of Seclusion; the Opening, and the Sayings of Those Inclined to Seclusion","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آدَابِ العُزْلَةِ، وَأَقَاوِيلُ المَائِلِينَ إِلَى العُزْلَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"hujaj-al-mukhalata","name":"The Arguments of Those Inclined to Mixing, and Why They Are Weak","nameAr":"ذِكْرُ حُجَجِ المَائِلِينَ إِلَى المُخَالَطَةِ وَوَجْهِ ضَعْفِهَا","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"hujaj-al-uzla","name":"The Arguments of Those Who Prefer Seclusion","nameAr":"ذِكْرُ حُجَجِ المَائِلِينَ إِلَى تَفْضِيلِ العُزْلَةِ","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-faida-al-ula-1","name":"Chapter Two: The Benefits and Harms of Seclusion; the First Benefit, Freedom for Worship and Reflection (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فِي فَوَائِدِ العُزْلَةِ وَغَوَائِلِهَا؛ الفَائِدَةُ الأُولَى: التَّفَرُّغُ لِلْعِبَادَةِ وَالفِكْرِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-faida-al-ula-2","name":"The First Benefit: Freedom for Worship and Reflection (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الأُولَى: التَّفَرُّغُ لِلْعِبَادَةِ وَالفِكْرِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-faida-al-thaniya-1","name":"The Second Benefit: Escape from Sins (Part 1)","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: التَّخَلُّصُ مِنَ المَعَاصِي (١)","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-faida-al-thaniya-2","name":"The Second Benefit: Escape from Sins (Part 2)","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: التَّخَلُّصُ مِنَ المَعَاصِي (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"musaraqat-al-tab","name":"The Second Benefit: Escape from Sins (Part 3), the Stealing of the Nature","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: التَّخَلُّصُ مِنَ المَعَاصِي (٣)، مُسَارَقَةُ الطَّبْعِ","order":8,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-faida-al-thalitha","name":"The Third Benefit: Escape from Strife and Quarrels","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ: الخَلَاصُ مِنَ الفِتَنِ وَالخُصُومَاتِ","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-faida-al-rabia","name":"The Fourth Benefit: Escape from People’s Evil","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: الخَلَاصُ مِنْ شَرِّ النَّاسِ","order":10,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-faida-al-khamisa","name":"The Fifth and Sixth Benefits: Freedom from Expectations and from Tiresome People","nameAr":"الفَائِدَتَانِ الخَامِسَةُ وَالسَّادِسَةُ: انْقِطَاعُ الطَّمَعِ، وَالخَلَاصُ مِنَ الثُّقَلَاءِ","order":11,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-taalim-wa-l-taallum-1","name":"The Harms of Seclusion; the First Benefit of Mixing, Teaching and Learning (Part 1)","nameAr":"آفَاتُ العُزْلَةِ؛ الفَائِدَةُ الأُولَى: التَّعْلِيمُ وَالتَّعَلُّمُ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-taalim-wa-l-taallum-2","name":"The First Benefit of Mixing, Teaching and Learning (Part 2); the Second, Giving and Receiving Benefit","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ الأُولَى: التَّعْلِيمُ وَالتَّعَلُّمُ (٢)؛ الفَائِدَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: النَّفْعُ وَالانْتِفَاعُ","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-tadib-wa-l-istinas","name":"The Third and Fourth Benefits of Mixing: Discipline, and Companionship","nameAr":"الفَائِدَتَانِ الثَّالِثَةُ وَالرَّابِعَةُ: التَّأْدِيبُ وَالتَّأَدُّبُ، وَالاسْتِئْنَاسُ وَالإِينَاسُ","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-thawab-wa-l-tawadu","name":"The Fifth and Sixth Benefits of Mixing: Reward, and Humility","nameAr":"الفَائِدَتَانِ الخَامِسَةُ وَالسَّادِسَةُ: نَيْلُ الثَّوَابِ وَإِنَالَتُهُ، وَالتَّوَاضُعُ","order":15,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-tajarib","name":"The Seventh Benefit of Mixing: Experience","nameAr":"الفَائِدَةُ السَّابِعَةُ: التَّجَارِبُ","order":16,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"kashf-al-haqq","name":"The Truth about the Merit of Seclusion","nameAr":"كَشْفُ الحَقِّ فِي فَضْلِ العُزْلَةِ","order":17,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-uzla","name":"The Etiquette of Seclusion","nameAr":"آدَابُ العُزْلَةِ","order":18,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"kashf-al-niqab","title":"Kashf al-Niqāb ʿan Mukhaddarāt Mulḥat al-Iʿrāb","titleAr":"كَشْفُ النِّقَابِ عَنْ مُخَدَّرَاتِ مُلْحَةِ الإِعْرَابِ","subtitle":"Al-Fākihī’s commentary on al-Ḥarīrī’s grammar in verse","author":"Jamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad al-Fākihī","authorAr":"جمال الدين عبد الله بن أحمد الفاكهي المكي","description":"A short commentary by the Meccan grammarian al-Fākihī (d. 972/1565) on Mulḥat al-Iʿrāb, al-Ḥarīrī’s grammar in rajaz verse. He quotes the poem a few lines at a time and explains it: the meaning of each line, the parsing of its harder words, the definitions behind its examples, and the points where the grammarians disagree. He also notes where al-Ḥarīrī’s wording is loose or his example does not fit. It makes a natural second reading after the poem itself.","source":"Arabic text from ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd’s critical edition (Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīniyya, 1426/2006), a Dār al-ʿUlūm (Cairo University) study based on the Dār al-Kutub manuscript 238 naḥw, collated with manuscripts in Medina and Kuwait (a copy of the Aḥqāf manuscript), the incomplete British Library copy and the Ḥalabī print. It was read word for word from the page images (archive.org, 4796pdf). The editor’s notes are left out; each chapter’s notes list the corrections and the places where the poem differs from Fāris’s critical text of Mulḥat al-Iʿrāb.","edition":"ʿAbd al-Maqṣūd’s edition (Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīniyya, 1426/2006)","order":16,"published":true,"subject":"grammar","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/kashf-al-niqab.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"The Commentator’s Preface and the Opening Lines","nameAr":"مقدمة المؤلف، وافتتاح الناظم","order":1,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-kalam","name":"The Definition of Speech","nameAr":"حد الكلام","order":2,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-kalim-wal-ism","name":"The Parts of Speech; the Noun and Its Signs","nameAr":"أجزاء الكلم، والاسم وعلاماته","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-fil-wal-harf","name":"The Verb and the Particle and Their Signs","nameAr":"الفعل والحرف وعلاماتهما","order":4,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-nakira-wal-marifa","name":"Indefinite and Definite Nouns","nameAr":"باب في النكرة والمعرفة","order":5,"paraCount":38,"published":true},{"id":"qismat-al-afal","name":"The Division of Verbs: the Past and the Imperative","nameAr":"باب في قسمة الأفعال","order":6,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-fil-al-mudari","name":"The Present Verb","nameAr":"باب الفعل المضارع","order":7,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-irab","name":"Inflection","nameAr":"باب الإعراب","order":8,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-munsarif-wal-asma-al-sitta","name":"The Fully Declinable Noun and the Six Nouns","nameAr":"باب في الاسم المنصرف، والأسماء الستة","order":9,"paraCount":33,"published":true},{"id":"al-manqus-wal-maqsur","name":"The Noun Ending in -ī and the Noun Ending in -ā","nameAr":"باب في الاسم المنقوص، والاسم المقصور","order":10,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"al-muthanna-wa-jam-al-mudhakkar","name":"The Dual and the Sound Masculine Plural","nameAr":"باب في الاسم المثنى، وجمع المذكر السالم","order":11,"paraCount":47,"published":true},{"id":"jam-bi-alif-wa-ta-wa-jam-al-taksir","name":"The Plural with Added Alif and T, and the Broken Plural","nameAr":"باب في الجمع بألف وتاء مزيدتين، وجمع التكسير","order":12,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"huruf-al-jarr","name":"The Prepositions","nameAr":"باب في حروف الجر","order":13,"paraCount":38,"published":true},{"id":"al-qasam-wal-idafa","name":"The Particles of Oath, and Annexation","nameAr":"باب حروف القسم، وباب في الإضافة","order":14,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"mulazim-al-idafa-wa-kam","name":"Nouns Always Annexed, and Kam of Report","nameAr":"تتمة باب الإضافة، وباب كم الخبرية","order":15,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubtada-wal-khabar-1","name":"The Subject and the Predicate (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب في المبتدأ والخبر (١)","order":16,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubtada-wal-khabar-2","name":"The Subject and the Predicate (Part 2)","nameAr":"باب في المبتدأ والخبر (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"al-ishtighal-wal-fail","name":"Preoccupation, and the Doer","nameAr":"باب الاشتغال، وباب الفاعل","order":18,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"ma-lam-yusamma-failuhu","name":"The Verb Whose Doer Is Not Named, and the Direct Object","nameAr":"باب ما لم يسم فاعله، وباب المفعول به","order":19,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"zanna-wa-ism-al-fail","name":"Ẓanna and Its Sisters, and the Active Participle","nameAr":"باب ظن وأخواتها، وباب إعمال اسم الفاعل","order":20,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"al-masdar","name":"The Verbal Noun","nameAr":"باب المصدر","order":21,"paraCount":36,"published":true},{"id":"al-maful-lahu-wa-maahu","name":"The Object of Purpose, and the Object of Accompaniment","nameAr":"باب المفعول له، وباب المفعول معه","order":22,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-hal","name":"The Circumstantial and the Specifier (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب الحال والتمييز (١)","order":23,"paraCount":32,"published":true},{"id":"al-tamyiz","name":"The Circumstantial and the Specifier (Part 2)","nameAr":"باب الحال والتمييز (٢)","order":24,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"kam-al-istifhamiyya-wal-zarf","name":"Kam of Question, and the Adverb (Mafʿūl Fīhi)","nameAr":"باب كم الاستفهامية، وباب المفعول فيه","order":25,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"al-istithna-1","name":"Exception (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب الاستثناء (١)","order":26,"paraCount":40,"published":true},{"id":"al-istithna-2","name":"Exception (Part 2)","nameAr":"باب الاستثناء (٢)","order":27,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"la-al-nafiya-wal-taajjub","name":"Lā That Denies the Whole Kind, and Wonder","nameAr":"باب لا النافية للجنس، وباب التعجب","order":28,"paraCount":41,"published":true},{"id":"al-ighra-wa-inna-1","name":"Urging, and Inna and Its Sisters (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب الإغراء، وباب إن وأخواتها (١)","order":29,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"inna-wa-akhawatuha-2","name":"Inna and Its Sisters (Part 2)","nameAr":"باب إن وأخواتها (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"kana-wa-akhawatuha","name":"Kāna and Its Sisters","nameAr":"باب كان وأخواتها","order":31,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"ma-al-hijaziyya-wal-nida-1","name":"Mā of the Ḥijāzīs, and the Vocative (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب ما النافية الحجازية، وباب النداء (١)","order":32,"paraCount":37,"published":true},{"id":"al-nida-2-wal-tarkhim","name":"The Vocative (Part 2), and Shortening (Tarkhīm)","nameAr":"باب النداء (٢)، وباب الترخيم","order":33,"paraCount":46,"published":true},{"id":"al-tasghir-1","name":"The Diminutive (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب التصغير (١)","order":34,"paraCount":35,"published":true},{"id":"al-tasghir-2","name":"The Diminutive (Part 2)","nameAr":"باب التصغير (٢)","order":35,"paraCount":25,"published":true},{"id":"al-nasab","name":"The Relative Adjective (Nisba)","nameAr":"باب النسب","order":36,"paraCount":26,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawabi-1","name":"The Followers (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب التوابع (١)","order":37,"paraCount":48,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawabi-2","name":"The Followers (Part 2): The Particles of Coordination","nameAr":"باب التوابع (٢): حروف العطف","order":38,"paraCount":33,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yansarif-1","name":"Diptotes (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب ما لا ينصرف (١)","order":39,"paraCount":42,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yansarif-2","name":"Diptotes (Part 2)","nameAr":"باب ما لا ينصرف (٢)","order":40,"paraCount":37,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yansarif-3","name":"Diptotes (Part 3)","nameAr":"باب ما لا ينصرف (٣)","order":41,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yansarif-4-wal-adad","name":"Diptotes (Part 4), and Numbers","nameAr":"باب ما لا ينصرف (٤)، وباب العدد","order":42,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"nawasib-al-mudari-1","name":"The Subjunctive of the Present Verb (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب نواصب الفعل المضارع (١)","order":43,"paraCount":40,"published":true},{"id":"nawasib-al-mudari-2","name":"The Subjunctive of the Present Verb (Part 2)","nameAr":"باب نواصب الفعل المضارع (٢)","order":44,"paraCount":55,"published":true},{"id":"al-amthila-al-khamsa-wal-jawazim","name":"The Five Verbs, and the Jussive","nameAr":"الأمثلة الخمسة، وباب جوازم الفعل المضارع","order":45,"paraCount":47,"published":true},{"id":"al-shart","name":"Condition","nameAr":"باب الشرط","order":46,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"al-mabniyyat-1","name":"Indeclinable Words (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب المبنيات (١)","order":47,"paraCount":38,"published":true},{"id":"al-mabniyyat-2-wal-khatima","name":"Indeclinable Words (Part 2), and the Close of the Poem","nameAr":"باب المبنيات (٢)، وخاتمة المنظومة","order":48,"paraCount":28,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-17-adab-al-safar","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Travel","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ السَّفَرِ","subtitle":"The seventeenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The seventeenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the seventh in the quarter on customs. It distinguishes the outward journey of the body from the inward journey of the heart; in its first chapter it sets out the kinds of travel, their intentions and benefits, and the etiquette of the traveller from setting out to returning, and in its second what the traveller must know of the dispensations of travel and of finding the qibla and the prayer times.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":17,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-17-adab-al-safar.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba","name":"The Book of the Etiquette of Travel; the Opening, and the Plan of the Book","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آدَابِ السَّفَرِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ وَتَقْسِيمُ الكِتَابِ","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-safar-1","name":"The Benefits, Merit and Intention of Travel; the First Kind, Travel for Knowledge (Part 1)","nameAr":"فِي فَوَائِدِ السَّفَرِ وَفَضْلِهِ وَنِيَّتِهِ؛ القِسْمُ الأَوَّلُ: السَّفَرُ فِي طَلَبِ العِلْمِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-safar-2","name":"The First Kind, Travel for Knowledge: the Signs of God in His Earth (Part 2)","nameAr":"القِسْمُ الأَوَّلُ: السَّفَرُ فِي طَلَبِ العِلْمِ (٢): آيَاتُ اللَّهِ فِي أَرْضِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"safar-al-ibada-wa-l-harab","name":"The Second Kind, Travel for Worship and Visiting; the Third Kind, Flight from What Disturbs Religion","nameAr":"القِسْمُ الثَّانِي: السَّفَرُ لِلْعِبَادَةِ وَالزِّيَارَةِ؛ القِسْمُ الثَّالِثُ: الهَرَبُ مِنْ سَبَبٍ مُشَوِّشٍ لِلدِّينِ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-harab-wa-niyyat-al-safar","name":"The Fourth Kind, Flight from Harm to Body or Wealth; the Intention of Travel; Travel or Staying","nameAr":"القِسْمُ الرَّابِعُ: السَّفَرُ هَرَبًا مِمَّا يَقْدَحُ فِي البَدَنِ أَوِ المَالِ؛ وَنِيَّةُ السَّفَرِ، وَالسَّفَرُ أَوِ الإِقَامَةُ","order":5,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"mutasawwifat-al-asr","name":"Travel or Staying (Part 2): the Sufis of This Age, and Living by Religion","nameAr":"السَّفَرُ أَوِ الإِقَامَةُ (٢): مُتَصَوِّفَةُ العَصْرِ، وَالأَكْلُ بِالدِّينِ","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-musafir-1","name":"Section Two: The Etiquette of the Traveller; the First and Second Rules, Setting Things Right and Choosing a Companion","nameAr":"الفَصْلُ الثَّانِي: فِي آدَابِ المُسَافِرِ؛ الأَدَبُ الأَوَّلُ وَالثَّانِي: رَدُّ المَظَالِمِ وَاخْتِيَارُ الرَّفِيقِ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-musafir-2","name":"The Third to Fifth Rules: Farewells, the Prayer before Travel, and the Supplications on Setting Out","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ الثَّالِثُ إِلَى الخَامِسِ: الوَدَاعُ، وَالصَّلَاةُ قَبْلَ السَّفَرِ، وَأَدْعِيَةُ الخُرُوجِ","order":8,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-musafir-3","name":"The Sixth to Eighth Rules: Setting Out Early, Travelling by Night, and Keeping Guard","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ السَّادِسُ إِلَى الثَّامِنِ: البُكُورُ، وَالسَّيْرُ بِاللَّيْلِ، وَالاحْتِيَاطُ","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-musafir-4","name":"The Ninth and Tenth Rules: Kindness to the Mount, and What to Take on the Journey","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ التَّاسِعُ وَالعَاشِرُ: الرِّفْقُ بِالدَّابَّةِ، وَمَا يَسْتَصْحِبُهُ المُسَافِرُ","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-ruju","name":"The Eleventh Rule: Returning from a Journey, and the Inward Etiquette of Travel","nameAr":"الأَدَبُ الحَادِيَ عَشَرَ: آدَابُ الرُّجُوعِ مِنَ السَّفَرِ، وَالآدَابُ البَاطِنَةُ","order":11,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"zad-al-musafir-wa-l-mash","name":"Provisions for the Journey, and the First Dispensation: Wiping over Leather Socks","nameAr":"زَادُ المُسَافِرِ، وَالرُّخْصَةُ الأُولَى: المَسْحُ عَلَى الخُفَّيْنِ","order":12,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-tayammum-wa-l-qasr","name":"The Second and Third Dispensations: Dry Ablution and Shortening the Prayer","nameAr":"الرُّخْصَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ وَالثَّالِثَةُ: التَّيَمُّمُ وَالقَصْرُ","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-jam-wa-l-tanafful","name":"The Fourth to Sixth Dispensations: Joining Prayers, and Voluntary Prayer Riding and Walking","nameAr":"الرُّخْصَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ إِلَى السَّادِسَةِ: الجَمْعُ، وَالتَّنَفُّلُ رَاكِبًا وَمَاشِيًا","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-fitr-wa-taallum-al-rukhas","name":"The Seventh Dispensation: Breaking the Fast, and Whether the Traveller Must Learn the Dispensations","nameAr":"الرُّخْصَةُ السَّابِعَةُ: الفِطْرُ، وَهَلْ يَجِبُ تَعَلُّمُ الرُّخَصِ قَبْلَ السَّفَرِ","order":15,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"adillat-al-qibla","name":"The Duties Travel Adds: The Signs of the Qibla","nameAr":"مَا يَتَجَدَّدُ بِسَبَبِ السَّفَرِ: أَدِلَّةُ القِبْلَةِ","order":16,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-jiha-wa-l-taqlid","name":"Facing the Direction of the Kaʿba, and Following Others in Finding the Qibla","nameAr":"اسْتِقْبَالُ جِهَةِ الكَعْبَةِ، وَالتَّقْلِيدُ فِي القِبْلَةِ","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"awqat-al-salawat","name":"Knowing the Times of the Five Prayers","nameAr":"مَعْرِفَةُ أَوْقَاتِ الصَّلَوَاتِ الخَمْسِ","order":18,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"risalat-al-adab","title":"Risālat al-Ādāb","titleAr":"رِسَالَةُ الآدَابِ فِي عِلْمِ آدَابِ البَحْثِ وَالمُنَاظَرَةِ","subtitle":"A Primer on the Etiquette of Inquiry and Disputation","author":"Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd","authorAr":"محمد محيي الدين عبد الحميد","description":"A modern Azhar textbook of ādāb al-baḥth wa-l-munāẓara, the classical discipline of orderly debate, by the Egyptian scholar Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd (d. 1393/1973). After preliminaries on the discipline and on what can be debated, it treats in turn how to object to and defend a division, a definition and a claim with its proof: denial and its support, counter-argument and refutation, and the order a disputation should follow, with worked examples throughout.","source":"Arabic text from a modern typeset print of the treatise (pp. 633–724 of an unidentified compilation, scanned on archive.org as resala_201506); the author's footnotes and the closing exercises and questions are not included.","edition":"the typeset print scanned on archive.org (resala_201506), pp. 633–724","order":17,"published":true,"subject":"debate","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/risalat-al-adab.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddimat","name":"The Preliminaries","nameAr":"المقدمات","order":1,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"taqsim-1a","name":"Division: Its Meaning, Kinds and Conditions (Part 1)","nameAr":"في التقسيم: معناه وأنواعه وشروطه (١)","order":2,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"taqsim-1b","name":"Division: Its Meaning, Kinds and Conditions (Part 2)","nameAr":"في التقسيم: معناه وأنواعه وشروطه (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"taqsim-2","name":"Objections to a Division and Their Answers","nameAr":"الاعتراضات على التقسيم والأجوبة عنها","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"taqsim-3a","name":"The Order of Disputation over a Division (Part 1)","nameAr":"ترتيب المناظرة في التقسيم (١)","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"taqsim-3b","name":"The Order of Disputation over a Division (Part 2), with a Summary of Chapter One","nameAr":"ترتيب المناظرة في التقسيم (٢)، وتلخيص الباب","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tarif-1a","name":"Definition: Its Kinds (Part 1)","nameAr":"في التعريف: أنواعه وشروطه (١)","order":7,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tarif-1b","name":"Definition: Its Kinds and Conditions (Part 2)","nameAr":"في التعريف: أنواعه وشروطه (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tarif-2a","name":"Disputation about a Definition (Part 1): Objections","nameAr":"طرق المناظرة في التعريف (١)","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tarif-2b","name":"Disputation about a Definition (Part 2): Answers","nameAr":"طرق المناظرة في التعريف (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tarif-3a","name":"Disputing a Definition Step by Step (Part 1)","nameAr":"ترتيب المناظرة في التعريف (١)","order":11,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"tarif-3b","name":"Disputing a Definition Step by Step (Part 2)","nameAr":"ترتيب المناظرة في التعريف (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"tarif-3c","name":"Disputing a Definition Step by Step (Part 3), and a Summary of the Chapter on Definition","nameAr":"ترتيب المناظرة في التعريف (٣)، وتلخيص مباحث باب التعريف","order":13,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"tasdiq-1","name":"The Meaning of Assent and Its Kinds","nameAr":"في معنى التصديق، وأقسامه","order":14,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"tasdiq-2","name":"Disputation over Assent: The Questioner’s Options","nameAr":"في بيان المناظرة في التصديق","order":15,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"man-a","name":"Denial: Its Meaning, Kinds and Supports (Part 1)","nameAr":"في المنع: معناه وأقسامه والسند (١)","order":16,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"man-b","name":"Denial: Useful Supports, Answers, Usurpation and Obstinacy (Part 2)","nameAr":"في المنع: السند النافع، وأجوبة المعلل، والغصب، والمكابرة (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"muarada-a","name":"Counter-argument: Its Meaning and Kinds (Part 1)","nameAr":"في المعارضة: معناها وأقسامها (١)","order":18,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"muarada-b","name":"Counter-argument: Its Three Forms and the Respondent’s Answers (Part 2)","nameAr":"في المعارضة: أنواعها الثلاثة وأجوبة المعلل عنها (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"naqd-a","name":"Refutation (Part 1)","nameAr":"في النقض (١)","order":20,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"naqd-b","name":"Refutation (Part 2)","nameAr":"في النقض (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"tartib-a","name":"The Order of Disputation over an Assent (Part 1)","nameAr":"في ترتيب المناظرة في التصديق (١)","order":22,"paraCount":28,"published":true},{"id":"tartib-b","name":"The Order of Disputation over an Assent (Part 2): Summary of the Chapter on Assent","nameAr":"في ترتيب المناظرة في التصديق (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":33,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-risala-al-waladiyya","title":"al-Risāla al-Waladiyya","titleAr":"الرِّسَالَةُ الوَلَدِيَّةُ","subtitle":"A Treatise for My Son on the Etiquette of Debate (Ādāb al-Baḥth wa-l-Munāẓara)","author":"Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr al-Marʿashī (Sājaqlī Zādah)","authorAr":"محمد بن أبي بكر المرعشي (ساجقلي زاده)","description":"A short Ottoman handbook of the rules of debate by Sājaqlī Zādah (d. 1145/1732), written for his son and widely taught as a first text on the subject in Ottoman lands and at al-Azhar. It sets out how a questioner may object to a definition, a division or a claim — by denial, counter-argument and refutation — and how the respondent should answer, with the technical terms of the art.","source":"Arabic text from the vowelled matn printed in Ḥāshiyat al-ʿAṭṭār al-kubrā ʿalā al-Risāla al-Waladiyya, ed. ʿAmr Yūsuf Muṣṭafā al-Jundī (Kuwait: Dār al-Ḍiyāʾ, 2023), checked against the matn as printed with al-Āmidī’s commentary. Each chapter’s notes list the variants.","edition":"al-Jundī’s edition of Ḥāshiyat al-ʿAṭṭār al-kubrā (Kuwait: Dār al-Ḍiyāʾ, 2023)","order":18,"published":true,"subject":"debate","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-risala-al-waladiyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-tarif","name":"Introduction; Chapter One: Definition","nameAr":"المقدمة، والباب الأول: في التعريف","order":1,"paraCount":34,"published":true},{"id":"taqsim","name":"Chapter Two: Division","nameAr":"الباب الثاني: في التقسيم","order":2,"paraCount":31,"published":true},{"id":"tasdiq-man-1","name":"Chapter Three: Assent — Denial (Part 1)","nameAr":"الباب الثالث: في التصديق — المقالة الأولى في المنع (١)","order":3,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"tasdiq-man-2","name":"Chapter Three: Assent — Denial (Part 2)","nameAr":"الباب الثالث: في التصديق — المقالة الأولى في المنع (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"muarada-naqd","name":"Chapter Three: Assent — Counter-argument and Refutation","nameAr":"الباب الثالث: في التصديق — المقالة الثانية في المعارضة، والمقالة الثالثة في النقض","order":5,"paraCount":30,"published":true},{"id":"khatima","name":"The Constraining Answer, Debate over Quotation, and the Conclusion","nameAr":"الجواب الإلزامي، والمناظرة على تقدير النقل، والخاتمة","order":6,"paraCount":17,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-18-al-sama","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Listening and Ecstasy","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ السَّمَاعِ وَالوَجْدِ","subtitle":"The eighteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The eighteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the eighth in the quarter on customs. Its first chapter reports the scholars’ disagreement over listening to song and poetry, shows that listening is permitted in itself, sets out when it is permitted, recommended, disliked or forbidden, and answers those who forbid it; its second sets out the three stages of listening (understanding what is heard, the ecstasy that follows, with why song stirs it more than the Qurʾān, and the etiquette of listening and the outward effects of ecstasy), ending with when listening is forbidden, disliked, permitted or recommended.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":18,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-18-al-sama.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-aqawil-al-ulama","name":"The Book of the Etiquette of Listening and Ecstasy; the Opening, and the Views Reported by al-Qāḍī Abū al-Ṭayyib","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آدَابِ السَّمَاعِ وَالوَجْدِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَمَا حَكَاهُ القَاضِي أَبُو الطَّيِّبِ مِنَ المَذَاهِبِ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"aqawil-al-mubihin","name":"The Sayings of Those Who Permitted Listening","nameAr":"أَقَاوِيلُ مَنْ أَبَاحَ السَّمَاعَ","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-dalil-al-sawt-al-tayyib","name":"The Proof That Listening Is Permitted: The First Degree, the Pleasant Voice","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الدَّلِيلِ عَلَى إِبَاحَةِ السَّمَاعِ: الدَّرَجَةُ الأُولَى، الصَّوْتُ الطَّيِّبُ","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-sawt-al-mawzun","name":"The Second Degree: The Measured Voice, and Why Some Instruments Are Forbidden","nameAr":"الدَّرَجَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: الصَّوْتُ الطَّيِّبُ المَوْزُونُ، وَعِلَلُ تَحْرِيمِ المَلَاهِي","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-shir","name":"The Third Degree: Poetry, the Measured Voice with Understood Meaning","nameAr":"الدَّرَجَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ: المَوْزُونُ المَفْهُومُ، وَهُوَ الشِّعْرُ","order":5,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-muharrik-lil-qalb","name":"The Fourth Degree: The Voice That Moves the Heart; the Pilgrims’ and the Warriors’ Songs","nameAr":"الدَّرَجَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: الصَّوْتُ المُحَرِّكُ لِلْقَلْبِ؛ وَغِنَاءُ الحَجِيجِ وَالغُزَاةِ","order":6,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-rajaz-wa-l-niyaha-wa-l-surur","name":"The Third, Fourth and Fifth Occasions: Battle Verses, Lament, and Times of Joy","nameAr":"المَوْضِعُ الثَّالِثُ وَالرَّابِعُ وَالخَامِسُ: الرَّجَزِيَّاتُ، وَالنِّيَاحَةُ، وَأَوْقَاتُ السُّرُورِ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"rukhas-al-hadith-wa-sama-al-ushshaq","name":"The Dispensations Shown by These Hadiths; the Sixth Occasion, the Listening of Lovers","nameAr":"أَنْوَاعُ الرُّخَصِ فِي هَذِهِ الأَحَادِيثِ؛ وَالمَوْضِعُ السَّادِسُ: سَمَاعُ العُشَّاقِ","order":8,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sama-al-muhibbin","name":"The Seventh Occasion: The Listening of Those Who Love God","nameAr":"المَوْضِعُ السَّابِعُ: سَمَاعُ مَنْ أَحَبَّ اللَّهَ وَعَشِقَهُ","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"mahabbat-allah-wa-l-arid-al-awwal","name":"Love for God Alone Is True Passion; the Five Circumstances That Make Listening Forbidden: The First, the Singer","nameAr":"المَحَبَّةُ الحَقِيقِيَّةُ لِلَّهِ وَحْدَهُ؛ وَعَوَارِضُ تَحْرِيمِ السَّمَاعِ: العَارِضُ الأَوَّلُ فِي المُسْمِعِ","order":10,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-awarid-2-4","name":"The Second, Third and Fourth Circumstances: The Instrument, the Words, and the Listener","nameAr":"العَارِضُ الثَّانِي وَالثَّالِثُ وَالرَّابِعُ: فِي الآلَةِ، وَنَظْمِ الصَّوْتِ، وَالمُسْتَمِعِ","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-arid-al-khamis-wa-madhhab-al-shafii","name":"The Fifth Circumstance, the Common People and Persistence; and al-Shāfiʿī’s View","nameAr":"العَارِضُ الخَامِسُ: عَوَامُّ الخَلْقِ وَالمُوَاظَبَةُ؛ وَمَذْهَبُ الشَّافِعِيِّ فِي السَّمَاعِ","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hujaj-al-muharrimin-1","name":"The Arguments of Those Who Forbid Listening, and the Answers: The Verses, the Hadiths, and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حُجَجِ القَائِلِينَ بِتَحْرِيمِ السَّمَاعِ: الآيَاتُ وَالأَخْبَارُ وَالآثَارُ","order":13,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"hujaj-al-muharrimin-2","name":"The Answers to the Sayings of the Early Muslims, and to the Argument from Analogy","nameAr":"الجَوَابُ عَنِ الآثَارِ، وَعَنِ القِيَاسِ","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-fahm-1","name":"Chapter Two Begins: The First Stage, Understanding; the Listening of Novices","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: المَقَامُ الأَوَّلُ فِي الفَهْمِ؛ وَسَمَاعُ المُرِيدِينَ","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-fahm-2","name":"The First Stage, Understanding: The Danger in the Novice’s Listening","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الأَوَّلُ فِي الفَهْمِ: خَطَرُ سَمَاعِ المُرِيدِ المُبْتَدِئِ","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-fahm-3","name":"The First Stage, Understanding: One Line, Many Meanings","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الأَوَّلُ فِي الفَهْمِ: البَيْتُ الوَاحِدُ وَمَعَانِيهِ المُخْتَلِفَةُ","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-fahm-4","name":"The First Stage, Understanding: The Fourth State, Passing Away from Self","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الأَوَّلُ فِي الفَهْمِ: الحَالَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ، الفَنَاءُ عَنِ النَّفْسِ","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-1","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: What the Sufis and the Philosophers Have Said","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: أَقْوَالُ الصُّوفِيَّةِ وَالحُكَمَاءِ","order":19,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-2","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: How Listening Leads to Unveiling","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: كَيْفَ يَكُونُ السَّمَاعُ سَبَبًا لِلْكَشْفِ","order":20,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-3","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: What Can and Cannot Be Expressed","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: مَا يُمْكِنُ التَّعْبِيرُ عَنْهُ وَمَا لَا يُمْكِنُ","order":21,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-4","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: Seeking Ecstasy, and Ecstasy at the Qurʾān","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: التَّوَاجُدُ، وَالوَجْدُ عِنْدَ سَمَاعِ القُرْآنِ","order":22,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-5","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: The Ecstasy of the Companions, the Followers and the Sufis at the Qurʾān","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: وَجْدُ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالتَّابِعِينَ وَالصُّوفِيَّةِ بِالقُرْآنِ","order":23,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-6","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: Why Song Stirs Ecstasy More Than the Qurʾān (Reasons One and Two)","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: لِمَ كَانَ الغِنَاءُ أَشَدَّ تَهْيِيجًا لِلْوَجْدِ مِنَ القُرْآنِ (الوَجْهَانِ الأَوَّلُ وَالثَّانِي)","order":24,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-7","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: Why Song Stirs Ecstasy More Than the Qurʾān (Reasons Three to Six)","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: لِمَ كَانَ الغِنَاءُ أَشَدَّ تَهْيِيجًا لِلْوَجْدِ مِنَ القُرْآنِ (الوُجُوهُ مِنَ الثَّالِثِ إِلَى السَّادِسِ)","order":25,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-wajd-8","name":"The Second Stage, Ecstasy: The Seventh Reason, and Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥusayn’s Tears","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّانِي فِي الوَجْدِ: الوَجْهُ السَّابِعُ، وَبُكَاءُ يُوسُفَ بْنِ الحُسَيْنِ","order":26,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-adab-1","name":"The Third Stage: The Etiquette of Listening, Rules One to Three","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّالِثُ: آدَابُ السَّمَاعِ، الآدَابُ الثَّلَاثَةُ الأُولَى","order":27,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-adab-2","name":"The Third Stage: The Etiquette of Listening, Stillness in Ecstasy","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّالِثُ: آدَابُ السَّمَاعِ، السُّكُونُ مَعَ الوَجْدِ","order":28,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-adab-3","name":"The Third Stage: The Etiquette of Listening, Rule Four: Weeping, Dancing and Tearing Clothes","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّالِثُ: آدَابُ السَّمَاعِ، الأَدَبُ الرَّابِعُ: البُكَاءُ وَالرَّقْصُ وَتَمْزِيقُ الثِّيَابِ","order":29,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-adab-4","name":"The Third Stage: The Etiquette of Listening, Rule Five, and the Four Rulings on Listening","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الثَّالِثُ: آدَابُ السَّمَاعِ، الأَدَبُ الخَامِسُ، وَأَحْكَامُ السَّمَاعِ الأَرْبَعَةُ","order":30,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-waraqat","title":"al-Waraqāt","titleAr":"الوَرَقَاتُ","subtitle":"The “Leaves” on the principles of jurisprudence","author":"Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī","authorAr":"إمام الحرمين الجويني","description":"The short primer on the principles of jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) by Imām al-Ḥaramayn ʿAbd al-Malik al-Juwaynī (d. 478/1085), for centuries the first uṣūl text studied by Shāfiʿī students and the subject of many commentaries. In a few pages it defines the legal rulings and the kinds of knowledge, then covers command and prohibition, the general and the specific, the unelaborated and the clarified, the Prophet’s acts, abrogation, consensus, reports, analogy, the ranking of proofs, the muftī and ijtihād.","source":"Arabic text from al-Waraqāt as edited from fourteen manuscripts (the oldest copied in 750 AH) by ʿAbd al-Muḥsin b. Muḥammad al-Qāsim, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-rābiʿ (5th ed., 2019), via turath.io, compared with the matn in ʿAfāna’s edition of al-Maḥallī’s commentary and in al-Māridīnī’s al-Anjum al-zāhirāt. Each chapter’s notes list the variants.","edition":"al-Qāsim’s edition, in Mutūn ṭālib al-ʿilm: al-mustawā al-rābiʿ (5th ed., 1440/2019)","order":19,"published":true,"subject":"usul","level":1,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-waraqat.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Definitions and the Divisions of Speech","nameAr":"الحدود وأقسام الكلام","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"amr-nahy","name":"Command and Prohibition, the General and the Specific, the Unelaborated and the Clarified, and the Acts of the Prophet","nameAr":"الأمر والنهي، والعام والخاص، والمجمل والمبين، والأفعال","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"naskh-ijtihad","name":"Abrogation, Consensus, Reports, Analogy and Independent Reasoning","nameAr":"النسخ، والإجماع، والأخبار، والقياس، والاجتهاد","order":3,"paraCount":15,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-19-al-amr-bi-l-maruf","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ الأَمْرِ بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيِ عَنِ المُنْكَرِ","subtitle":"The nineteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The nineteenth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the ninth in the quarter on customs. In four chapters it proves from the Qurʾān, the hadiths and the sayings of the early Muslims that commanding right and forbidding wrong is a communal obligation; sets out its four pillars (the censor, the one censured, the matter censured and the act of censure) with their conditions, its degrees from informing to the use of force, and the manners of the censor; surveys the wrongs common in mosques, markets, streets, bathhouses and banquets, and the duty of those who know to go out and teach; and closes with the manner of commanding and forbidding rulers, illustrated by stories of the early Muslims before caliphs and governors, and a lament that greed now silences the scholars.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":19,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-19-al-amr-bi-l-maruf.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-l-ayat","name":"The Book of Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong; the Opening, and the Verses on Its Obligation","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الأَمْرِ بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيِ عَنِ المُنْكَرِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَالآيَاتُ فِي وُجُوبِهِ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-akhbar-1","name":"The Hadiths on Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong (Part 1)","nameAr":"الأَخْبَارُ فِي الأَمْرِ بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيِ عَنِ المُنْكَرِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-akhbar-2","name":"The Hadiths on Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong (Part 2)","nameAr":"الأَخْبَارُ فِي الأَمْرِ بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَالنَّهْيِ عَنِ المُنْكَرِ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-akhbar-3-wa-l-athar","name":"The Last Hadiths, and the Reports of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَقِيَّةُ الأَخْبَارِ، وَالآثَارُ","order":4,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-arkan-wa-l-muhtasib-1","name":"Chapter Two: The Pillars of Censure; the First Pillar, the Censor: Legal Responsibility, Faith and Probity (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّانِي: فِي أَرْكَانِ الأَمْرِ بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَشُرُوطِهِ؛ الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ، وَشُرُوطُ التَّكْلِيفِ وَالإِيمَانِ وَالعَدَالَةِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-adala-2","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: Probity (Part 2)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ شَرْطُ العَدَالَةِ (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-idhn-1","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: The Fourth Condition, Permission from the Ruler (Part 1)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الرَّابِعُ: كَوْنُهُ مَأْذُونًا مِنْ جِهَةِ الإِمَامِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-idhn-2","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: The Fourth Condition, Permission from the Ruler (Part 2)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الرَّابِعُ: كَوْنُهُ مَأْذُونًا مِنْ جِهَةِ الإِمَامِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"hisbat-al-walad-wa-l-raiyya","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: Censure by a Child, Slave, Wife, Subject or Student","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ حِسْبَةُ الوَلَدِ وَالعَبْدِ وَالزَّوْجَةِ وَالرَّعِيَّةِ وَالتِّلْمِيذِ","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-qudra","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: The Fifth Condition, Ability","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الخَامِسُ: كَوْنُهُ قَادِرًا","order":10,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-qudra-2","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: The Fifth Condition, Ability (Part 2)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الخَامِسُ: كَوْنُهُ قَادِرًا (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-qudra-3","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: The Fifth Condition, Ability (Part 3)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الخَامِسُ: كَوْنُهُ قَادِرًا (٣)","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-qudra-4","name":"The First Pillar, the Censor: The Fifth Condition, Ability (Part 4)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الأَوَّلُ: المُحْتَسِبُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الخَامِسُ: كَوْنُهُ قَادِرًا (٤)","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ma-fihi-al-hisba-1","name":"The Second Pillar, the Matter Censured: A Wrong, Present, and Evident without Spying","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّانِي: مَا فِيهِ الحِسْبَةُ؛ كَوْنُهُ مُنْكَرًا مَوْجُودًا ظَاهِرًا بِغَيْرِ تَجَسُّسٍ","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bi-ghayr-ijtihad-1","name":"The Second Pillar, the Matter Censured: The Fourth Condition, Known without Independent Reasoning (Part 1)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّانِي: مَا فِيهِ الحِسْبَةُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الرَّابِعُ: كَوْنُهُ مُنْكَرًا مَعْلُومًا بِغَيْرِ اجْتِهَادٍ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"bi-ghayr-ijtihad-2","name":"The Second Pillar, the Matter Censured: The Fourth Condition, Known without Independent Reasoning (Part 2)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّانِي: مَا فِيهِ الحِسْبَةُ؛ الشَّرْطُ الرَّابِعُ: كَوْنُهُ مُنْكَرًا مَعْلُومًا بِغَيْرِ اجْتِهَادٍ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-muhtasab-alayh","name":"The Third Pillar: The One Censured","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ: المُحْتَسَبُ عَلَيْهِ","order":17,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"nafs-al-ihtisab-1","name":"The Fourth Pillar, the Act of Censure: The First Three Degrees","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ: نَفْسُ الاحْتِسَابِ؛ الدَّرَجَاتُ الثَّلَاثُ الأُولَى","order":18,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"nafs-al-ihtisab-2","name":"The Fourth Pillar, the Act of Censure: Harsh Words and Changing by Hand","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ: نَفْسُ الاحْتِسَابِ؛ السَّبُّ وَالتَّعْنِيفُ، وَالتَّغْيِيرُ بِاليَدِ","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"nafs-al-ihtisab-3","name":"The Fourth Pillar, the Act of Censure: Threats, Force and Armed Helpers; the Manners of the Censor (Part 1)","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ: نَفْسُ الاحْتِسَابِ؛ التَّهْدِيدُ، وَالضَّرْبُ، وَالأَعْوَانُ؛ آدَابُ المُحْتَسِبِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-muhtasib-2","name":"The Manners of the Censor (Part 2): Patience, Detachment and Gentleness","nameAr":"آدَابُ المُحْتَسِبِ (٢): الصَّبْرُ، وَقَطْعُ الطَّمَعِ، وَالرِّفْقُ","order":21,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"munkarat-al-masajid-1","name":"Chapter Three: The Wrongs of Mosques (Part 1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: مُنْكَرَاتُ المَسَاجِدِ (١)","order":22,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"munkarat-al-masajid-2","name":"Chapter Three: The Wrongs of Mosques (Part 2)","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: مُنْكَرَاتُ المَسَاجِدِ (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"munkarat-al-aswaq-wa-l-shawari-wa-l-hammamat","name":"Chapter Three: The Wrongs of Markets, Streets and Bathhouses","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: مُنْكَرَاتُ الأَسْوَاقِ وَالشَّوَارِعِ وَالحَمَّامَاتِ","order":24,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"munkarat-al-diyafa","name":"Chapter Three: The Wrongs of Hospitality","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: مُنْكَرَاتُ الضِّيَافَةِ","order":25,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-munkarat-al-amma","name":"Chapter Three: The General Wrongs","nameAr":"البَابُ الثَّالِثُ: المُنْكَرَاتُ العَامَّةُ","order":26,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-1","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 1): Abū Bakr Before Quraysh, Abū Muslim Before Muʿāwiya","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (١): أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَقُرَيْشٌ، وَأَبُو مُسْلِمٍ وَمُعَاوِيَةُ","order":27,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-2","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 2): Ḍabba Before ʿUmar, ʿAṭāʾ Before ʿAbd al-Malik and al-Walīd","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٢): ضَبَّةُ وَعُمَرُ، وَعَطَاءٌ وَعَبْدُ المَلِكِ وَالوَلِيدُ","order":28,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-3","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 3): Ibn Abī Shumayla, al-Ḥasan and Ḥaṭīṭ Before al-Ḥajjāj","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٣): ابْنُ أَبِي شُمَيْلَةَ، وَالحَسَنُ وَحُطَيْطٌ وَالحَجَّاجُ","order":29,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-4","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 4): al-Ḥasan and al-Shaʿbī Before Ibn Hubayra","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٤): الحَسَنُ وَالشَّعْبِيُّ وَابْنُ هُبَيْرَةَ","order":30,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-5","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 5): Ibn Abī Dhiʾb and al-Awzāʿī Before al-Manṣūr","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٥): ابْنُ أَبِي ذِئْبٍ وَالأَوْزَاعِيُّ وَالمَنْصُورُ","order":31,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-6","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 6): al-Awzāʿī’s Admonition of al-Manṣūr (Conclusion)","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٦): تَمَامُ مَوْعِظَةِ الأَوْزَاعِيِّ لِلْمَنْصُورِ","order":32,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-7","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 7): The Man at the Kaʿba and al-Manṣūr (1)","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٧): الرَّجُلُ عِنْدَ المُلْتَزَمِ وَالمَنْصُورُ (١)","order":33,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-8","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 8): The Man at the Kaʿba and al-Manṣūr (2)","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٨): الرَّجُلُ عِنْدَ المُلْتَزَمِ وَالمَنْصُورُ (٢)","order":34,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-9","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 9): Hārūn al-Rashīd’s Letter to Sufyān al-Thawrī","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (٩): كِتَابُ هَارُونَ الرَّشِيدِ إِلَى سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ","order":35,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-10","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 10): Sufyān’s Reply to Hārūn; Bahlūl and Hārūn","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (١٠): جَوَابُ سُفْيَانَ لِهَارُونَ؛ بُهْلُولٌ وَهَارُونُ","order":36,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-umara-11","name":"Chapter Four: Commanding and Forbidding Rulers (Part 11): The Young Man Before al-Maʾmūn, al-Nūrī Before al-Muʿtaḍid; Conclusion","nameAr":"البَابُ الرَّابِعُ: أَمْرُ الأُمَرَاءِ وَالسَّلَاطِينِ (١١): الفَتَى وَالمَأْمُونُ، وَالنُّورِيُّ وَالمُعْتَضِدُ؛ الخَاتِمَةُ","order":37,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-20-adab-al-maisha","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Prophet’s Way of Life and Character","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آدَابِ المَعِيشَةِ وَأَخْلَاقِ النُّبُوَّةِ","subtitle":"The twentieth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twentieth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the tenth and last in the quarter on customs. Rather than repeat the etiquette set out in the books before it, al-Ghazālī gathers the manners and character of the Prophet, God bless him and give him peace, from the reports, without their chains: how God disciplined him by the Qurʾān, his character, his speech and laughter, his manners in eating and dress, his forgiveness, generosity, courage and humility, his appearance, and his miracles, so that beholding his character renews and strengthens faith.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 2","order":20,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-20-adab-al-maisha.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-tadib-al-quran","name":"The Book of the Etiquette of Living and the Character of Prophethood; the Opening, and How God Disciplined Him by the Qurʾān","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آدَابِ المَعِيشَةِ وَأَخْلَاقِ النُّبُوَّةِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ تَأْدِيبِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى إِيَّاهُ بِالقُرْآنِ","order":1,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"mahasin-akhlaqihi","name":"Good Traits of His Character Gathered from the Reports","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُمْلَةٍ مِنْ مَحَاسِنِ أَخْلَاقِهِ الَّتِي جَمَعَهَا بَعْضُ العُلَمَاءِ","order":2,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"adabuhu-wa-akhlaquhu","name":"More of His Manners and Character","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُمْلَةٍ أُخْرَى مِنْ آدَابِهِ وَأَخْلَاقِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"kalamuhu-wa-dahikuhu","name":"His Speech and His Laughter","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَلَامِهِ وَضَحِكِهِ","order":4,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"adabuhu-fi-l-taam","name":"His Character and Manners in Eating","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَخْلَاقِهِ وَآدَابِهِ فِي الطَّعَامِ","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"adabuhu-fi-l-libas","name":"His Character and Manners in Dress","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِهِ وَأَخْلَاقِهِ فِي اللِّبَاسِ","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"afwuhu-maa-l-qudra","name":"His Forgiveness When He Had the Power to Punish","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عَفْوِهِ مَعَ قُدْرَتِهِ","order":7,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ighdauhu","name":"How He Overlooked What He Disliked","nameAr":"بَيَانُ إِغْضَائِهِ عَمَّا كَانَ يَكْرَهُهُ","order":8,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"sakhawatuhu-wa-juduhu","name":"His Generosity and Liberality","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سَخَاوَتِهِ وَجُودِهِ","order":9,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"shajaatuhu","name":"His Courage","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَجَاعَتِهِ","order":10,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"tawaduuhu","name":"His Humility","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَوَاضُعِهِ","order":11,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"suratuhu-wa-khilqatuhu","name":"His Appearance and Physical Form","nameAr":"بَيَانُ صُورَتِهِ وَخِلْقَتِهِ","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"mujizatuhu-1","name":"His Miracles and Signs: The Witness of His Character; Food, Water and Other Wonders","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مُعْجِزَاتِهِ وَآيَاتِهِ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"mujizatuhu-2","name":"His Miracles and Signs: Foretelling the Unseen; the Qurʾān, the Abiding Miracle","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مُعْجِزَاتِهِ وَآيَاتِهِ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"sharh-al-waraqat","title":"Sharḥ al-Waraqāt","titleAr":"شَرْحُ الوَرَقَاتِ","subtitle":"Al-Maḥallī’s commentary on al-Juwaynī’s primer on the principles of jurisprudence","author":"Jalāl al-Dīn al-Maḥallī","authorAr":"جلال الدين المحلي","description":"Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Maḥallī (d. 864/1459), the Cairene Shāfiʿī scholar best known as the first of the two authors of Tafsīr al-Jalālayn, wrote this short commentary on al-Waraqāt of Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī (d. 478/1085). Woven around the matn, it defines each term, adds the examples the matn leaves out and notes where the author departs from the Shāfiʿī majority, and it became the standard way into al-Waraqāt, itself the subject of many glosses. Al-Juwaynī’s own words are printed in parentheses. They follow the longer common text of al-Waraqāt that al-Maḥallī explains, which differs in places from the standalone al-Waraqāt on this site; the first chapter’s notes list the differences.","source":"Arabic text from Ḥusām al-Dīn b. Mūsā ʿAfāna’s critical edition (Jerusalem: Jāmiʿat al-Quds, 1999), established from three manuscripts of the commentary and two prints and checked against manuscripts of al-Waraqāt, via turath.io; doubtful readings compared with the commentary as quoted in Faḍl Murād’s al-Taḥqīqāt ʿalā Sharḥ al-Jalāl (2019). Each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"ʿAfāna’s edition (Jerusalem: Jāmiʿat al-Quds, 1420/1999)","order":20,"published":true,"subject":"usul","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/sharh-al-waraqat.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima","name":"Introduction: the Principles of Jurisprudence and the Seven Rulings","nameAr":"المقدمة: تعريف أصول الفقه والأحكام السبعة","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-ilm","name":"Knowledge, Supposition and Doubt, and the Definition and Chapters of the Principles of Jurisprudence","nameAr":"العلم والظن والشك، وتعريف أصول الفقه وأبوابه","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-kalam","name":"The Divisions of Speech, and Literal and Figurative Usage","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ الكَلَامِ، وَالحَقِيقَةُ وَالمَجَازُ","order":3,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-amr-wal-nahy","name":"Command and Prohibition","nameAr":"الأَمْرُ وَالنَّهْيُ","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-amm-wal-khass","name":"The General and the Specific","nameAr":"العَامُّ وَالخَاصُّ","order":5,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujmal-wal-afal","name":"The Unelaborated and the Clarified, the Explicit and the Apparent, and the Prophet’s Acts","nameAr":"المجمل والمبين، والنص والظاهر، والأفعال","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-naskh","name":"Abrogation","nameAr":"النسخ","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-taarud","name":"Conflicting Texts","nameAr":"التعارض","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijma-wal-akhbar","name":"Consensus and Reports","nameAr":"الإِجْمَاعُ وَالأَخْبَارُ","order":9,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyas","name":"Analogy, Prohibition and Permission, and the Presumption of Continuity","nameAr":"القِيَاسُ، وَالحَظْرُ وَالإِبَاحَةُ، وَاسْتِصْحَابُ الحَالِ","order":10,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijtihad","name":"The Ranking of Proofs, the Muftī and the Questioner, and Independent Reasoning","nameAr":"تَرْتِيبُ الأَدِلَّةِ، وَالمُفْتِي وَالمُسْتَفْتِي، وَالاجْتِهَادُ","order":11,"paraCount":13,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-21-ajaib-al-qalb","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Marvels of the Heart","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ شَرْحِ عَجَائِبِ القَلْبِ","subtitle":"The twenty-first book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-first book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the first in the quarter on the vices that destroy, which opens the second half of the work, on the inward knowledge of the heart. Before treating the vices and the virtues, al-Ghazālī explains the heart itself: what is meant by heart, spirit, soul and intellect; the heart’s armies and parables for them; what sets the human heart apart; how it takes in knowledge by learning and by inspiration, like a mirror that must be polished; how Satan enters it by whisperings and through which doors; which passing thoughts and intentions a person is held to account for; and how quickly the heart turns.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":21,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-21-ajaib-al-qalb.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-man-al-qalb","name":"The Book of the Explanation of the Marvels of the Heart; the Opening, and the Meaning of “Heart”","nameAr":"كِتَابُ شَرْحِ عَجَائِبِ القَلْبِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَمَعْنَى لَفْظِ القَلْبِ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-ruh-wa-l-nafs-wa-l-aql","name":"The Meaning of Soul, Spirit, Heart and Intellect: Spirit, Soul and Intellect","nameAr":"مَعْنَى الرُّوحِ وَالنَّفْسِ وَالعَقْلِ","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"junud-al-qalb","name":"The Armies of the Heart","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُنُودِ القَلْبِ","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"amthilat-al-qalb","name":"Parables of the Heart and Its Inward Armies","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَمْثِلَةِ القَلْبِ مَعَ جُنُودِهِ البَاطِنَةِ","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"khassiyyat-qalb-al-insan-1","name":"What Is Proper to the Human Heart: Knowledge and Will, and the Ranks of Knowers","nameAr":"بَيَانُ خَاصِّيَّةِ قَلْبِ الإِنْسَانِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"khassiyyat-qalb-al-insan-2","name":"What Is Proper to the Human Heart: Between Beast and Angel; the Heart as King","nameAr":"بَيَانُ خَاصِّيَّةِ قَلْبِ الإِنْسَانِ (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"majami-awsaf-al-qalb-1","name":"The Heart’s Qualities in Sum: Pig, Dog, Devil and Sage","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجَامِعِ أَوْصَافِ القَلْبِ وَأَمْثِلَتِهِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"majami-awsaf-al-qalb-2","name":"The Heart’s Qualities in Sum: The Mirror Polished or Blackened","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجَامِعِ أَوْصَافِ القَلْبِ وَأَمْثِلَتِهِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"mathal-al-qalb-wa-l-ulum-1","name":"A Parable of the Heart in Relation to Knowledge: The Mirror and What Keeps It from Reflecting","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَثَلِ القَلْبِ بِالإِضَافَةِ إِلَى العُلُومِ خَاصَّةً (١)","order":9,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mathal-al-qalb-wa-l-ulum-2","name":"A Parable of the Heart in Relation to Knowledge: The Veil, the Way, and the Trust","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَثَلِ القَلْبِ بِالإِضَافَةِ إِلَى العُلُومِ خَاصَّةً (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"mathal-al-qalb-wa-l-ulum-3","name":"A Parable of the Heart in Relation to Knowledge: The Three Ranks of Faith","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَثَلِ القَلْبِ بِالإِضَافَةِ إِلَى العُلُومِ خَاصَّةً (٣)","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-ulum-1","name":"The Heart in Relation to the Kinds of Knowledge: Rational Knowledge","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَالِ القَلْبِ بِالإِضَافَةِ إِلَى أَقْسَامِ العُلُومِ (١)","order":12,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-ulum-2","name":"The Heart in Relation to the Kinds of Knowledge: Religious Knowledge, and This World and the Next","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَالِ القَلْبِ بِالإِضَافَةِ إِلَى أَقْسَامِ العُلُومِ (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-ilham-wa-l-taallum-1","name":"Inspiration and Learning: Inspiration, Revelation and Reasoning","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الفَرْقِ بَيْنَ الإِلْهَامِ وَالتَّعَلُّمِ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-ilham-wa-l-taallum-2","name":"Inspiration and Learning: the Way of the Sufis and the Way of the Theorists","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الفَرْقِ بَيْنَ الإِلْهَامِ وَالتَّعَلُّمِ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-farq-bayn-al-maqamayn-1","name":"The Difference between the Two Stations: the Pool and the Two Doors of the Heart","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الفَرْقِ بَيْنَ المَقَامَيْنِ بِمِثَالٍ مَحْسُوسٍ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-farq-bayn-al-maqamayn-2","name":"The Difference between the Two Stations: the Chinese and the Byzantines, and the Degrees of Faith","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الفَرْقِ بَيْنَ المَقَامَيْنِ بِمِثَالٍ مَحْسُوسٍ (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-al-shar-1","name":"Evidence from the Revealed Law for the Sufis’ Way: Verses and Reports","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ الشَّرْعِ عَلَى صِحَّةِ طَرِيقِ أَهْلِ التَّصَوُّفِ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-al-shar-2","name":"Evidence from the Revealed Law for the Sufis’ Way: Experience","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ الشَّرْعِ عَلَى صِحَّةِ طَرِيقِ أَهْلِ التَّصَوُّفِ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-al-shar-3","name":"Evidence from the Revealed Law for the Sufis’ Way: the Decisive Proof","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ الشَّرْعِ عَلَى صِحَّةِ طَرِيقِ أَهْلِ التَّصَوُّفِ (٣)","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tasallut-al-shaytan-1","name":"How Satan Gains Power over the Heart: Passing Thoughts, the Angel and the Devil","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَسَلُّطِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَى القَلْبِ بِالوَسَاوِسِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"tasallut-al-shaytan-2","name":"How Satan Gains Power over the Heart: the Battle for the Heart and the Remembrance of God","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَسَلُّطِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَى القَلْبِ بِالوَسَاوِسِ (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tasallut-al-shaytan-3","name":"How Satan Gains Power over the Heart: Evil in the Guise of Good","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَسَلُّطِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَى القَلْبِ بِالوَسَاوِسِ (٣)","order":23,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tasallut-al-shaytan-4","name":"How Satan Gains Power over the Heart: the Struggle without End, and the Monk","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَسَلُّطِ الشَّيْطَانِ عَلَى القَلْبِ بِالوَسَاوِسِ (٤)","order":24,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"madakhil-al-shaytan-1","name":"Satan’s Ways into the Heart: Anger and Desire, Envy and Greed","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَدَاخِلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى القَلْبِ (١)","order":25,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"madakhil-al-shaytan-2","name":"Satan’s Ways into the Heart: Satiety, Adornment, Coveting, Haste and Wealth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَدَاخِلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى القَلْبِ (٢)","order":26,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"madakhil-al-shaytan-3","name":"Satan’s Ways into the Heart: Miserliness, the Markets and Sectarian Zeal","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَدَاخِلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى القَلْبِ (٣)","order":27,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"madakhil-al-shaytan-4","name":"Satan’s Ways into the Heart: Sects, Delving into God’s Essence, and Thinking Ill of Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَدَاخِلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى القَلْبِ (٤)","order":28,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"madakhil-al-shaytan-5","name":"Satan’s Ways into the Heart: the Remedy, and the Remembrance of God","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَدَاخِلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى القَلْبِ (٥)","order":29,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"madakhil-al-shaytan-6","name":"Satan’s Ways into the Heart: Remembrance without Fear of God, and the Armies of Devils and Angels","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَدَاخِلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى القَلْبِ (٦)","order":30,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"madakhil-al-shaytan-7","name":"Satan’s Ways into the Heart: How Satan Appears to People","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ مَدَاخِلِ الشَّيْطَانِ إِلَى القَلْبِ (٧)","order":31,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yuakhadh-bihi-1","name":"What a Person Is Held to Account For: the Four States before an Act","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يُؤَاخَذُ بِهِ العَبْدُ مِنْ وَسَاوِسِ القُلُوبِ (١)","order":32,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yuakhadh-bihi-2","name":"What a Person Is Held to Account For: Judgement, Resolve and the Works of the Heart","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يُؤَاخَذُ بِهِ العَبْدُ مِنْ وَسَاوِسِ القُلُوبِ (٢)","order":33,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"inqita-al-waswas","name":"Whether Whispering Can Cease Entirely at the Remembrance of God","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ الوَسْوَاسَ هَلْ يُتَصَوَّرُ أَنْ يَنْقَطِعَ بِالكُلِّيَّةِ عِنْدَ الذِّكْرِ","order":34,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"taqallub-al-qalb-1","name":"How Quickly the Heart Turns: the Heart of Piety and the Forsaken Heart","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سُرْعَةِ تَقَلُّبِ القَلْبِ (١)","order":35,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"taqallub-al-qalb-2","name":"How Quickly the Heart Turns: the Wavering Heart and God’s Decree","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سُرْعَةِ تَقَلُّبِ القَلْبِ (٢)","order":36,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"lubb-al-usul","title":"Lubb al-Uṣūl","titleAr":"لُبُّ الأُصُولِ","subtitle":"Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī’s abridgement of Ibn al-Subkī’s Jamʿ al-Jawāmiʿ","author":"Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī","authorAr":"زكريا الأنصاري","description":"Shaykh al-Islām Zakariyyā al-Anṣārī (d. 926/1520) condensed Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī’s Jamʿ al-Jawāmiʿ, the standard late Shāfiʿī summa of legal theory, into this compact text, replacing positions he did not hold and obscure wording with the relied-upon view and clearer phrasing, and adding points of his own. After preliminaries on the ruling and its kinds, seven books treat the Qurʾān and the meanings of utterances, the Sunna, consensus, analogy, inference, the weighing of conflicting evidence, and independent reasoning with imitation, followed by a summary of Ashʿarī creed and a closing section on Sufism. This is the matn alone, without his own commentary Ghāyat al-Wuṣūl.","source":"Arabic text from the fully vowelled matn printed at the head of Muṣṭafā b. Ḥāmid b. Sumayṭ’s edition of Ghāyat al-wuṣūl ilā sharḥ Lubb al-uṣūl (Kuwait: Dār al-Ḍiyāʾ, 2017), which he collated from two Azhar manuscripts (copied in 968 and 1122 AH) and the Ḥalabī print of 1330 AH. It is checked against the matn as marked in the Ḥalabī print of Ghāyat al-wuṣūl. Each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"Ibn Sumayṭ’s edition (Kuwait: Dār al-Ḍiyāʾ, 2017)","order":21,"published":true,"subject":"usul","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/lubb-al-usul.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-muqaddimat-1","name":"The Author’s Preface and the Preliminaries (Part 1)","nameAr":"خطبة الكتاب والمقدمات (١)","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-muqaddimat-2","name":"The Preliminaries (Part 2)","nameAr":"المقدمات (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-kitab-wal-lugha","name":"The Qurʾān, Explicit and Implied Meaning, and Language","nameAr":"الكتاب، والمنطوق والمفهوم، واللغات","order":3,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-huruf-wal-amr","name":"Particles, Command and Prohibition","nameAr":"الحروف والأمر والنهي","order":4,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-amm-wal-takhsis","name":"The General and Its Specification","nameAr":"العام والتخصيص","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutlaq-ila-al-naskh","name":"Unrestricted and Restricted, Apparent, Unelaborated, Clarification and Abrogation","nameAr":"المطلق والمقيد، والظاهر، والمجمل، والبيان، والنسخ","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-sunna-1","name":"The Sunna and Reports (Part 1)","nameAr":"السنة والأخبار (١)","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-sunna-2","name":"The Sunna and Reports (Part 2)","nameAr":"السنة والأخبار (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijma","name":"Consensus","nameAr":"الإجماع","order":9,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyas-arkan","name":"Analogy and Its Four Pillars","nameAr":"القياس وأركانه","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"masalik-al-illa","name":"The Ways of Establishing the Ratio Legis","nameAr":"مسالك العلة","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-qawadih-1","name":"The Objections (Part 1)","nameAr":"القوادح (١)","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-qawadih-2","name":"The Objections (Part 2)","nameAr":"القوادح (٢)","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-istidlal","name":"Inference","nameAr":"الاستدلال","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-taadul-wal-tarajih","name":"Equivalence and Preponderance","nameAr":"التعادل والتراجيح","order":15,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijtihad-wal-taqlid","name":"Independent Reasoning and Imitation","nameAr":"الاجتهاد والتقليد","order":16,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"usul-al-din-1","name":"The Principles of Religion (Part 1)","nameAr":"أصول الدين (١)","order":17,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"usul-al-din-2","name":"The Principles of Religion (Part 2) and the Closing Section on Sufism","nameAr":"أصول الدين (٢) وخاتمة التصوف","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"al-luma-fi-usul-al-fiqh","title":"al-Lumaʿ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh","titleAr":"اللُّمَعُ فِي أُصُولِ الفِقْهِ","subtitle":"Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī’s concise Shāfiʿī manual of legal theory","author":"Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī","authorAr":"أبو إسحاق الشيرازي","description":"Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī (d. 476/1083), the leading Shāfiʿī jurist of Baghdad and first professor of the Niẓāmiyya, wrote al-Lumaʿ at the request of his students as a short handbook of legal theory on the Shāfiʿī school, a companion to his larger work on disputed questions, al-Tabṣira. After defining knowledge, opinion, evidence, jurisprudence and its sources, it treats the meanings of utterances (command and prohibition, general and particular, unrestricted and restricted, the implied sense), the ambiguous and the clarified, abrogation, the acts of the Prophet, reports, consensus, analogy, inference, imitation and independent reasoning, giving the disputed views briefly with the proof for his own.","source":"Arabic text from the critical edition of Muḥyī al-Dīn Dīb Mistū and Yūsuf ʿAlī Badawī (Damascus and Beirut: Dār al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib and Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1995), based on two manuscripts in the al-Asad Library, Damascus, copied in 573 and 574 AH. Each chapter’s notes list the corrections.","edition":"Mistū and Badawī’s edition (Damascus and Beirut: Dār al-Kalim al-Ṭayyib and Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1995)","order":22,"published":true,"subject":"usul","level":2,"summaryPdf":"summaries/al-luma-fi-usul-al-fiqh.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-al-ilm-wal-nazar","name":"The Author’s Preface; Knowledge and Opinion; Reflection and Evidence","nameAr":"مقدمة المؤلف، وباب العلم والظن، وباب النظر والدليل","order":1,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-fiqh-wal-kalam-wal-haqiqa","name":"Jurisprudence and Legal Theory; the Kinds of Speech; Literal and Figurative Speech","nameAr":"باب الفقه وأصول الفقه، وباب أقسام الكلام، وباب الحقيقة والمجاز","order":2,"paraCount":22,"published":true},{"id":"wujuh-al-asma","name":"The Sources from Which Names and Words Are Taken","nameAr":"باب بيان الوجوه التي تؤخذ منها الأسماء واللغات","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-amr-sighatuh-wa-muqtadah","name":"The Command: Its Definition and Form, Obligation, and Repetition","nameAr":"باب الأمر وصيغته، وباب ما يقتضي الأمر من الإيجاب، وباب الأمر هل يقتضي التكرار","order":4,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-fawr-wal-takhyir","name":"Whether the Command Requires Immediate Performance; Commands to Do Things by Choice or in Sequence","nameAr":"باب الأمر هل يقتضي الفعل على الفور، وباب الأمر بأشياء على جهة التخيير والترتيب","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yatimm-wal-ijza","name":"What the Commanded Act Cannot Be Completed Without; the Command Implies Sufficiency","nameAr":"باب إيجاب ما لا يتم المأمور إلا به، وباب أن الأمر يدل على إجزاء المأمور به","order":6,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"man-yadkhul-fi-al-amr","name":"Who Is Included in the Command and Who Is Not","nameAr":"باب من يدخل في الأمر ومن لا يدخل فيه","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-fard-wal-sunna-wal-nahy","name":"The Obligatory, the Sunna and the Recommended; Prohibition","nameAr":"باب الفرض والواجب والسنة والندب، وباب القول في النهي","order":8,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-umum-alfazuh-wa-sighatuh","name":"The General: Its Definition, Its Expressions, and Its Form","nameAr":"باب العموم وبيان ألفاظه، وباب إثبات صيغة العموم وبيان مقتضاه","order":9,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-umum-wal-khusus","name":"Where Generality Can Be Claimed; the Particular","nameAr":"باب ما يصح دعوى العموم فيه وما لا يصح، وباب القول في الخصوص","order":10,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yajuz-takhsisuh-wal-adilla-1","name":"What May Be Particularised; the Evidences That Particularise (Part 1)","nameAr":"باب ما يجوز تخصيصه وما لا يجوز، وباب الأدلة التي يجوز التخصيص بها (١)","order":11,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-adilla-al-mukhassisa-2","name":"The Evidences That Particularise (Part 2): Conflicting Texts, Acts, Tacit Approval and Consensus","nameAr":"باب الأدلة التي يجوز التخصيص بها (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-adilla-al-mukhassisa-3-wal-sabab","name":"The Evidences That Particularise (Part 3); Wording That Comes on a Particular Occasion","nameAr":"باب الأدلة التي يجوز التخصيص بها (٣)، وباب القول في اللفظ الوارد على سبب","order":13,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-istithna","name":"Exception","nameAr":"باب القول في الاستثناء","order":14,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-shart-wal-mutlaq","name":"Particularisation by Condition; the Unrestricted and the Restricted","nameAr":"باب التخصيص في الشرط، وباب القول في المطلق والمقيد","order":15,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"mafhum-al-khitab","name":"The Implied Sense of an Address","nameAr":"باب القول في مفهوم الخطاب","order":16,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubayyan-wal-mujmal","name":"The Kinds of Clarified Speech; the Kinds of Ambiguous Speech","nameAr":"باب ذكر وجوه المبين، وباب ذكر وجوه المجمل","order":17,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"al-bayan-wa-takhiruh","name":"Explanation and Its Kinds; Delaying the Explanation","nameAr":"باب الكلام في البيان ووجوهه، وباب تأخير البيان","order":18,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-naskh-wa-ma-yajuz-naskhuh","name":"Abrogation and Change of Mind [Badāʾ]; What Rulings May Be Abrogated","nameAr":"باب الكلام في النسخ، وباب بيان ما يجوز نسخه من الأحكام وما لا يجوز","order":19,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"wujuh-al-naskh","name":"The Ways of Abrogation","nameAr":"باب بيان وجوه النسخ","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yajuz-bihi-al-naskh","name":"What May Abrogate and What May Not; How the Abrogating Text Is Known","nameAr":"باب بيان ما يجوز به النسخ وما لا يجوز، وباب ما يعرف به الناسخ من المنسوخ","order":21,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"naskh-bad-al-ibada-wa-shar-man-qablana","name":"Abrogating Part of an Act of Worship or Adding to It; the Laws of Those Before Us","nameAr":"باب الكلام في نسخ بعض العبادة والزيادة فيها، وباب القول في شرع من قبلنا","order":22,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"huruf-al-maani","name":"The Particles of Meaning","nameAr":"باب القول في حروف المعاني","order":23,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"afal-al-rasul-wal-iqrar","name":"The Acts of the Messenger of God; His Tacit Approval and His Silence","nameAr":"باب الكلام في أفعال رسول الله ﷺ، وباب القول في الإقرار والسكوت عن الحكم","order":24,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-akhbar-wal-mutawatir-wal-ahad","name":"Reports; the Mass-Transmitted Report; Single Reports","nameAr":"باب القول في الأخبار، وباب القول في الخبر المتواتر، وباب القول في أخبار الآحاد","order":25,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"al-marasil-wa-sifat-al-rawi","name":"Reports with a Broken Chain; the Qualities of the Narrator","nameAr":"باب القول في المراسيل، وباب صفة الراوي ومن يقبل خبره","order":26,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-jarh-wal-tadil","name":"Impugning and Vouching for Narrators","nameAr":"باب القول في الجرح والتعديل","order":27,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-riwaya","name":"How Reports Are Narrated, and Related Matters","nameAr":"باب القول في كيفية الرواية وما يتصل به","order":28,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"radd-khabar-al-wahid-wal-tarjih","name":"Grounds for Rejecting a Single Report; Preferring One of Two Reports","nameAr":"باب بيان ما يرد به خبر الواحد، وباب القول في ترجيح أحد الخبرين على الآخر","order":29,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijma-manah-wa-ma-yuraf-bih","name":"Consensus: Its Meaning and Proof; What It Rests On and Covers; How It Is Known","nameAr":"باب ذكر معنى الإجماع وإثباته، وباب ما ينعقد به الإجماع، وباب ما يعرف به الإجماع","order":30,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"man-yutabar-fil-ijma-wal-ijma-bad-al-khilaf","name":"Whose Consensus Counts; Consensus after Disagreement; the Companions Divided on Two Views","nameAr":"باب ما يصح من الإجماع ومن يعتبر قوله، وباب الإجماع بعد الخلاف، وباب اختلاف الصحابة على قولين","order":31,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"qawl-al-sahabi","name":"The View of a Single Companion, and Preferring Some Companions over Others","nameAr":"باب القول في قول الواحد من الصحابة وترجيح بعضهم على بعض","order":32,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-qiyas-wa-ithbatuh","name":"Analogy: Its Definition; Its Proof and Scope","nameAr":"باب الكلام في القياس وبيان حد القياس، وباب إثبات القياس وما جعل القياس حجة فيه","order":33,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-qiyas","name":"The Kinds of Analogy","nameAr":"باب أقسام القياس","order":34,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"arkan-al-qiyas-wal-asl","name":"The Elements of Analogy; The Source Case","nameAr":"باب ما يشتمل عليه القياس على التفصيل، وباب بيان الأصل وما يجوز أن يكون أصلا وما لا يجوز","order":35,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-illa","name":"The Cause, and What May and May Not Serve as a Cause","nameAr":"باب القول في بيان العلة وما يجوز أن يعلل به وما لا يجوز","order":36,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-hukm-wa-sihhat-al-illa","name":"The Ruling; What Shows a Cause to Be Sound","nameAr":"باب بيان الحكم، وباب بيان ما يدل على صحة العلة","order":37,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yufsid-al-illa-1","name":"What Invalidates a Cause (1)","nameAr":"باب بيان ما يفسد العلة (١)","order":38,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yufsid-al-illa-2-wa-taarud-al-illatayn","name":"What Invalidates a Cause (2); Conflicting Causes","nameAr":"باب بيان ما يفسد العلة (٢)، وباب القول في تعارض العلتين","order":39,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tarjih-al-ilal-wal-istihsan","name":"Preferring One Cause over Another; Juristic Preference","nameAr":"باب القول في ترجيح إحدى العلتين على الأخرى، وباب في الاستحسان والقول فيه","order":40,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-ashya-qabl-al-shar-wa-tartib-al-adilla","name":"Things before Revelation, Presumption of Continuity; The Order of the Proofs","nameAr":"باب القول في حكم الأشياء قبل ورود الشرع وبيان استصحاب الحال والقول بأقل ما قيل وإيجاب الدليل على النافي، وباب في القول في بيان ترتيب استعمال الأدلة واستخراجها","order":41,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-taqlid-wal-mufti-wal-mustafti","name":"Imitation; The Mufti and the One Who Asks","nameAr":"باب القول في التقليد، وباب صفة المفتي والمستفتي","order":42,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"aqwal-al-mujtahidin","name":"The Views of Independent Reasoners: Is the Truth One, or Is Every Reasoner Right?","nameAr":"باب القول في أقوال المجتهدين وأن الحق منها في واحد أو كل مجتهد مصيب","order":43,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"takhrij-al-qawlayn-wa-ijtihad-al-rasul","name":"Giving Two Views on a Question; The Prophet’s Independent Reasoning","nameAr":"باب القول في تخريج المجتهد المسألة على قولين، وباب القول في اجتهاد رسول الله ﷺ والاجتهاد بحضرته","order":44,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-22-riyadat-al-nafs","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Disciplining the Soul","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ رِيَاضَةِ النَّفْسِ وَتَهْذِيبِ الأَخْلَاقِ وَمُعَالَجَةِ أَمْرَاضِ القَلْبِ","subtitle":"The twenty-second book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-second book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the second in the quarter on the vices that destroy. Treating bad character as a disease of the heart and good character as its health, with the medicine of the body as its constant parallel, al-Ghazālī sets out the merit of good character, its true nature as a firm disposition of the soul with four roots (wisdom, courage, temperance and justice), the proof that character can be changed by discipline, how good character is gained, the detailed way to refine it by practising the opposite of each vice, the signs of the heart’s diseases and how a person may learn his own faults, the witness of the Qurʾān, the hadiths and the sages that the cure lies in leaving the appetites, the signs of good character, how children are to be raised, and the conditions and stages of the disciple who sets out on the path of spiritual struggle.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":22,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-22-riyadat-al-nafs.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-fadilat-husn-al-khuluq-1","name":"The Book of Disciplining the Soul; the Opening, and the Merit of Good Character (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ رِيَاضَةِ النَّفْسِ وَتَهْذِيبِ الأَخْلَاقِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ حُسْنِ الخُلُقِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-husn-al-khuluq-2","name":"The Merit of Good Character and the Blame of Bad Character (2): More Hadiths, and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ حُسْنِ الخُلُقِ وَمَذَمَّةِ سُوءِ الخُلُقِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-husn-al-khuluq-1","name":"The True Nature of Good and Bad Character (1): Earlier Definitions, and Character as a Firm Disposition with Four Pillars","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ حُسْنِ الخُلُقِ وَسُوءِ الخُلُقِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-husn-al-khuluq-2","name":"The True Nature of Good and Bad Character (2): The Four Powers, and the Four Mother Virtues","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ حُسْنِ الخُلُقِ وَسُوءِ الخُلُقِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qabul-al-akhlaq-li-l-taghyir-1","name":"That Character Can Be Changed by Discipline (1): The Deniers’ Two Arguments, and Why Natures Differ","nameAr":"بَيَانُ قَبُولِ الأَخْلَاقِ لِلتَّغْيِيرِ بِطَرِيقِ الرِّيَاضَةِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"qabul-al-akhlaq-li-l-taghyir-2","name":"That Character Can Be Changed by Discipline (2): Not Uprooting Appetite and Anger, but Bringing Them to the Mean","nameAr":"بَيَانُ قَبُولِ الأَخْلَاقِ لِلتَّغْيِيرِ بِطَرِيقِ الرِّيَاضَةِ (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-husn-al-khuluq-1","name":"The Cause by Which Good Character Is Attained (1): Nature, Discipline and the Power of Habit","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ الَّذِي بِهِ يُنَالُ حُسْنُ الخُلُقِ عَلَى الجُمْلَةِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-husn-al-khuluq-2","name":"The Cause by Which Good Character Is Attained (2): How Acts Shape the Heart, and the Three Ways to Virtue","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ الَّذِي بِهِ يُنَالُ حُسْنُ الخُلُقِ عَلَى الجُمْلَةِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-tariq-al-tahdhib-1","name":"The Detailed Way to Refining Character (1): The Soul Treated Like the Body","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الطَّرِيقِ إِلَى تَهْذِيبِ الأَخْلَاقِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-tariq-al-tahdhib-2","name":"The Detailed Way to Refining Character (2): Subtleties of Discipline, and Keeping One’s Resolve","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الطَّرِيقِ إِلَى تَهْذِيبِ الأَخْلَاقِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-amrad-al-qulub","name":"The Signs of the Heart’s Diseases and of Its Return to Health","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عَلَامَاتِ أَمْرَاضِ القُلُوبِ وَعَلَامَاتِ عَوْدِهَا إِلَى الصِّحَّةِ","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"marifat-uyub-al-nafs","name":"How a Person Can Know His Own Faults","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ الَّذِي يَعْرِفُ بِهِ الإِنْسَانُ عُيُوبَ نَفْسِهِ","order":12,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-tark-al-shahawat-1","name":"Witnesses That the Cure of the Heart Lies in Leaving the Appetites (1): Verses, Hadiths and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ النَّقْلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الطَّرِيقَ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ أَمْرَاضِ القَلْبِ تَرْكُ الشَّهَوَاتِ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-tark-al-shahawat-2","name":"Witnesses That the Cure of the Heart Lies in Leaving the Appetites (2): The Secret of Discipline, and the Four Kinds of People","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ النَّقْلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الطَّرِيقَ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ أَمْرَاضِ القَلْبِ تَرْكُ الشَّهَوَاتِ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-tark-al-shahawat-3","name":"Witnesses That the Cure of the Heart Lies in Leaving the Appetites (3): The Blights of Permitted Pleasures, and How the Soul Is Weaned","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ النَّقْلِ عَلَى أَنَّ الطَّرِيقَ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ أَمْرَاضِ القَلْبِ تَرْكُ الشَّهَوَاتِ (٣)","order":15,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-husn-al-khuluq-1","name":"The Signs of Good Character (1): The Believer’s Qualities in the Qurʾān and the Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عَلَامَاتِ حُسْنِ الخُلُقِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-husn-al-khuluq-2","name":"The Signs of Good Character (2): Stories of the Forbearance of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عَلَامَاتِ حُسْنِ الخُلُقِ (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"riyadat-al-sibyan-1","name":"How to Discipline Children from Their Earliest Years (1): Nursing, Food, Dress, School and Correction","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي رِيَاضَةِ الصِّبْيَانِ فِي أَوَّلِ نُشُوِّهِمْ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"riyadat-al-sibyan-2","name":"How to Discipline Children from Their Earliest Years (2): Manners, Play, Religious Duties, and Sahl al-Tustarī’s Childhood","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي رِيَاضَةِ الصِّبْيَانِ فِي أَوَّلِ نُشُوِّهِمْ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-irada-1","name":"The Conditions of Spiritual Will and the Preliminaries of Struggle (1): The Four Veils, and the Shaykh","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شُرُوطِ الإِرَادَةِ وَمُقَدِّمَاتِ المُجَاهَدَةِ وَتَدْرِيجِ المُرِيدِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-irada-2","name":"The Conditions of Spiritual Will and the Preliminaries of Struggle (2): The Four Fortresses, and the Disciple’s Remembrance","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شُرُوطِ الإِرَادَةِ وَمُقَدِّمَاتِ المُجَاهَدَةِ وَتَدْرِيجِ المُرِيدِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"shurut-al-irada-3","name":"The Conditions of Spiritual Will and the Preliminaries of Struggle (3): The Shaykh’s Care, the End of Discipline, and the Snare of Preaching","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شُرُوطِ الإِرَادَةِ وَمُقَدِّمَاتِ المُجَاهَدَةِ وَتَدْرِيجِ المُرِيدِ (٣)","order":22,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-23-kasr-al-shahwatayn","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: Breaking the Two Desires","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ كَسْرِ الشَّهْوَتَيْنِ","subtitle":"The twenty-third book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-third book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the third in the quarter on the vices that destroy. The desire of the stomach is the greatest of the destroyers, the spring from which the desire of the private parts, the love of wealth and standing, and envy, showing off and pride all flow; so al-Ghazālī sets out the merit of hunger and the blame of satiety from the hadiths and the sayings of the early Muslims, the ten benefits of hunger, the way of discipline in breaking the desire of the stomach by lessening food, delaying it and leaving delicacies, how the ruling and merit of hunger differ with people’s states, and the showing off that creeps in on those who leave desired foods; then the desire of the private parts, its purpose and its excess, what the disciple must observe in marrying or not marrying, and the merit of one who resists the desire of the private parts and of the eye.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":23,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-23-kasr-al-shahwatayn.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-fadilat-al-ju-1","name":"The Book of Breaking the Two Desires; the Opening, and the Merit of Hunger (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ كَسْرِ الشَّهْوَتَيْنِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الجُوعِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-ju-2","name":"The Merit of Hunger and the Blame of Satiety (2): The Hadiths on Hunger","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الجُوعِ وَذَمِّ الشِّبَعِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-ju-3","name":"The Merit of Hunger and the Blame of Satiety (3): The Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الجُوعِ وَذَمِّ الشِّبَعِ (٣)","order":3,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-ju-1","name":"The Benefits of Hunger and the Harms of Satiety (1): Why Hunger Has Merit; the First Four Benefits","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَوَائِدِ الجُوعِ وَآفَاتِ الشِّبَعِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-ju-2","name":"The Benefits of Hunger and the Harms of Satiety (2): Breaking the Desires, Wakefulness, and Ease in Worship","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَوَائِدِ الجُوعِ وَآفَاتِ الشِّبَعِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-ju-3","name":"The Benefits of Hunger and the Harms of Satiety (3): Health of Body and Lightness of Provision","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَوَائِدِ الجُوعِ وَآفَاتِ الشِّبَعِ (٣)","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-ju-4","name":"The Benefits of Hunger and the Harms of Satiety (4): Giving in Charity, and the Ten Benefits Summed Up","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَوَائِدِ الجُوعِ وَآفَاتِ الشِّبَعِ (٤)","order":7,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"tariq-al-riyada-1","name":"The Way of Discipline in Breaking the Desire of the Stomach (1): The Disciple’s Four Duties; Lessening Food","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ الرِّيَاضَةِ فِي كَسْرِ شَهْوَةِ البَطْنِ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tariq-al-riyada-2","name":"The Way of Discipline in Breaking the Desire of the Stomach (2): The Time of Eating and How Long to Delay It","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ الرِّيَاضَةِ فِي كَسْرِ شَهْوَةِ البَطْنِ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tariq-al-riyada-3","name":"The Way of Discipline in Breaking the Desire of the Stomach (3): The Kind of Food, and Leaving Relishes and Delicacies","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ الرِّيَاضَةِ فِي كَسْرِ شَهْوَةِ البَطْنِ (٣)","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tariq-al-riyada-4","name":"The Way of Discipline in Breaking the Desire of the Stomach (4): The Early Muslims Who Denied Themselves Their Desires","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ الرِّيَاضَةِ فِي كَسْرِ شَهْوَةِ البَطْنِ (٤)","order":11,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tariq-al-riyada-5","name":"The Way of Discipline in Breaking the Desire of the Stomach (5): No Free Rein for the Soul in Permitted Desires","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ الرِّيَاضَةِ فِي كَسْرِ شَهْوَةِ البَطْنِ (٥)","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-hukm-al-ju-1","name":"How the Ruling and Merit of Hunger Differ with People’s States (1): The Mean Is the Goal","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اخْتِلَافِ حُكْمِ الجُوعِ وَفَضِيلَتِهِ وَاخْتِلَافِ أَحْوَالِ النَّاسِ فِيهِ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-hukm-al-ju-2","name":"How the Ruling and Merit of Hunger Differ with People’s States (2): The Differing Practice of the Prophet and the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اخْتِلَافِ حُكْمِ الجُوعِ وَفَضِيلَتِهِ وَاخْتِلَافِ أَحْوَالِ النَّاسِ فِيهِ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"afat-al-riya","name":"The Bane of Showing Off That Creeps in on Those Who Leave Desired Foods","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آفَةِ الرِّيَاءِ المُتَطَرِّقِ إِلَى مَنْ تَرَكَ أَكْلَ الشَّهَوَاتِ وَقَلَّلَ الطَّعَامَ","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"shahwat-al-farj","name":"On the Desire of the Private Parts","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي شَهْوَةِ الفَرْجِ","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-tazwij-1","name":"What the Disciple Must Observe in Marrying or Not Marrying (1): Celibacy at the Start, and Guarding the Eye","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا عَلَى المُرِيدِ فِي تَرْكِ التَّزْوِيجِ وَفِعْلِهِ (١)","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-tazwij-2","name":"What the Disciple Must Observe in Marrying or Not Marrying (2): When to Marry, and the Disciple’s Conduct in Marriage","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا عَلَى المُرِيدِ فِي تَرْكِ التَّزْوِيجِ وَفِعْلِهِ (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-tazwij-3","name":"What the Disciple Must Observe in Marrying or Not Marrying (3): The Cure of Desire, and Saʿīd ibn al-Musayyib’s Daughter","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا عَلَى المُرِيدِ فِي تَرْكِ التَّزْوِيجِ وَفِعْلِهِ (٣)","order":19,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-man-yukhalif-1","name":"The Merit of One Who Resists the Desire of the Private Parts and of the Eye (1): Sulaymān ibn Yasār","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ مَنْ يُخَالِفُ شَهْوَةَ الفَرْجِ وَالعَيْنِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-man-yukhalif-2","name":"The Merit of One Who Resists the Desire of the Private Parts and of the Eye (2): The Three in the Cave, and Guarding the Eye","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ مَنْ يُخَالِفُ شَهْوَةَ الفَرْجِ وَالعَيْنِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-man-yukhalif-3","name":"The Merit of One Who Resists the Desire of the Private Parts and of the Eye (3): The Young Worshipper of Kufa","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ مَنْ يُخَالِفُ شَهْوَةَ الفَرْجِ وَالعَيْنِ (٣)","order":22,"paraCount":5,"published":true}]},{"id":"jam-al-jawami","title":"Jamʿ al-Jawāmiʿ","titleAr":"جَمْعُ الجَوَامِعِ","subtitle":"Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī’s summa of legal theory and theology (matn)","author":"Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī","authorAr":"تاج الدين السبكي","description":"Tāj al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb Ibn al-Subkī (d. 771/1370) gathered into this dense text the substance of his two commentaries on Ibn al-Ḥājib’s Mukhtaṣar and al-Bayḍāwī’s Minhāj, drawn, he says, from about a hundred works. It became the standard late Shāfiʿī handbook of legal theory and was taught for centuries with al-Maḥallī’s commentary. After preliminaries on the ruling and its kinds, seven books treat the Qurʾān and the meanings of utterances, the Sunna, consensus, analogy, inference, the weighing of conflicting evidence, and independent reasoning with imitation, followed by a summary of Ashʿarī creed and a closing section on Sufism. This is the matn alone.","source":"Arabic text from the matn printed at the head of each page of the critical edition of al-Maḥallī’s al-Badr al-ṭāliʿ fī ḥall Jamʿ al-jawāmiʿ by Murtaḍā ʿAlī al-Dāghistānī, with ʿAbd al-Ḥafīẓ al-Jazāʾirī for the First Book (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla), from three Damascus manuscripts of the commentary, one copied by al-Suyūṭī and attested by al-Maḥallī in 837 AH, and the Temir-Khan-Shura print. It is read from the page images and compared with the matn quoted in al-Zarkashī’s Tashnīf al-masāmiʿ (ed. Sayyid ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and ʿAbd Allāh Rabīʿ). Each chapter’s notes list the corrections and readings to check.","edition":"al-Dāghistānī’s edition of al-Badr al-ṭāliʿ (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla), vol. 1 for the Preliminaries and First Book, vol. 2 from the Second Book on","order":23,"published":true,"subject":"usul","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/jam-al-jawami.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-muqaddimat-1","name":"The Author’s Preface and the Preliminaries (Part 1)","nameAr":"خطبة الكتاب والمقدمات (١)","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-muqaddimat-2","name":"The Preliminaries (Part 2)","nameAr":"المقدمات (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-kitab-wal-mantuq","name":"The First Book: the Qurʾān, explicit and implied meaning, language","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: الكتاب، والمنطوق والمفهوم، واللغات","order":3,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-lugha-wal-majaz","name":"The First Book: derivation, synonymy, equivocity, literal and figurative","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: الاشتقاق والترادف والاشتراك والحقيقة والمجاز","order":4,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-huruf","name":"The First Book: the particles","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: الحروف","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-amr-wal-nahy","name":"The First Book: command and prohibition","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: الأمر والنهي","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-amm","name":"The First Book: the general term and exception","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: العام والتخصيص والاستثناء","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-takhsis-ila-al-bayan","name":"The First Book: the specifiers; unrestricted, apparent, unelaborated, clarification","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: المخصصات، والمطلق والمقيد، والظاهر، والمجمل، والبيان","order":8,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"al-naskh","name":"The First Book: abrogation","nameAr":"الكتاب الأول: النسخ","order":9,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-sunna-1","name":"The Second Book: the Sunna (Part 1)","nameAr":"الكتاب الثاني في السنة (١)","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-sunna-2","name":"The Second Book: the Sunna (Part 2)","nameAr":"الكتاب الثاني في السنة (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-sunna-3","name":"The Second Book: the Sunna (Part 3)","nameAr":"الكتاب الثاني في السنة (٣)","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijma","name":"The Third Book: consensus","nameAr":"الكتاب الثالث في الإجماع","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyas-arkan","name":"The Fourth Book: analogy, its pillars and the conditions of the ratio legis","nameAr":"الكتاب الرابع في القياس: تعريفه وأركانه وشروط العلة","order":14,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"masalik-al-illa","name":"The Fourth Book: the ways of establishing the ratio legis","nameAr":"الكتاب الرابع: مسالك العلة","order":15,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-qawadih-1","name":"The Fourth Book: the objections (Part 1)","nameAr":"الكتاب الرابع: القوادح (١)","order":16,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-qawadih-2","name":"The Fourth Book: the objections (Part 2); conclusion on analogy","nameAr":"الكتاب الرابع: القوادح (٢)، وخاتمة القياس","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-istidlal","name":"The Fifth Book: inference","nameAr":"الكتاب الخامس في الاستدلال","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-taadul-wal-tarajih","name":"The Sixth Book: equivalence and preponderance","nameAr":"الكتاب السادس في التعادل والتراجيح","order":19,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijtihad","name":"The Seventh Book: independent reasoning and imitation","nameAr":"الكتاب السابع: الاجتهاد والتقليد","order":20,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"usul-al-din-1","name":"The principles of religion (Part 1)","nameAr":"أصول الدين (١)","order":21,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"usul-al-din-2","name":"The principles of religion (Part 2)","nameAr":"أصول الدين (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"khatima-al-tasawwuf","name":"Conclusion: the principles of Sufism","nameAr":"خاتمة في مبادئ التصوف","order":23,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-24-afat-al-lisan","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Faults of the Tongue","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ آفَاتِ اللِّسَانِ","subtitle":"The twenty-fourth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-fourth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the fourth in the quarter on the vices that destroy. The tongue is small in body but great in obedience and in crime, for belief and unbelief are shown only by its witness; so al-Ghazālī first sets out the danger of the tongue and the merit of silence from the hadiths and the sayings of the early Muslims, then treats its faults one by one, from the lightest to the gravest, with their definitions, causes and cures: speaking about what does not concern one, excess speech, plunging into falsehood, contention and argument, quarrelling, affectation in speech, obscenity and abuse, cursing, song and poetry, joking, mockery, disclosing secrets, the false promise, lying and the permitted use of equivocation, backbiting, talebearing, the speech of the two-tongued, praise, heedlessness of subtle errors in speech, and common people’s questions about God’s attributes.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":24,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-24-afat-al-lisan.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-khatar-al-lisan-1","name":"The Book of the Faults of the Tongue; the Opening, and the Great Danger of the Tongue (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ آفَاتِ اللِّسَانِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ عَظِيمِ خَطَرِ اللِّسَانِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"khatar-al-lisan-2","name":"The Great Danger of the Tongue and the Merit of Silence (2): Hadiths on Guarding the Tongue","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عَظِيمِ خَطَرِ اللِّسَانِ وَفَضِيلَةِ الصَّمْتِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"khatar-al-lisan-3","name":"The Great Danger of the Tongue and the Merit of Silence (3): The Sayings of the Early Muslims, and Why Silence Is So Excellent","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عَظِيمِ خَطَرِ اللِّسَانِ وَفَضِيلَةِ الصَّمْتِ (٣)","order":3,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yanik-1","name":"The First Fault: Speaking about What Does Not Concern You (1)","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الأُولَى: الكَلَامُ فِيمَا لَا يَعْنِيكَ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ma-la-yanik-2","name":"The First Fault: Speaking about What Does Not Concern You (2): Its Definition, Cause and Cure","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الأُولَى: الكَلَامُ فِيمَا لَا يَعْنِيكَ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fudul-al-kalam","name":"The Second Fault: Excess Speech","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: فُضُولُ الكَلَامِ","order":6,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-khawd-fi-al-batil","name":"The Third Fault: Plunging into Falsehood","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ: الخَوْضُ فِي البَاطِلِ","order":7,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-mira-wa-l-jidal-1","name":"The Fourth Fault: Contention and Argument (1): Hadiths and Sayings","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: المِرَاءُ وَالجِدَالُ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-mira-wa-l-jidal-2","name":"The Fourth Fault: Contention and Argument (2): Its Definition, Motive and Cure","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: المِرَاءُ وَالجِدَالُ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-khusuma-1","name":"The Fifth Fault: Quarrelling (1): Whom the Blame Covers","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: الخُصُومَةُ (١)","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-khusuma-2","name":"The Fifth Fault: Quarrelling (2): The Good Word It Forfeits","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: الخُصُومَةُ (٢)","order":11,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-taqaur-fi-al-kalam","name":"The Sixth Fault: Affectation in Speech","nameAr":"الآفَةُ السَّادِسَةُ: التَّقَعُّرُ فِي الكَلَامِ","order":12,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-fuhsh-wa-l-sabb","name":"The Seventh Fault: Obscenity, Abuse and Foul Language","nameAr":"الآفَةُ السَّابِعَةُ: الفُحْشُ وَالسَّبُّ وَبَذَاءَةُ اللِّسَانِ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-lan-1","name":"The Eighth Fault: Cursing (1): Its Blame and Its Degrees","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّامِنَةُ: اللَّعْنُ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-lan-2","name":"The Eighth Fault: Cursing (2): Yazīd, the Dead, and Praying against Others","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّامِنَةُ: اللَّعْنُ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghina-wa-l-shir","name":"The Ninth Fault: Song and Poetry","nameAr":"الآفَةُ التَّاسِعَةُ: الغِنَاءُ وَالشِّعْرُ","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mizah-1","name":"The Tenth Fault: Joking (1): Its Blame and Its Limits","nameAr":"الآفَةُ العَاشِرَةُ: المِزَاحُ (١)","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-mizah-2","name":"The Tenth Fault: Joking (2): The Prophet’s Jests","nameAr":"الآفَةُ العَاشِرَةُ: المِزَاحُ (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-sukhriyya","name":"The Eleventh Fault: Mockery and Ridicule","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الحَادِيَةَ عَشْرَةَ: السُّخْرِيَةُ وَالِاسْتِهْزَاءُ","order":19,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"ifsha-al-sirr","name":"The Twelfth Fault: Disclosing Secrets","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّانِيَةَ عَشْرَةَ: إِفْشَاءُ السِّرِّ","order":20,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"al-wad-al-kadhib","name":"The Thirteenth Fault: The False Promise","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّالِثَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الوَعْدُ الكَاذِبُ","order":21,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-kadhib-1","name":"The Fourteenth Fault: Lying in Speech and Oaths (1): Hadiths on Lying","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الرَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الكَذِبُ فِي القَوْلِ وَاليَمِينِ (١)","order":22,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-kadhib-2","name":"The Fourteenth Fault: Lying in Speech and Oaths (2): More Hadiths, and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الرَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الكَذِبُ فِي القَوْلِ وَاليَمِينِ (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"ma-rukhkhisa-fihi-min-al-kadhib-1","name":"The Fourteenth Fault: Lying in Speech and Oaths (3): The Lying That Is Permitted (1)","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الرَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الكَذِبُ فِي القَوْلِ وَاليَمِينِ (٣)","order":24,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ma-rukhkhisa-fihi-min-al-kadhib-2","name":"The Fourteenth Fault: Lying in Speech and Oaths (4): The Lying That Is Permitted (2)","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الرَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الكَذِبُ فِي القَوْلِ وَاليَمِينِ (٤)","order":25,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-maarid","name":"The Fourteenth Fault: Lying in Speech and Oaths (5): Caution about Lying through Equivocation","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الرَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الكَذِبُ فِي القَوْلِ وَاليَمِينِ (٥)","order":26,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghiba-1","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (1): Its Blame in the Qurʾān and the Hadiths","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghiba-2","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (2): More Hadiths, and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"maana-al-ghiba","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (3): The Meaning and Limits of Backbiting","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٣)","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghiba-bi-ghayr-al-lisan","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (4): Backbiting Is Not Confined to the Tongue","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٤)","order":30,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"bawaith-al-ghiba","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (5): The Causes That Prompt Backbiting","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٥)","order":31,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ghiba-1","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (6): The Remedy That Keeps the Tongue from Backbiting (1)","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٦)","order":32,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ghiba-2","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (7): The Remedy That Keeps the Tongue from Backbiting (2)","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٧)","order":33,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghiba-bi-l-qalb","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (8): Backbiting with the Heart Is Forbidden","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٨)","order":34,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-adhar-al-murakhkhisa","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (9): The Excuses That Permit Backbiting","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (٩)","order":35,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"kaffarat-al-ghiba","name":"The Fifteenth Fault: Backbiting (10): The Expiation of Backbiting","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغِيبَةُ (١٠)","order":36,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-namima-1","name":"The Sixteenth Fault: Talebearing (1): Its Blame in the Qurʾān and the Hadiths","nameAr":"الآفَةُ السَّادِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: النَّمِيمَةُ (١)","order":37,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-namima-1","name":"The Sixteenth Fault: Talebearing (2): The Definition of Talebearing and How It Must Be Met (1)","nameAr":"الآفَةُ السَّادِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: النَّمِيمَةُ (٢)","order":38,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-namima-2","name":"The Sixteenth Fault: Talebearing (3): The Definition of Talebearing and How It Must Be Met (2)","nameAr":"الآفَةُ السَّادِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ: النَّمِيمَةُ (٣)","order":39,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"dhu-al-lisanayn","name":"The Seventeenth Fault: The Speech of the Two-Tongued","nameAr":"الآفَةُ السَّابِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ: كَلَامُ ذِي اللِّسَانَيْنِ","order":40,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-madh-1","name":"The Eighteenth Fault: Praise (1): The Faults of Praise","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّامِنَةَ عَشْرَةَ: المَدْحُ (١)","order":41,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-madh-2","name":"The Eighteenth Fault: Praise (2): What the One Praised Must Do","nameAr":"الآفَةُ الثَّامِنَةَ عَشْرَةَ: المَدْحُ (٢)","order":42,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghafla-an-daqaiq-al-khata","name":"The Nineteenth Fault: Heedlessness of Subtle Errors in Speech","nameAr":"الآفَةُ التَّاسِعَةَ عَشْرَةَ: الغَفْلَةُ عَنْ دَقَائِقِ الخَطَأِ فِي فَحْوَى الكَلَامِ","order":43,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"sual-al-awamm","name":"The Twentieth Fault: Common People’s Questions about God’s Attributes","nameAr":"الآفَةُ العِشْرُونَ: سُؤَالُ العَوَامِّ عَنْ صِفَاتِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى","order":44,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"maraqi-al-suud","title":"Marāqī al-Suʿūd","titleAr":"مَرَاقِي السُّعُودِ","subtitle":"Sīdī ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿAlawī’s Mālikī legal theory in verse","author":"Sīdī ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿAlawī al-Shinqīṭī","authorAr":"سيدي عبد الله بن الحاج إبراهيم العلوي الشنقيطي","description":"A poem of about a thousand lines of rajaz on legal theory by the Mauritanian scholar Sīdī ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥājj Ibrāhīm al-ʿAlawī (d. 1233/1818), written to set out the principles of the Mālikī school. It follows the order of Ibn al-Subkī’s Jamʿ al-Jawāmiʿ, drawing on al-Qarāfī and other Mālikī authorities: after preliminaries on the ruling and its kinds come books on the Qurʾān and the study of expressions, the Sunna, consensus, analogy, inference, the weighing of conflicting evidence, and independent reasoning with imitation. It is the standard uṣūl text of the Mauritanian maḥẓaras.","source":"Arabic text from the vowelled matn edited by Sīdī wuld Ḥabīb al-Shinqīṭī (Jeddah: Dār al-Manāra, 2nd ed., 1429/2008), who established it from the old lithograph and a manuscript read to Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ṣiddīq, checked against the lines in ʿAlī al-ʿImrān’s edition of Muḥammad al-Amīn al-Shinqīṭī’s commentary (Nathr al-Wurūd) and the author’s own commentary Nashr al-Bunūd. Each chapter’s notes list the variants.","edition":"Sīdī wuld Ḥabīb’s edition (Jeddah: Dār al-Manāra, 2nd ed., 1429/2008)","order":24,"published":true,"subject":"usul","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/maraqi-al-suud.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"muqaddima-wal-hukm","name":"Prologue, Legal Theory and the Five Rulings","nameAr":"خطبة الناظم والمقدمة والأحكام الخمسة","order":1,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"khitab-al-wad","name":"Declaratory Rulings, Validity, Performance and Responsibility","nameAr":"خطاب الوضع والصحة والأداء والتكليف","order":2,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-quran-wal-mantuq","name":"The Qurʾān, Explicit and Implicit Meaning, Language, Derivation, Synonyms and Homonyms","nameAr":"القرآن والمنطوق والمفهوم واللغة والاشتقاق والترادف والمشترك","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-haqiqa-wal-amr-1","name":"Literal and Figurative Speech, Loanwords, Metonymy; the Command (Part 1)","nameAr":"الحقيقة والمجاز والمعرب والكناية والأمر (١)","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-amr-2-wal-kifaya","name":"The Command (Part 2), the Ample Obligation and the Collective Duty","nameAr":"الأمر (٢) والواجب الموسع وذو الكفاية","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-nahy-wal-amm","name":"Prohibition, the General Term and Specification","nameAr":"النهي والعام والتخصيص","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-mukhassisat-wal-naskh","name":"The Specifiers, the Unrestricted Term, Interpretation, Clarification and Abrogation","nameAr":"المخصصات والمطلق والتأويل والبيان والنسخ","order":7,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-sunna-1","name":"The Sunna (Part 1): The Prophet’s Acts and the Reports","nameAr":"السنة (١): أفعال النبي والأخبار","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-sunna-2","name":"The Sunna (Part 2): Narrators and the Manner of Narration","nameAr":"السنة (٢): الرواة وكيفية الرواية","order":9,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijma","name":"The Book of Consensus","nameAr":"كتاب الإجماع","order":10,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyas-1","name":"Analogy (Part 1): Definition, Pillars, Root, Branch and Cause","nameAr":"القياس (١): تعريفه وأركانه والأصل والفرع والعلة","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyas-2","name":"Analogy (Part 2): The Ways of Establishing the Cause","nameAr":"القياس (٢): مسالك العلة","order":12,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyas-3","name":"Analogy (Part 3): Kinds of the Suitable, Resemblance, Concurrence and Refining the Basis","nameAr":"القياس (٣): أقسام المناسب والشبه والدوران وتنقيح المناط","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-qiyas-4","name":"Analogy (Part 4): The Objections and the Conclusion","nameAr":"القياس (٤): القوادح والخاتمة","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-istidlal","name":"The Book of Inference","nameAr":"كتاب الاستدلال","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-taadul-wal-tarajih","name":"The Book of Conflicting Evidence and Preference","nameAr":"كتاب التعادل والتراجيح","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-ijtihad","name":"The Book of Independent Reasoning in the Branches","nameAr":"كتاب الاجتهاد في الفروع","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-taqlid-wal-khatima","name":"Imitation in the Branches and the Author’s Conclusion","nameAr":"التقليد في الفروع وخاتمة الناظم","order":18,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-25-dhamm-al-ghadab","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Condemnation of Anger, Rancour and Envy","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الغَضَبِ وَالحِقْدِ وَالحَسَدِ","subtitle":"The twenty-fifth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-fifth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the fifth in the quarter on the vices that destroy. Anger is a flame kindled from God’s fire, hidden in the heart and drawn out by pride, and rancour and envy are its offspring; so al-Ghazālī gathers the hadiths and sayings that condemn anger, explains its reality as the boiling of the heart’s blood in search of revenge, with its excess, deficiency and balance, asks whether discipline can uproot it, and sets out its causes, its cure, the merit of restraining rage and of forbearance, and how far one may answer back; then he treats rancour and the merit of pardon and gentleness, and envy: its condemnation, its reality and kinds, its causes, why it is strongest between peers and relatives, its remedy, and how much of it one is obliged to remove from the heart.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":25,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-25-dhamm-al-ghadab.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-dhamm-al-ghadab-1","name":"The Book of the Condemnation of Anger, Rancour and Envy; the Opening, and the Condemnation of Anger (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الغَضَبِ وَالحِقْدِ وَالحَسَدِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغَضَبِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghadab-2","name":"The Condemnation of Anger (2): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغَضَبِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-ghadab-1","name":"The Reality of Anger (1): Its Origin, and Its Deficiency and Excess","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الغَضَبِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-ghadab-2","name":"The Reality of Anger (2): Its Effects, and the Praiseworthy Mean","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الغَضَبِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"izalat-al-ghadab-1","name":"Whether the Root of Anger Can Be Removed by Discipline (1): The Three Kinds of Things Loved","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الغَضَبِ هَلْ يُمْكِنُ إِزَالَةُ أَصْلِهِ بِالرِّيَاضَةِ أَمْ لَا (١)","order":5,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"izalat-al-ghadab-2","name":"Whether the Root of Anger Can Be Removed by Discipline (2): When Anger Is Absent","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الغَضَبِ هَلْ يُمْكِنُ إِزَالَةُ أَصْلِهِ بِالرِّيَاضَةِ أَمْ لَا (٢)","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-ghadab","name":"The Causes That Stir Anger","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَسْبَابِ المُهَيِّجَةِ لِلْغَضَبِ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ghadab-1","name":"The Treatment of Anger Once It Is Stirred (1): Six Kinds of Knowledge","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ الغَضَبِ بَعْدَ هَيَجَانِهِ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ghadab-2","name":"The Treatment of Anger Once It Is Stirred (2): What to Do","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ الغَضَبِ بَعْدَ هَيَجَانِهِ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-kazm-al-ghayz","name":"The Merit of Restraining Rage","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ كَظْمِ الغَيْظِ","order":10,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-hilm-1","name":"The Merit of Forbearance (1): Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الحِلْمِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-hilm-2","name":"The Merit of Forbearance (2): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الحِلْمِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"qadr-al-intisar","name":"How Far One May Answer Back in Words","nameAr":"بَيَانُ القَدْرِ الَّذِي يَجُوزُ الِانْتِصَارُ وَالتَّشَفِّي بِهِ مِنَ الكَلَامِ","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"manna-al-hiqd","name":"The Meaning of Rancour and Its Consequences","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي مَعْنَى الحِقْدِ وَنَتَائِجِهِ","order":14,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-afw-1","name":"The Merit of Pardon and Kindness (1): Verses and Hadiths","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ العَفْوِ وَالإِحْسَانِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-afw-2","name":"The Merit of Pardon and Kindness (2): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ العَفْوِ وَالإِحْسَانِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-rifq","name":"The Merit of Gentleness","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الرِّفْقِ","order":17,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-hasad-1","name":"The Condemnation of Envy (1): Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الحَسَدِ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-hasad-2","name":"The Condemnation of Envy (2): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الحَسَدِ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-hasad-1","name":"The Reality of Envy (1): Envy, Emulation and Its Prohibition","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الحَسَدِ (١)","order":20,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-hasad-2","name":"The Reality of Envy (2): Rivalry and the Degrees of Envy","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الحَسَدِ (٢)","order":21,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-hasad-1","name":"The Causes of Envy (1): Enmity, Self-Esteem and Pride","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَسْبَابِ الحَسَدِ (١)","order":22,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"asbab-al-hasad-2","name":"The Causes of Envy (2): Astonishment, Competing Aims, Love of Leadership and Malice","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَسْبَابِ الحَسَدِ (٢)","order":23,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"kathrat-al-hasad-1","name":"Why Envy Is Common among Equals (1): Competition for One Aim","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي كَثْرَةِ الحَسَدِ بَيْنَ الأَمْثَالِ (١)","order":24,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"kathrat-al-hasad-2","name":"Why Envy Is Common among Equals (2): Knowledge, the Gnostics and Paradise","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي كَثْرَةِ الحَسَدِ بَيْنَ الأَمْثَالِ (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-hasad-1","name":"The Remedy for Envy (1): The Envier Harms Himself","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الدَّوَاءِ الَّذِي يَنْفِي مَرَضَ الحَسَدِ (١)","order":26,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-hasad-2","name":"The Remedy for Envy (2): The Envied Gains, and Iblīs Gains Most","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الدَّوَاءِ الَّذِي يَنْفِي مَرَضَ الحَسَدِ (٢)","order":27,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-hasad-3","name":"The Remedy for Envy (3): The Practical Cure","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الدَّوَاءِ الَّذِي يَنْفِي مَرَضَ الحَسَدِ (٣)","order":28,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-qadr-al-wajib","name":"The Measure Required in Removing Envy from the Heart","nameAr":"بَيَانُ القَدْرِ الوَاجِبِ فِي نَفْيِ الحَسَدِ عَنِ القَلْبِ","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-26-dhamm-al-dunya","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Condemnation of the World","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا","subtitle":"The twenty-sixth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-sixth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the sixth in the quarter on the vices that destroy. The world is an enemy to God, to His friends and to His enemies, and love of it is the head of every sin; so al-Ghazālī first gathers the hadiths and the sayings of the early Muslims that condemn it, with exhortations and verse, then describes it in parables, and then asks what the world really is: what of it is blameworthy and what is not, what its occupations are, why its basic necessities are needed, and how people turn away from God by busying themselves with what is superfluous in it.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":26,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-26-dhamm-al-dunya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-dhamm-al-dunya-1","name":"The Book of the Condemnation of the World; the Opening, and the Condemnation of the World (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا (١)","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-dunya-2","name":"The Condemnation of the World (2): Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-dunya-3","name":"The Condemnation of the World (3): Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا (٣)","order":3,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-dunya-4","name":"The Condemnation of the World (4): Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا (٤)","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-dunya-5","name":"The Condemnation of the World (5): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا (٥): الآثَارُ","order":5,"paraCount":24,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-dunya-6","name":"The Condemnation of the World (6): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا (٦): الآثَارُ","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-dunya-7","name":"The Condemnation of the World (7): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا (٧): الآثَارُ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"mawaiz-1","name":"Admonitions on the World (1): The Bride Who Kills Her Lovers","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المَوَاعِظِ فِي ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا وَصِفَتِهَا (١)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"mawaiz-2","name":"Admonitions on the World (2): Wahb on Pharaoh, and ʿAlī’s Sermon","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المَوَاعِظِ فِي ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا وَصِفَتِهَا (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"mawaiz-3","name":"Admonitions on the World (3): The Days Are Arrows","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المَوَاعِظِ فِي ذَمِّ الدُّنْيَا وَصِفَتِهَا (٣)","order":10,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"amthila-1","name":"The World in Parables (1): A Shadow, a Dream, an Old Bride","nameAr":"بَيَانُ صِفَةِ الدُّنْيَا بِالأَمْثِلَةِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"amthila-2","name":"The World in Parables (2): The Bridge, the Snake, the Food","nameAr":"بَيَانُ صِفَةِ الدُّنْيَا بِالأَمْثِلَةِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"amthila-3","name":"The World in Parables (3): The Ship and the Island, the Guide in the Desert, the Host’s Tray","nameAr":"بَيَانُ صِفَةِ الدُّنْيَا بِالأَمْثِلَةِ (٣)","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-dunya-fi-haqq-al-abd-1","name":"What the World Is for the Servant (1): The Three Kinds","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الدُّنْيَا وَمَاهِيَّتِهَا فِي حَقِّ العَبْدِ (١)","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-dunya-fi-haqq-al-abd-2","name":"What the World Is for the Servant (2): What Is for God and What Is Not","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الدُّنْيَا وَمَاهِيَّتِهَا فِي حَقِّ العَبْدِ (٢)","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-dunya-fi-haqq-al-abd-3","name":"What the World Is for the Servant (3): Uways al-Qaranī and Harim ibn Ḥayyān","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الدُّنْيَا وَمَاهِيَّتِهَا فِي حَقِّ العَبْدِ (٣)","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-dunya-fi-nafsiha-1","name":"What the World Is in Itself (1): Its Things, the Two Ties, and the First Crafts","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الدُّنْيَا فِي نَفْسِهَا وَأَشْغَالِهَا (١)","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-dunya-fi-nafsiha-2","name":"What the World Is in Itself (2): Government, Trade, Money and Thieves","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الدُّنْيَا فِي نَفْسِهَا وَأَشْغَالِهَا (٢)","order":18,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-dunya-fi-nafsiha-3","name":"What the World Is in Itself (3): Beggars, the Ways People Go Astray, and the Saved Group","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الدُّنْيَا فِي نَفْسِهَا وَأَشْغَالِهَا (٣)","order":19,"paraCount":18,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-27-dhamm-al-bukhl","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Condemnation of Avarice and of the Love of Wealth","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ ذَمِّ البُخْلِ وَذَمِّ حُبِّ المَالِ","subtitle":"The twenty-seventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-seventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the seventh in the quarter on the vices that destroy. Wealth is the greatest of the world’s trials: no one can do without it, and no one is safe with it. In fourteen sections al-Ghazālī condemns wealth and then praises it, shows how both are true, weighs its benefits against its dangers, condemns greed and covetousness and prescribes contentment as their cure, praises generosity with stories of the generous, condemns avarice with stories of the avaricious, extols preferring others, defines generosity and avarice, treats avarice, sets out one’s duties concerning wealth, and ends by condemning riches and praising poverty.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":27,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-27-dhamm-al-bukhl.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-dhamm-al-mal-1","name":"The Book of the Condemnation of Avarice and of the Love of Wealth; the Opening, and the Condemnation of Wealth (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ ذَمِّ البُخْلِ وَذَمِّ حُبِّ المَالِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ ذَمِّ المَالِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-mal-2","name":"The Condemnation of Wealth (2): Hadiths and Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ المَالِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"madh-al-mal","name":"The Praise of Wealth, and How Praise and Blame Agree","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَدْحِ المَالِ وَالجَمْعِ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الذَّمِّ","order":3,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"fawaid-al-mal-wa-afatuh","name":"The Dangers and Benefits of Wealth in Detail","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ آفَاتِ المَالِ وَفَوَائِدِهِ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-hirs-1","name":"The Condemnation of Greed and Covetousness (1): Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الحِرْصِ وَالطَّمَعِ وَمَدْحِ القَنَاعَةِ (١)","order":5,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-hirs-2","name":"The Condemnation of Greed and Covetousness (2): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الحِرْصِ وَالطَّمَعِ (٢): الآثَارُ","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-hirs-1","name":"The Cure for Greed and Covetousness (1): Economy and Trust in Provision","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ الحِرْصِ وَالطَّمَعِ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-hirs-2","name":"The Cure for Greed and Covetousness (2): The Honour of Contentment","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ الحِرْصِ وَالطَّمَعِ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-sakha-1","name":"The Excellence of Generosity (1): Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ السَّخَاءِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-sakha-2","name":"The Excellence of Generosity (2): More Hadiths, and Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ السَّخَاءِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-askhiya-1","name":"Stories of the Generous (1)","nameAr":"حِكَايَاتُ الأَسْخِيَاءِ (١)","order":11,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-askhiya-2","name":"Stories of the Generous (2)","nameAr":"حِكَايَاتُ الأَسْخِيَاءِ (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-askhiya-3","name":"Stories of the Generous (3)","nameAr":"حِكَايَاتُ الأَسْخِيَاءِ (٣)","order":13,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-askhiya-4","name":"Stories of the Generous (4)","nameAr":"حِكَايَاتُ الأَسْخِيَاءِ (٤)","order":14,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-bukhl-1","name":"The Condemnation of Avarice (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ البُخْلِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-bukhl-2","name":"The Condemnation of Avarice (2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ البُخْلِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-bukhala","name":"Stories of the Misers","nameAr":"حِكَايَاتُ البُخَلَاءِ","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-ithar","name":"Preferring Others and Its Excellence","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الإِيثَارِ وَفَضْلِهِ","order":18,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-sakha-1","name":"The Definition and Reality of Generosity and Avarice (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَدِّ السَّخَاءِ وَالبُخْلِ وَحَقِيقَتِهِمَا (١)","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-sakha-2","name":"The Definition and Reality of Generosity and Avarice (2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَدِّ السَّخَاءِ وَالبُخْلِ وَحَقِيقَتِهِمَا (٢)","order":20,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-bukhl-1","name":"The Cure for Avarice (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ البُخْلِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-bukhl-2","name":"The Cure for Avarice (2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ البُخْلِ (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"wazaif-al-mal","name":"The Duties a Servant Has Concerning His Wealth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجْمُوعِ الوَظَائِفِ الَّتِي عَلَى العَبْدِ فِي مَالِهِ","order":23,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghina-1","name":"The Condemnation of Riches and the Praise of Poverty (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغِنَى وَمَدْحِ الفَقْرِ (١)","order":24,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghina-2","name":"The Condemnation of Riches and the Praise of Poverty (2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغِنَى وَمَدْحِ الفَقْرِ (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghina-3","name":"The Condemnation of Riches and the Praise of Poverty (3)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغِنَى وَمَدْحِ الفَقْرِ (٣)","order":26,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghina-4","name":"The Condemnation of Riches and the Praise of Poverty (4)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغِنَى وَمَدْحِ الفَقْرِ (٤)","order":27,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghina-5","name":"The Condemnation of Riches and the Praise of Poverty (5)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغِنَى وَمَدْحِ الفَقْرِ (٥)","order":28,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghina-6","name":"The Condemnation of Riches and the Praise of Poverty (6)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغِنَى وَمَدْحِ الفَقْرِ (٦)","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ghina-7","name":"The Condemnation of Riches and the Praise of Poverty (7)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغِنَى وَمَدْحِ الفَقْرِ (٧)","order":30,"paraCount":12,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-28-dhamm-al-jah","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Condemnation of Status and Showing Off","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الجَاهِ وَالرِّيَاءِ","subtitle":"The twenty-eighth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-eighth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the eighth in the quarter on the vices that destroy. Showing off [riyāʾ] is the hidden desire, more hidden than the creeping of a black ant on a solid rock in a dark night, the last of the soul’s snares and the trap of worshippers and scholars. Since it grows from the love of status, al-Ghazālī divides the book into two halves: the first on the love of status and fame, in twelve sections, from the condemnation of fame and the virtue of obscurity to what status is, why it is loved, which love of it is blameworthy, the love of praise and dislike of blame, and their cures; the second on showing off itself.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":28,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-28-dhamm-al-jah.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-dhamm-al-shuhra","name":"The Book of the Condemnation of Status and Showing Off; the Opening, and the Condemnation of Fame","nameAr":"كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الجَاهِ وَالرِّيَاءِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ ذَمِّ الشُّهْرَةِ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-khumul","name":"The Virtue of Obscurity","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الخُمُولِ","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-jah-wa-manahu","name":"The Condemnation of Status, and Its Meaning and Reality","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الجَاهِ وَمَعْنَاهُ، وَبَيَانُ مَعْنَى الجَاهِ وَحَقِيقَتِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-hubb-al-jah-1","name":"Why Status Is Loved by Nature (1): Why It Is Preferred to Wealth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سَبَبِ كَوْنِ الجَاهِ مَحْبُوبًا بِالطَّبْعِ (١)","order":4,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-hubb-al-jah-2","name":"Why Status Is Loved by Nature (2): Fear of Need, and the Love of Lordship","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سَبَبِ كَوْنِ الجَاهِ مَحْبُوبًا بِالطَّبْعِ (٢)","order":5,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-hubb-al-jah-3","name":"Why Status Is Loved by Nature (3): Mastery by Knowledge and by Power","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سَبَبِ كَوْنِ الجَاهِ مَحْبُوبًا بِالطَّبْعِ (٣)","order":6,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-kamal-al-haqiqi-1","name":"Real and Imagined Perfection (1): The Perfection of Knowledge","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الكَمَالِ الحَقِيقِيِّ وَالكَمَالِ الوَهْمِيِّ (١)","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-kamal-al-haqiqi-2","name":"Real and Imagined Perfection (2): Power, Freedom and the Error of the Ignorant","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الكَمَالِ الحَقِيقِيِّ وَالكَمَالِ الوَهْمِيِّ (٢)","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yuhmad-min-hubb-al-jah","name":"Which Love of Status Is Praiseworthy and Which Is Blameworthy","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يُحْمَدُ مِنْ حُبِّ الجَاهِ وَمَا يُذَمُّ","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-hubb-al-madh","name":"Why Praise Is Loved and Blame Disliked","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي حُبِّ المَدْحِ وَبُغْضِ الذَّمِّ","order":10,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-hubb-al-jah","name":"The Cure for the Love of Status","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ حُبِّ الجَاهِ","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-hubb-al-madh","name":"How to Cure the Love of Praise and the Dislike of Blame","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ العِلَاجِ لِحُبِّ المَدْحِ وَكَرَاهَةِ الذَّمِّ","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-karahat-al-dhamm","name":"The Cure for the Dislike of Blame","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ كَرَاهَةِ الذَّمِّ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ikhtilaf-ahwal-al-nas","name":"How People Differ in Respect of Praise and Blame","nameAr":"بَيَانُ اخْتِلَافِ أَحْوَالِ النَّاسِ فِي المَدْحِ وَالذَّمِّ","order":14,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-riya-1","name":"The Condemnation of Showing Off (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الرِّيَاءِ (١)","order":15,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-riya-2","name":"The Condemnation of Showing Off (2): The Hadith of Muʿādh and the Seven Heavens","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الرِّيَاءِ (٢)","order":16,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-riya-3","name":"The Condemnation of Showing Off (3): Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الرِّيَاءِ (٣)","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-riya-1","name":"The Reality of Showing Off (1): Showing Off with the Body and with Dress","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرِّيَاءِ وَمَا يُرَاءَى بِهِ (١)","order":18,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-riya-2","name":"The Reality of Showing Off (2): Speech, Deeds and Companions","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرِّيَاءِ وَمَا يُرَاءَى بِهِ (٢)","order":19,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-riya-3","name":"The Reality of Showing Off (3): Is Showing Off Forbidden?","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرِّيَاءِ وَمَا يُرَاءَى بِهِ (٣)","order":20,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-riya-1","name":"The Degrees of Showing Off (1): The Intention, and Showing Off with Faith and Duties","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الرِّيَاءِ (١)","order":21,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-riya-2","name":"The Degrees of Showing Off (2): Supererogatory Acts and the Qualities of Worship","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الرِّيَاءِ (٢)","order":22,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-riya-3","name":"The Degrees of Showing Off (3): What the Show-off Seeks","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الرِّيَاءِ (٣)","order":23,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-riya-al-khafi-1","name":"Hidden Showing Off (1): Its Levels and Signs","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرِّيَاءِ الخَفِيِّ (١)","order":24,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-riya-al-khafi-2","name":"Hidden Showing Off (2): Pleasure at Being Seen, Praiseworthy and Blameworthy","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرِّيَاءِ الخَفِيِّ (٢)","order":25,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yuhbit-al-amal-1","name":"What Showing Off Annuls a Deed (1): Showing Off That Arises after the Intention","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يُحْبِطُ العَمَلَ مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (١)","order":26,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yuhbit-al-amal-2","name":"What Showing Off Annuls a Deed (2): Showing Off at the Outset","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يُحْبِطُ العَمَلَ مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (٢)","order":27,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-riya-1","name":"The Cure for Showing Off (1): Its Three Roots and the Knowledge That Uproots Them","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرِّيَاءِ (١)","order":28,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-riya-2","name":"The Cure for Showing Off (2): Hiding Deeds, and the Three Impulses during Worship","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرِّيَاءِ (٢)","order":29,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-riya-3","name":"The Cure for Showing Off (3): When Knowledge Is Forgotten, and the Four Ranks of Repelling It","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرِّيَاءِ (٣)","order":30,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-riya-4","name":"The Cure for Showing Off (4): Enraging Satan, and Whether One Must Guard against Him","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرِّيَاءِ (٤)","order":31,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-riya-5","name":"The Cure for Showing Off (5): How to Guard against Satan, and the Parable of the Well","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرِّيَاءِ (٥)","order":32,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"izhar-al-taat-1","name":"Permission to Show Acts of Obedience (1): Showing the Deed Itself","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرُّخْصَةِ فِي قَصْدِ إِظْهَارِ الطَّاعَاتِ (١)","order":33,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"izhar-al-taat-2","name":"Permission to Show Acts of Obedience (2): Speaking of One’s Deeds","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرُّخْصَةِ فِي قَصْدِ إِظْهَارِ الطَّاعَاتِ (٢)","order":34,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"kitman-al-dhunub-1","name":"Permission to Conceal Sins (1): The First Five Valid Reasons","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرُّخْصَةِ فِي كِتْمَانِ الذُّنُوبِ (١)","order":35,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"kitman-al-dhunub-2","name":"Permission to Conceal Sins (2): Modesty and Showing Off, and Loving People’s Love","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرُّخْصَةِ فِي كِتْمَانِ الذُّنُوبِ (٢)","order":36,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-taat-1","name":"Leaving Acts of Obedience for Fear of Showing Off (1): Worship That Concerns Only Oneself","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَرْكِ الطَّاعَاتِ خَوْفًا مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (١)","order":37,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-taat-2","name":"Leaving Acts of Obedience for Fear of Showing Off (2): The Early Muslims Who Left Deeds, and Rule","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَرْكِ الطَّاعَاتِ خَوْفًا مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (٢)","order":38,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-taat-3","name":"Leaving Acts of Obedience for Fear of Showing Off (3): The Strong and the Weak in Office, Judgeship and Preaching","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَرْكِ الطَّاعَاتِ خَوْفًا مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (٣)","order":39,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-taat-4","name":"Leaving Acts of Obedience for Fear of Showing Off (4): Will Knowledge Die Out? Preachers and Scholars of Evil","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَرْكِ الطَّاعَاتِ خَوْفًا مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (٤)","order":40,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-taat-5","name":"Leaving Acts of Obedience for Fear of Showing Off (5): The Ranks of Danger, and Spending Wealth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَرْكِ الطَّاعَاتِ خَوْفًا مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (٥)","order":41,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-taat-6","name":"Leaving Acts of Obedience for Fear of Showing Off (6): Signs of the Sincere Scholar; al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥajjāj","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَرْكِ الطَّاعَاتِ خَوْفًا مِنَ الرِّيَاءِ (٦)","order":42,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"nashat-al-abd-1","name":"Eagerness for Worship on Seeing Others (1): Night Prayer, Fasting and Weeping in Company","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يَصِحُّ مِنْ نَشَاطِ العَبْدِ لِلْعِبَادَةِ بِسَبَبِ رُؤْيَةِ الخَلْقِ (١)","order":43,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"nashat-al-abd-2","name":"Eagerness for Worship on Seeing Others (2): Sighs, Cries and Swoons, and the Hypocrite’s Humility","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يَصِحُّ مِنْ نَشَاطِ العَبْدِ لِلْعِبَادَةِ بِسَبَبِ رُؤْيَةِ الخَلْقِ (٢)","order":44,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yalzam-al-murid-1","name":"What the Seeker Should Hold Himself To (1): Content with God’s Knowledge; Hope and Fear; Teaching for Reward","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يَنْبَغِي لِلْمُرِيدِ أَنْ يُلْزِمَ نَفْسَهُ قَبْلَ العَمَلِ وَبَعْدَهُ وَفِيهِ (١)","order":45,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yalzam-al-murid-2","name":"What the Seeker Should Hold Himself To (2): Sufyān’s Refusals; Teacher, Student and Parents; the Monk Simʿān","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يَنْبَغِي لِلْمُرِيدِ أَنْ يُلْزِمَ نَفْسَهُ قَبْلَ العَمَلِ وَبَعْدَهُ وَفِيهِ (٢)","order":46,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yalzam-al-murid-3","name":"What the Seeker Should Hold Himself To (3): Signs of Soundness; Rich and Poor; the Sick King","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يَنْبَغِي لِلْمُرِيدِ أَنْ يُلْزِمَ نَفْسَهُ قَبْلَ العَمَلِ وَبَعْدَهُ وَفِيهِ (٣)","order":47,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-29-dhamm-al-kibr","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Condemnation of Pride and Vanity","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الكِبْرِ وَالعُجْبِ","subtitle":"The twenty-ninth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The twenty-ninth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the ninth in the quarter on the vices that destroy. Pride [kibr] and vanity [ʿujb] are two deadly diseases, for grandeur and pride belong to God alone. The first half of the book treats pride: its condemnation in the Qurʾān and hadith, the condemnation of swaggering, the virtue of humility, what pride is, toward whom people are proud and in what, its motives, the character of the humble, and its cure and the testing of the soul; the second half treats vanity: its harms, its reality, its cure, and the eight things people are vain about.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":29,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-29-dhamm-al-kibr.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-dhamm-al-kibr-1","name":"The Book of the Condemnation of Pride and Vanity; the Opening, and the Condemnation of Pride (Part 1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الكِبْرِ وَالعُجْبِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ ذَمِّ الكِبْرِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-kibr-2-wa-dhamm-al-ikhtiyal","name":"The Condemnation of Pride (Part 2), and the Condemnation of Swaggering","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ الكِبْرِ (٢)، وَبَيَانُ ذَمِّ الِاخْتِيَالِ","order":2,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-tawadu-1","name":"The Virtue of Humility (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ التَّوَاضُعِ (١)","order":3,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-tawadu-2","name":"The Virtue of Humility (Part 2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ التَّوَاضُعِ (٢)","order":4,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-kibr-wa-afatuhu","name":"The Reality of Pride and Its Harm","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الكِبْرِ وَآفَتِهِ","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutakabbar-alayh-1","name":"Those toward Whom One Is Proud (Part 1): Pride toward God, toward His Messengers and toward His Servants","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المُتَكَبَّرِ عَلَيْهِ وَدَرَجَاتِهِ وَأَقْسَامِهِ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutakabbar-alayh-2","name":"Those toward Whom One Is Proud (Part 2): Pride Leads to Rejecting the Truth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المُتَكَبَّرِ عَلَيْهِ وَدَرَجَاتِهِ وَأَقْسَامِهِ (٢)","order":7,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"ma-bihi-al-takabbur-1","name":"What People Are Proud Of (Part 1): Knowledge","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بِهِ التَّكَبُّرُ (١)","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ma-bihi-al-takabbur-2","name":"What People Are Proud Of (Part 2): Works and Worship","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بِهِ التَّكَبُّرُ (٢)","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ma-bihi-al-takabbur-3","name":"What People Are Proud Of (Part 3): The Three Degrees of Pride in Scholars and Worshippers","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بِهِ التَّكَبُّرُ (٣)","order":10,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ma-bihi-al-takabbur-4","name":"What People Are Proud Of (Part 4): Lineage, Beauty, Wealth, Strength and Followers","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا بِهِ التَّكَبُّرُ (٤)","order":11,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"bawaith-al-takabbur","name":"The Motives of Pride and the Causes That Stir It","nameAr":"بَيَانُ البَوَاعِثِ عَلَى التَّكَبُّرِ وَأَسْبَابِهِ المُهَيِّجَةِ لَهُ","order":12,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"akhlaq-al-mutawadiin-1","name":"The Character of the Humble (Part 1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَخْلَاقِ المُتَوَاضِعِينَ (١)","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"akhlaq-al-mutawadiin-2","name":"The Character of the Humble (Part 2): Dress, and Bearing Injury","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَخْلَاقِ المُتَوَاضِعِينَ (٢)","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"akhlaq-al-mutawadiin-3","name":"The Character of the Humble (Part 3): The Prophet’s Way, and the Substitutes","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَخْلَاقِ المُتَوَاضِعِينَ (٣)","order":15,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-1","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 1): Knowing Oneself, Man’s Beginning and Middle","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (١)","order":16,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-2","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 2): Man’s End, and the Cure by Practice","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (٢)","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-3","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 3): The Second Stage; Pride in Lineage and in Beauty","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (٣)","order":18,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-4","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 4): Strength, Wealth and Power; Pride in Knowledge","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (٤)","order":19,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-5","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 5): The Scholar and the Fear of the End","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (٥)","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-6","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 6): Anger for God without Pride; Pride in Worship","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (٦)","order":21,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-7","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 7): The Worshipper’s Pride, and Seeing Everyone as Better","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (٧)","order":22,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-kibr-8","name":"The Way to Cure Pride (Part 8): The Five Tests of the Soul","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي مُعَالَجَةِ الكِبْرِ (٨)","order":23,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ghayat-al-riyada","name":"The Limit of Training in the Trait of Humility","nameAr":"بَيَانُ غَايَةِ الرِّيَاضَةِ فِي خُلُقِ التَّوَاضُعِ","order":24,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"dhamm-al-ujb-wa-afatuhu","name":"The Condemnation of Vanity and Its Harms","nameAr":"بَيَانُ ذَمِّ العُجْبِ وَآفَاتِهِ","order":25,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-ujb-wa-l-idlal","name":"The Reality of Vanity and Presuming, and Their Definition","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ العُجْبِ وَالإِدْلَالِ وَحَدِّهِمَا","order":26,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ujb-1","name":"The Cure of Vanity in General (Part 1): The King’s Robe and the Keys of the Treasury","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ العُجْبِ عَلَى الجُمْلَةِ (١)","order":27,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ujb-2","name":"The Cure of Vanity in General (Part 2): All Is from God; David, Job and the Companions","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عِلَاجِ العُجْبِ عَلَى الجُمْلَةِ (٢)","order":28,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-ma-bihi-al-ujb-1","name":"The Kinds of Things People Are Vain About (Part 1): Body, Strength, Intellect and Lineage","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ مَا بِهِ العُجْبُ وَتَفْصِيلِ عِلَاجِهِ (١)","order":29,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-ma-bihi-al-ujb-2","name":"The Kinds of Things People Are Vain About (Part 2): Lineage and the Hope of Intercession","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ مَا بِهِ العُجْبُ وَتَفْصِيلِ عِلَاجِهِ (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-ma-bihi-al-ujb-3","name":"The Kinds of Things People Are Vain About (Part 3): Unjust Rulers, Numbers, Wealth and Mistaken Opinion","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ مَا بِهِ العُجْبُ وَتَفْصِيلِ عِلَاجِهِ (٣)","order":31,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-30-dhamm-al-ghurur","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Condemnation of Self-Deception","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الغُرُورِ","subtitle":"The thirtieth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirtieth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn, the tenth and last in the quarter on the vices that destroy. Self-deception [ghurūr] is the soul’s resting in what suits its desire on the strength of a false proof, and al-Ghazālī calls it the mother of all wretchedness. He first defines it and shows it at its plainest, in unbelievers deceived by the world and about God and in believers who sin and call their wishful thinking hope; then he goes through the self-deceived class by class: scholars, worshippers, Sufis and the wealthy, showing in each group how good outward forms hide corrupt inner states.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 3","order":30,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-30-dhamm-al-ghurur.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-dhamm-al-ghurur","name":"The Book of the Condemnation of Self-Deception; the Opening, and the Condemnation and Reality of Self-Deception","nameAr":"كِتَابُ ذَمِّ الغُرُورِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ ذَمِّ الغُرُورِ وَحَقِيقَتِهِ","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ghurur-al-kuffar-1","name":"The First Example: The Self-Deception of Unbelievers (1)","nameAr":"المِثَالُ الأَوَّلُ: غُرُورُ الكُفَّارِ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ghurur-al-kuffar-2","name":"The First Example: The Self-Deception of Unbelievers (2)","nameAr":"المِثَالُ الأَوَّلُ: غُرُورُ الكُفَّارِ (٢)","order":3,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghurur-billah-1","name":"Self-Deception about God (1): The Unbelievers","nameAr":"الغُرُورُ بِاللَّهِ (١): غُرُورُ الكُفَّارِ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-ghurur-billah-2","name":"Self-Deception about God (2): Its Cure, and the Second Example, Sinning Believers","nameAr":"الغُرُورُ بِاللَّهِ (٢): عِلَاجُهُ، وَالمِثَالُ الثَّانِي: غُرُورُ العُصَاةِ مِنَ المُؤْمِنِينَ","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-raja-wa-l-ghirra","name":"The Second Example (2): Hope and Self-Deception","nameAr":"المِثَالُ الثَّانِي (٢): الرَّجَاءُ وَالغِرَّةُ","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ghalabat-al-ghurur","name":"The Second Example (3): Self-Deception in Later Times, and Trusting a Few Good Deeds","nameAr":"المِثَالُ الثَّانِي (٣): غَلَبَةُ الغُرُورِ عَلَى آخِرِ الأُمَّةِ، وَالِاتِّكَالُ عَلَى قَلِيلِ الطَّاعَاتِ","order":7,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-1","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (1): Knowledge without Practice","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (١): العِلْمُ بِلَا عَمَلٍ","order":8,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-2","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (2): Adorned Outsides, and Those Who Think Themselves Above Vice","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٢): مَنْ زَيَّنَ ظَاهِرَهُ، وَمَنْ ظَنَّ أَنَّهُ مُنْفَكٌّ عَنِ الأَخْلَاقِ المَذْمُومَةِ","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-3","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (3): Courting Rulers, and Hidden Motives","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٣): التَّوَدُّدُ إِلَى السَّلَاطِينِ، وَخَفَايَا البَوَاعِثِ","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-4","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (4): Hidden Motives in Teaching and Writing","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٤): خَفَايَا القُلُوبِ فِي التَّعْلِيمِ وَالتَّصْنِيفِ","order":11,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-5","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (5): Jurists of Rulings and Disputers","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٥): أَهْلُ الفَتَاوَى وَأَهْلُ الخِلَافِيَّاتِ","order":12,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-6","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (6): Theologians","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٦): أَهْلُ الكَلَامِ وَالمُجَادَلَةِ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-7","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (7): Preachers of the Heart’s Virtues","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٧): الوُعَّاظُ المُتَكَلِّمُونَ فِي صِفَاتِ القَلْبِ","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-8","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (8): Ecstatic Preachers, Memorisers and Hadith Collectors","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٨): وُعَّاظُ الطَّامَّاتِ، وَحَفَظَةُ كَلَامِ الزُّهَّادِ، وَأَهْلُ الحَدِيثِ","order":15,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-9","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (9): The Conditions of Hearing; Grammarians and Philologists","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (٩): شُرُوطُ السَّمَاعِ، وَأَهْلُ النَّحْوِ وَاللُّغَةِ","order":16,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"ahl-al-ilm-10","name":"The Self-Deceived among Scholars (10): Jurists Who Rely on Legal Stratagems","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَهْلِ العِلْمِ (١٠): الفُقَهَاءُ أَصْحَابُ الحِيَلِ","order":17,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"arbab-al-ibada-1","name":"The Self-Deceived among Worshippers (1): Ablution, Intention, Pronunciation and Recitation","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَرْبَابِ العِبَادَةِ (١): الوُضُوءُ وَالنِّيَّةُ وَمَخَارِجُ الحُرُوفِ وَالتِّلَاوَةُ","order":18,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"arbab-al-ibada-2","name":"The Self-Deceived among Worshippers (2): Fasting, Pilgrimage, Public Morals, Residence at Mecca and Renunciation","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَرْبَابِ العِبَادَةِ (٢): الصَّوْمُ وَالحَجُّ وَالحِسْبَةُ وَالمُجَاوَرَةُ وَالزُّهْدُ","order":19,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"arbab-al-ibada-3","name":"The Self-Deceived among Worshippers (3): Outward Devotion and the Order of Good Works","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَرْبَابِ العِبَادَةِ (٣): أَعْمَالُ الجَوَارِحِ وَتَرْتِيبُ الخَيْرَاتِ","order":20,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutasawwifa-1","name":"The Self-Deceived among Sufis (1): Dress, Finery and Claims to Gnosis","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنَ المُتَصَوِّفَةِ (١): الزِّيُّ وَالتَّنَعُّمُ وَدَعْوَى المَعْرِفَةِ","order":21,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutasawwifa-2","name":"The Self-Deceived among Sufis (2): Antinomians, Claimants of the Stations, and Servants of the Sufis","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنَ المُتَصَوِّفَةِ (٢): أَهْلُ الإِبَاحَةِ، وَمُدَّعُو المَقَامَاتِ، وَخُدَّامُ الصُّوفِيَّةِ","order":22,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-mutasawwifa-3","name":"The Self-Deceived among Sufis (3): The Wayfarers and the Veils of Light","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنَ المُتَصَوِّفَةِ (٣): السَّالِكُونَ وَحُجُبُ النُّورِ","order":23,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"arbab-al-amwal-1","name":"The Self-Deceived among the Wealthy (1): Builders of Mosques and Schools","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَرْبَابِ الأَمْوَالِ (١): بُنَاةُ المَسَاجِدِ وَالمَدَارِسِ","order":24,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"arbab-al-amwal-2","name":"The Self-Deceived among the Wealthy (2): Givers for Show, Misers and Hearers of Sermons","nameAr":"المُغْتَرُّونَ مِنْ أَرْبَابِ الأَمْوَالِ (٢): المُتَصَدِّقُونَ رِيَاءً، وَالبُخَلَاءُ، وَحُضَّارُ مَجَالِسِ الذِّكْرِ","order":25,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ghurur-1","name":"The Remedy for Self-Deception (1): Intelligence, Understanding and Knowledge","nameAr":"عِلَاجُ الغُرُورِ (١): العَقْلُ وَالمَعْرِفَةُ وَالعِلْمُ","order":26,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ghurur-2","name":"The Remedy for Self-Deception (2): The Devil’s Snare in Counselling Others","nameAr":"عِلَاجُ الغُرُورِ (٢): مَكِيدَةُ الشَّيْطَانِ فِي نُصْحِ الخَلْقِ","order":27,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ilaj-al-ghurur-3","name":"The Remedy for Self-Deception (3): When Counsel Is Sound, Self-Admiration and Fear of the End","nameAr":"عِلَاجُ الغُرُورِ (٣): مَتَى يَصِحُّ النُّصْحُ، وَالعُجْبُ، وَخَوْفُ الخَاتِمَةِ","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-31-al-tawba","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Repentance","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ التَّوْبَةِ","subtitle":"The thirty-first book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-first book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the first in the quarter on the things that save. Repentance [tawba] is the beginning of the path to God and the way of Adam: knowledge of the harm of sins, the remorse it produces, and the resolve to leave sin, avoid it for life and make amends for the past. Al-Ghazālī shows that repentance is obligatory at once, for everyone and in every state, and accepted when sound; then he treats the sins repented of, great and small, and how good and bad deeds are weighed in the hereafter; the conditions of repentance, how wrongs are made good and the kinds of penitents; and the remedy that loosens the knot of persistence in sin.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked at doubtful places against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":31,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-31-al-tawba.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-haqiqat-al-tawba","name":"The Book of Repentance; the Opening, and the Reality and Definition of Repentance","nameAr":"كِتَابُ التَّوْبَةِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْبَةِ وَحَدِّهَا","order":1,"paraCount":21,"published":true},{"id":"wujub-al-tawba-wa-fadluha-1","name":"The Obligation and Virtue of Repentance (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وُجُوبِ التَّوْبَةِ وَفَضْلِهَا (١)","order":2,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"wujub-al-tawba-wa-fadluha-2","name":"The Obligation and Virtue of Repentance (2): Remorse, Choice and God’s Creation","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وُجُوبِ التَّوْبَةِ وَفَضْلِهَا (٢): النَّدَمُ وَالِاخْتِيَارُ وَخَلْقُ اللَّهِ","order":3,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"wujub-al-tawba-wa-fadluha-3","name":"The Obligation and Virtue of Repentance (3): Compulsion, Invention and Acquisition; the Blind Men and the Elephant","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وُجُوبِ التَّوْبَةِ وَفَضْلِهَا (٣): الجَبْرُ وَالِاخْتِرَاعُ وَالكَسْبُ، وَمَثَلُ العُمْيَانِ وَالفِيلِ","order":4,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"wujub-al-tawba-ala-l-fawr","name":"That Repentance Is Obligatory at Once","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ وُجُوبَ التَّوْبَةِ عَلَى الفَوْرِ","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"umum-wujub-al-tawba-1","name":"That the Obligation of Repentance Extends to All Persons and States (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ وُجُوبَ التَّوْبَةِ عَامٌّ فِي الأَشْخَاصِ وَالأَحْوَالِ (١)","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"umum-wujub-al-tawba-2","name":"That the Obligation of Repentance Extends to All Persons and States (2): The Two Senses of “Obligatory”","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ وُجُوبَ التَّوْبَةِ عَامٌّ فِي الأَشْخَاصِ وَالأَحْوَالِ (٢): مَعْنَيَا الوَاجِبِ","order":7,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"umum-wujub-al-tawba-3","name":"That the Obligation of Repentance Extends to All Persons and States (3): Every Breath a Jewel","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ وُجُوبَ التَّوْبَةِ عَامٌّ فِي الأَشْخَاصِ وَالأَحْوَالِ (٣): كُلُّ نَفَسٍ جَوْهَرَةٌ","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"qabul-al-tawba-1","name":"That Repentance Which Meets Its Conditions Is Certainly Accepted (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ التَّوْبَةَ إِذَا اسْتُجْمِعَتْ شَرَائِطُهَا فَهِيَ مَقْبُولَةٌ لَا مَحَالَةَ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"qabul-al-tawba-2","name":"That Repentance Which Meets Its Conditions Is Certainly Accepted (2): Sayings of the Early Muslims; No Obligation on God","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ التَّوْبَةَ إِذَا اسْتُجْمِعَتْ شَرَائِطُهَا فَهِيَ مَقْبُولَةٌ لَا مَحَالَةَ (٢): الآثَارُ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا وَاجِبَ عَلَى اللَّهِ","order":10,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-dhunub-1","name":"The Divisions of Sins (1): The Four Sources, God’s Right and Others’ Rights, Great and Small","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الذُّنُوبِ (١): مَنَابِعُهَا الأَرْبَعُ، وَحَقُّ اللَّهِ وَحُقُوقُ العِبَادِ، وَالصَّغَائِرُ وَالكَبَائِرُ","order":11,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-dhunub-2","name":"The Divisions of Sins (2): Abū Ṭālib’s Seventeen Great Sins; “Great” Is Relative","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الذُّنُوبِ (٢): الكَبَائِرُ السَّبْعَ عَشْرَةَ عِنْدَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَأَنَّ الكَبِيرَةَ مِنَ المُضَافَاتِ","order":12,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-dhunub-3","name":"The Divisions of Sins (3): The Three Ranks of Great Sins","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الذُّنُوبِ (٣): مَرَاتِبُ الكَبَائِرِ الثَّلَاثُ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-dhunub-4","name":"The Divisions of Sins (4): Usury, Wine, Slander, Sorcery and the Rest of Abū Ṭālib’s List","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الذُّنُوبِ (٤): الرِّبَا وَالشُّرْبُ وَالقَذْفُ وَالسِّحْرُ وَبَقِيَّةُ مَا ذَكَرَهُ أَبُو طَالِبٍ","order":14,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-dhunub-5","name":"The Divisions of Sins (5): Why Great Sins Are Left Undefined; Sins and Testimony","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الذُّنُوبِ (٥): سِرُّ إِبْهَامِ الكَبَائِرِ، وَالذُّنُوبُ وَالشَّهَادَةُ","order":15,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-akhira-1","name":"How Degrees and Depths in the Hereafter Are Allotted to Good and Bad Deeds (1): Speaking in Parables","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ تَوَزُّعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ وَالدَّرَكَاتِ فِي الآخِرَةِ عَلَى الحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ فِي الدُّنْيَا (١): ضَرْبُ الأَمْثَالِ","order":16,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-akhira-2","name":"How Degrees and Depths in the Hereafter Are Allotted to Good and Bad Deeds (2): The Four Classes; Those Who Perish","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ تَوَزُّعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ وَالدَّرَكَاتِ فِي الآخِرَةِ عَلَى الحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ فِي الدُّنْيَا (٢): الأَقْسَامُ الأَرْبَعَةُ، وَرُتْبَةُ الهَالِكِينَ","order":17,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-akhira-3","name":"How Degrees and Depths in the Hereafter Are Allotted to Good and Bad Deeds (3): The Pain of the Heart; the Second Rank, the Punished","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ تَوَزُّعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ وَالدَّرَكَاتِ فِي الآخِرَةِ عَلَى الحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ فِي الدُّنْيَا (٣): أَلَمُ القَلْبِ، وَرُتْبَةُ المُعَذَّبِينَ","order":18,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-akhira-4","name":"How Degrees and Depths in the Hereafter Are Allotted to Good and Bad Deeds (4): Punishment According to Deeds; Those Brought Near and the People of the Right","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ تَوَزُّعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ وَالدَّرَكَاتِ فِي الآخِرَةِ عَلَى الحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ فِي الدُّنْيَا (٤): العَذَابُ بِحَسَبِ الأَعْمَالِ، وَالمُقَرَّبُونَ وَأَصْحَابُ اليَمِينِ","order":19,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-akhira-5","name":"How Degrees and Depths in the Hereafter Are Allotted to Good and Bad Deeds (5): The Camel and the Jewel; the Trust Within Man","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ تَوَزُّعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ وَالدَّرَكَاتِ فِي الآخِرَةِ عَلَى الحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ فِي الدُّنْيَا (٥): الجَمَلُ وَالجَوْهَرَةُ، وَالأَمَانَةُ الَّتِي فِي الإِنْسَانِ","order":20,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-akhira-6","name":"How Degrees and Depths in the Hereafter Are Allotted to Good and Bad Deeds (6): Those Who Come Out of the Fire; Wrongs Done to Others; Hidden Causes","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ تَوَزُّعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ وَالدَّرَكَاتِ فِي الآخِرَةِ عَلَى الحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ فِي الدُّنْيَا (٦): مَنْ يَخْرُجُ مِنَ النَّارِ، وَمَظَالِمُ العِبَادِ، وَالأَسْبَابُ الخَفِيَّةُ","order":21,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-akhira-7","name":"How Degrees and Depths in the Hereafter Are Allotted to Good and Bad Deeds (7): The Saved and the Triumphant","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ تَوَزُّعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ وَالدَّرَكَاتِ فِي الآخِرَةِ عَلَى الحَسَنَاتِ وَالسَّيِّئَاتِ فِي الدُّنْيَا (٧): رُتْبَةُ النَّاجِينَ وَرُتْبَةُ الفَائِزِينَ","order":22,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"taazum-al-saghair-1","name":"What Makes Small Sins Great (1): Persistence; Thinking a Sin Small","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا تَعْظُمُ بِهِ الصَّغَائِرُ مِنَ الذُّنُوبِ (١): الإِصْرَارُ، وَاسْتِصْغَارُ الذَّنْبِ","order":23,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"taazum-al-saghair-2","name":"What Makes Small Sins Great (2): Delight in Sin; Making Light of God’s Covering; Sinning Openly; the Sin of a Scholar","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا تَعْظُمُ بِهِ الصَّغَائِرُ مِنَ الذُّنُوبِ (٢): السُّرُورُ بِالصَّغِيرَةِ، وَالتَّهَاوُنُ بِسِتْرِ اللَّهِ، وَإِظْهَارُ الذَّنْبِ، وَذَنْبُ العَالِمِ","order":24,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-1","name":"The Third Pillar (1): Remorse and Resolve; Making Up Neglected Obligations","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (١): النَّدَمُ وَالعَزْمُ، وَقَضَاءُ مَا فَاتَ مِنَ الطَّاعَاتِ","order":25,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-2","name":"The Third Pillar (2): Expiating Sins by Their Opposites; Cares as Expiation; Wrongs Against Others","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (٢): تَكْفِيرُ السَّيِّئَاتِ بِأَضْدَادِهَا، وَالهُمُومُ كَفَّارَاتٌ، وَمَظَالِمُ العِبَادِ","order":26,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-3","name":"The Third Pillar (3): Making Amends for Wrongs Against Persons and Property","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (٣): الخُرُوجُ مِنْ مَظَالِمِ النُّفُوسِ وَالأَمْوَالِ","order":27,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-4","name":"The Third Pillar (4): Property in Hand; Wrongs Against Hearts; the Man Who Killed a Hundred; Resolve for the Future","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (٤): الأَمْوَالُ الحَاضِرَةُ، وَالجِنَايَةُ عَلَى القُلُوبِ، وَالعَزْمُ فِي المُسْتَقْبَلِ","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-5","name":"The Third Pillar (5): Repenting of Some Sins Only; Great Sins Before Small, and One Great Sin Before Another","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (٥): التَّوْبَةُ عَنْ بَعْضِ الذُّنُوبِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ","order":29,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-6","name":"The Third Pillar (6): Repenting of Small Sins While Persisting in a Great One; the Repentance of the Impotent","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (٦): التَّوْبَةُ عَنِ الصَّغَائِرِ مَعَ الإِصْرَارِ عَلَى كَبِيرَةٍ، وَتَوْبَةُ العِنِّينِ","order":30,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-7","name":"The Third Pillar (7): Which Is Better, the Penitent Who Still Struggles or the One Whose Urge Has Stilled?","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (٧): المُجَاهِدُ وَالَّذِي سَكَنَ نُزُوعُهُ، أَيُّهُمَا أَفْضَلُ","order":31,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"tamam-al-tawba-8","name":"The Third Pillar (8): Keeping the Sin Before One’s Eyes or Forgetting It","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الثَّالِثُ (٨): تَذَكُّرُ الذَّنْبِ وَنِسْيَانُهُ","order":32,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-ibad-1","name":"The Kinds of Servants in Keeping Up Repentance (1): Those Who Hold Firm, and Those Who Slip Without Intending It","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ العِبَادِ فِي دَوَامِ التَّوْبَةِ (١): المُسْتَقِيمُ عَلَى التَّوْبَةِ، وَالَّذِي يُلِمُّ بِالذُّنُوبِ عَنْ غَيْرِ قَصْدٍ","order":33,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-ibad-2","name":"The Kinds of Servants in Keeping Up Repentance (2): The Soul That Deludes, and the Soul That Commands Evil","nameAr":"أَقْسَامُ العِبَادِ فِي دَوَامِ التَّوْبَةِ (٢): النَّفْسُ المُسَوِّلَةُ، وَالنَّفْسُ الأَمَّارَةُ بِالسُّوءِ","order":34,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yubadir-ilayh-1","name":"What the Penitent Should Hasten to Do If He Falls into a Sin (1): Good Deeds of Heart, Tongue and Limbs; Asking Forgiveness","nameAr":"مَا يُبَادِرُ إِلَيْهِ التَّائِبُ إِنْ جَرَى عَلَيْهِ ذَنْبٌ (١): حَسَنَاتُ القَلْبِ وَاللِّسَانِ وَالجَوَارِحِ، وَالِاسْتِغْفَارُ","order":35,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yubadir-ilayh-2","name":"What the Penitent Should Hasten to Do If He Falls into a Sin (2): No Atom of Good Is Lost; the Worth of Asking Forgiveness with the Tongue","nameAr":"مَا يُبَادِرُ إِلَيْهِ التَّائِبُ إِنْ جَرَى عَلَيْهِ ذَنْبٌ (٢): لَا تَضِيعُ ذَرَّةٌ مِنَ الخَيْرِ، وَفَضْلُ الِاسْتِغْفَارِ بِاللِّسَانِ","order":36,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-1","name":"The Fourth Pillar (1): Knowledge and Patience, the Two Principles of the Remedy; the Physicians of Religion","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (١): العِلْمُ وَالصَّبْرُ أَصْلَا الدَّوَاءِ، وَأَطِبَّاءُ الدِّينِ","order":37,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-2","name":"The Fourth Pillar (2): Why the Heart’s Sickness Is Worse; the Sickness of the Physicians; the First Kind of Admonition","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (٢): عِلَلُ غَلَبَةِ مَرَضِ القُلُوبِ، وَمَرَضُ الأَطِبَّاءِ، وَالنَّوْعُ الأَوَّلُ مِنَ الوَعْظِ","order":38,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-3","name":"The Fourth Pillar (3): The Second Kind, Stories of the Prophets and the Righteous; the Third Kind, Punishment Hastened in This World","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (٣): النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي حِكَايَاتُ الأَنْبِيَاءِ وَالصَّالِحِينَ، وَالنَّوْعُ الثَّالِثُ تَعْجِيلُ العُقُوبَةِ فِي الدُّنْيَا","order":39,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-4","name":"The Fourth Pillar (4): Sin Drawing Sin and Hastened Punishments; the Fourth Kind, Advice Fitted to the Hearer","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (٤): انْجِرَارُ الذَّنْبِ إِلَى الذَّنْبِ وَتَعْجِيلُ العُقُوبَاتِ، وَالنَّوْعُ الرَّابِعُ: الوَصِيَّةُ عَلَى قَدْرِ حَالِ السَّائِلِ","order":40,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-5","name":"The Fourth Pillar (5): Admonition That Suits Everyone; Counsels of the Wise; the Loss of True Preachers","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (٥): الوَعْظُ العَامُّ، وَوَصَايَا الحُكَمَاءِ، وَفَقْدُ الوُعَّاظِ","order":41,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-6","name":"The Fourth Pillar (6): The Second Principle, Patience; the Causes of Persisting in Sin Despite Faith","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (٦): الأَصْلُ الثَّانِي الصَّبْرُ، وَأَسْبَابُ الإِصْرَارِ مَعَ بَقَاءِ الإِيمَانِ","order":42,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-7","name":"The Fourth Pillar (7): Treating the Causes by Reflection: Deferred Punishment, Pressing Desire, Delay, and Waiting for Pardon","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (٧): عِلَاجُ الأَسْبَابِ بِالفِكْرِ: تَأَخُّرُ العِقَابِ، وَغَلَبَةُ اللَّذَّةِ، وَالتَّسْوِيفُ، وَانْتِظَارُ العَفْوِ","order":43,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-tawba-8","name":"The Fourth Pillar (8): Treating Doubt; What Keeps Hearts from Reflection; the Pillars of Unbelief","nameAr":"الرُّكْنُ الرَّابِعُ (٨): عِلَاجُ الشَّكِّ، وَمَوَانِعُ الفِكْرِ، وَدَعَائِمُ الكُفْرِ","order":44,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-32-al-sabr-wa-l-shukr","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Patience and Gratitude","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ","subtitle":"The thirty-second book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-second book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the second in the quarter on the things that save. Faith is two halves, half patience [ṣabr] and half gratitude [shukr], and al-Ghazālī treats both in one book. The first half sets out the virtue of patience, its reality as the firmness of the religious motive against the motive of desire, why it is half of faith, its names, its degrees and rulings, where the servant needs it, and the remedies that strengthen it. The second half treats gratitude: its reality as knowledge, state and action, how to tell what God loves from what He dislikes, the blessings of God in the creation of the senses, the will, food and the angels, and finally how patience and gratitude are joined and which of them is the higher.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":32,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-32-al-sabr-wa-l-shukr.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-fadilat-al-sabr","name":"The Book of Patience and Gratitude; the Opening, and the Virtue of Patience","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الصَّبْرِ","order":1,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-sabr-1","name":"The Reality and Meaning of Patience (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الصَّبْرِ وَمَعْنَاهُ (١)","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-sabr-2","name":"The Reality and Meaning of Patience (2): The Lesser Resurrection","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الصَّبْرِ وَمَعْنَاهُ (٢): القِيَامَةُ الصُّغْرَى","order":3,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-sabr-3","name":"The Reality and Meaning of Patience (3): Heedlessness of Death; Children and Their Guardians","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الصَّبْرِ وَمَعْنَاهُ (٣): الغَفْلَةُ عَنِ المَوْتِ، وَالصِّبْيَانُ وَأَوْلِيَاؤُهُمْ","order":4,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"nisf-al-iman-wa-asami-al-sabr","name":"How Patience Is Half of Faith; the Names Patience Takes from What It Restrains","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَوْنِ الصَّبْرِ نِصْفَ الإِيمَانِ، وَبَيَانُ الأَسَامِي الَّتِي تَتَجَدَّدُ لِلصَّبْرِ","order":5,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-sabr","name":"The Divisions of Patience by Strength and Weakness","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الصَّبْرِ بِحَسَبِ اخْتِلَافِ القُوَّةِ وَالضَّعْفِ","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"mazann-al-haja-1","name":"Where Patience Is Needed (1): Patience in Well-Being and in Obedience","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَظَانِّ الحَاجَةِ إِلَى الصَّبْرِ (١): الصَّبْرُ عَلَى العَافِيَةِ وَعَلَى الطَّاعَةِ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"mazann-al-haja-2","name":"Where Patience Is Needed (2): Patience from Sins, and under Harm from Others","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَظَانِّ الحَاجَةِ إِلَى الصَّبْرِ (٢): الصَّبْرُ عَنِ المَعَاصِي وَعَلَى أَذَى النَّاسِ","order":8,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"mazann-al-haja-3","name":"Where Patience Is Needed (3): Patience in Misfortunes","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَظَانِّ الحَاجَةِ إِلَى الصَّبْرِ (٣): الصَّبْرُ عَلَى المَصَائِبِ","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"mazann-al-haja-4","name":"Where Patience Is Needed (4): Patience with Stray Thoughts and the Devil’s Whispering","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَظَانِّ الحَاجَةِ إِلَى الصَّبْرِ (٤): الصَّبْرُ عَنِ الخَوَاطِرِ وَوَسْوَسَةِ الشَّيْطَانِ","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-sabr-1","name":"The Remedy for Patience (1): Weakening Desire and Strengthening the Religious Motive","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الصَّبْرِ وَمَا يُسْتَعَانُ بِهِ عَلَيْهِ (١): تَضْعِيفُ بَاعِثِ الشَّهْوَةِ وَتَقْوِيَةُ بَاعِثِ الدِّينِ","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-sabr-2","name":"The Remedy for Patience (2): Distractions, the Breezes of Mercy and the Love of Rank","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الصَّبْرِ وَمَا يُسْتَعَانُ بِهِ عَلَيْهِ (٢): الشَّوَاغِلُ وَنَفَحَاتُ الرَّحْمَةِ وَحُبُّ الجَاهِ","order":12,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-sabr-3","name":"The Remedy for Patience (3): The True Kingdom, Curing the Love of Rank, and Patience Turned to Delight","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الصَّبْرِ وَمَا يُسْتَعَانُ بِهِ عَلَيْهِ (٣): المُلْكُ الحَقِيقِيُّ، وَعِلَاجُ حُبِّ الجَاهِ، وَانْقِلَابُ الصَّبْرِ لَذَّةً","order":13,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-shukr","name":"The Merit of Gratitude","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الشُّكْرِ","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-shukr-1","name":"The Definition and Reality of Gratitude (1): Knowledge of the Giver","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَدِّ الشُّكْرِ وَحَقِيقَتِهِ (١): الأَصْلُ الأَوَّلُ، العِلْمُ","order":15,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-shukr-2","name":"The Definition and Reality of Gratitude (2): Joy in the Giver","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَدِّ الشُّكْرِ وَحَقِيقَتِهِ (٢): الأَصْلُ الثَّانِي، الفَرَحُ بِالمُنْعِمِ","order":16,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hadd-al-shukr-3","name":"The Definition and Reality of Gratitude (3): Action, and the Sayings on Gratitude","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَدِّ الشُّكْرِ وَحَقِيقَتِهِ (٣): الأَصْلُ الثَّالِثُ، العَمَلُ، وَأَقْوَالُ الشُّيُوخِ فِي الشُّكْرِ","order":17,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"kashf-al-ghita-1","name":"Lifting the Veil from Gratitude to God (1): How Can God Be Thanked?","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ كَشْفِ الغِطَاءِ عَنِ الشُّكْرِ فِي حَقِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١): كَيْفَ يُشْكَرُ اللَّهُ؟","order":18,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"kashf-al-ghita-2","name":"Lifting the Veil from Gratitude to God (2): Passing Away from Self, and the Degrees of Oneness","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ كَشْفِ الغِطَاءِ عَنِ الشُّكْرِ فِي حَقِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢): الفَنَاءُ عَنِ النَّفْسِ وَدَرَجَاتُ التَّوْحِيدِ","order":19,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"kashf-al-ghita-3","name":"Lifting the Veil from Gratitude to God (3): The King Who Sends His Servant a Mount","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ كَشْفِ الغِطَاءِ عَنِ الشُّكْرِ فِي حَقِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣): المَلِكُ يُرْسِلُ إِلَى عَبْدِهِ مَرْكُوبًا","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"kashf-al-ghita-4","name":"Lifting the Veil from Gratitude to God (4): How Both Objections Are Resolved","nameAr":"بَيَانُ طَرِيقِ كَشْفِ الغِطَاءِ عَنِ الشُّكْرِ فِي حَقِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٤): انْحِلَالُ الإِشْكَالَيْنِ","order":21,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-1","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (1): The Wisdom in Created Things","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (١): الحِكْمَةُ فِي المَخْلُوقَاتِ","order":22,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-2","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (2): The Wisdom of Dirhams and Dinars","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (٢): حِكْمَةُ الدَّرَاهِمِ وَالدَّنَانِيرِ","order":23,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-3","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (3): The Wisdom of the Ban on Usury","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (٣): حِكْمَةُ تَحْرِيمِ الرِّبَا","order":24,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-4","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (4): The Right Hand, the Qibla and the Proprieties","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (٤): اليَمِينُ وَالقِبْلَةُ وَالآدَابُ","order":25,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-5","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (5): Trees, Ownership and the Traveller’s Provision","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (٥): الشَّجَرُ وَالمِلْكُ وَزَادُ الرَّاكِبِ","order":26,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-6","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (6): Power, Will, Love and Good Pleasure","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (٦): القُدْرَةُ وَالمَشِيئَةُ وَالمَحَبَّةُ وَالرِّضَا","order":27,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-7","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (7): Gabriel and Iblīs, and the Puppet Show","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (٧): جِبْرِيلُ وَإِبْلِيسُ وَلَعِبُ المُشَعْبِذِ","order":28,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"tamyiz-ma-yuhibbuhu-allah-8","name":"Telling What God Loves from What He Dislikes (8): The Threads from Heaven, and the Ranks of the Grateful","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَمْيِيزِ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَمَّا يَكْرَهُهُ (٨): الخُيُوطُ المُعَلَّقَةُ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ وَمَرَاتِبُ الشَّاكِرِينَ","order":29,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nima-1","name":"The Reality and Kinds of Blessing (1): True Blessing, and the First Three Divisions","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَقْسَامِهَا (١): النِّعْمَةُ الحَقِيقِيَّةُ وَالقِسْمَاتُ الثَّلَاثُ الأُولَى","order":30,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nima-2","name":"The Reality and Kinds of Blessing (2): The Useful, the Pleasant and the Beautiful, and the Pleasure of Knowledge","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَقْسَامِهَا (٢): النَّافِعُ وَاللَّذِيذُ وَالجَمِيلُ، وَلَذَّةُ العِلْمِ","order":31,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nima-3","name":"The Reality and Kinds of Blessing (3): Ranks of Pleasure, the Four Hearts, and the Mirror of the Two Worlds","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَقْسَامِهَا (٣): مَرَاتِبُ اللَّذَّاتِ وَالقُلُوبُ الأَرْبَعَةُ وَمِرْآةُ العَالَمَيْنِ","order":32,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nima-4","name":"The Reality and Kinds of Blessing (4): The Sixteen Blessings, and Wealth, Health and Family on the Path","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَقْسَامِهَا (٤): النِّعَمُ السِّتَّ عَشْرَةَ، وَالمَالُ وَالعَافِيَةُ وَالأَهْلُ فِي طَرِيقِ الآخِرَةِ","order":33,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nima-5","name":"The Reality and Kinds of Blessing (5): Kin, Standing, Noble Descent and the Virtues of the Body","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَقْسَامِهَا (٥): الأَقَارِبُ وَالجَاهُ وَكَرَمُ العَشِيرَةِ وَالفَضَائِلُ البَدَنِيَّةُ","order":34,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nima-6","name":"The Reality and Kinds of Blessing (6): Why Wealth and Standing Are Praised and Blamed","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَقْسَامِهَا (٦): وَجْهُ مَدْحِ المَالِ وَالجَاهِ وَذَمِّهِمَا","order":35,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-nima-7","name":"The Reality and Kinds of Blessing (7): Divine Help, Guidance, Right Direction, Setting Right and Strengthening","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّعْمَةِ وَأَقْسَامِهَا (٧): التَّوْفِيقُ وَالهِدَايَةُ وَالرُّشْدُ وَالتَّسْدِيدُ وَالتَّأْيِيدُ","order":36,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-1","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (1): The Causes of Eating, and the Senses","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (١): أَسْبَابُ الأَكْلِ وَالحَوَاسُّ","order":37,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-2","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (2): Reason over the Senses, and the Creation of Wills","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٢): العَقْلُ وَالحَوَاسُّ، وَخَلْقُ الإِرَادَاتِ","order":38,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-3","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (3): Power and the Instruments of Movement, from the Hand to the Gullet","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٣): القُدْرَةُ وَآلَاتُ الحَرَكَةِ مِنَ اليَدِ إِلَى المَرِيءِ","order":39,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-4","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (4): Digestion, the Liver, the Gall Bladder, the Spleen and the Kidneys","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٤): الهَضْمُ وَالكَبِدُ وَالمَرَارَةُ وَالطِّحَالُ وَالكُلْيَتَانِ","order":40,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-5","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (5): The Spirit Like a Lamp, and the Spirit That Is God’s Command","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٥): الرُّوحُ كَالسِّرَاجِ، وَالرُّوحُ الَّتِي هِيَ أَمْرٌ رَبَّانِيٌّ","order":41,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-6","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (6): The Grain of Wheat, Water, Air, Sun, Moon and Stars","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٦): حَبَّةُ البُرِّ وَالمَاءُ وَالهَوَاءُ وَالشَّمْسُ وَالقَمَرُ وَالكَوَاكِبُ","order":42,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-7","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (7): What Is Forbidden in Astrology, and the Merchants Who Bring Food","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٧): المَنْهِيُّ عَنْهُ فِي النُّجُومِ، وَالأَسْبَابُ المُوصِلَةُ لِلْأَطْعِمَةِ","order":43,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-8","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (8): The Thousand Makers of a Loaf, and Those Who Set the Makers Right","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٨): صُنَّاعُ الرَّغِيفِ، وَإِصْلَاحُ المُصْلِحِينَ","order":44,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-9","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (9): The Angels Who Tend Your Nourishment","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (٩): المَلَائِكَةُ المُوَكَّلُونَ بِغِذَائِكَ","order":45,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"unmudhaj-al-nima-10","name":"A Sample of God’s Countless Blessings (10): The Obedience of Angels, the Blessing in a Blink, and the Sin of One Glance","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ الأُنْمُوذَجِ فِي كَثْرَةِ نِعَمِ اللَّهِ (١٠): طَاعَةُ المَلَائِكَةِ، وَنِعْمَةُ الجَفْنِ، وَمَعْصِيَةُ النَّظْرَةِ","order":46,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-sabab-al-sarif-1","name":"What Turns People Away from Gratitude (1): Heedlessness of Common Blessings","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ الصَّارِفِ لِلْخَلْقِ عَنِ الشُّكْرِ (١): الغَفْلَةُ عَنِ النِّعَمِ العَامَّةِ","order":47,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-sabab-al-sarif-2","name":"What Turns People Away from Gratitude (2): Special Blessings, and Looking at Those Below You","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ الصَّارِفِ لِلْخَلْقِ عَنِ الشُّكْرِ (٢): النِّعَمُ الخَاصَّةُ، وَالنَّظَرُ إِلَى مَنْ هُوَ دُونَكَ","order":48,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-sabab-al-sarif-3","name":"What Turns People Away from Gratitude (3): The Joy of Knowledge, and the Cure for Heedless Hearts","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ الصَّارِفِ لِلْخَلْقِ عَنِ الشُّكْرِ (٣): لَذَّةُ العِلْمِ، وَعِلَاجُ القُلُوبِ الغَافِلَةِ","order":49,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ijtima-al-sabr-wal-shukr-1","name":"How Patience and Gratitude Meet in One Thing (1): Absolute and Qualified Affliction, and the Blessing in Not Knowing","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ اجْتِمَاعِ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ (١): البَلَاءُ المُطْلَقُ وَالمُقَيَّدُ، وَنِعْمَةُ الجَهْلِ","order":50,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ijtima-al-sabr-wal-shukr-2","name":"How Patience and Gratitude Meet in One Thing (2): The Blessing in Others’ Pain, and the First Two Reasons for Thanks in Affliction","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ اجْتِمَاعِ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ (٢): النِّعْمَةُ فِي آلَامِ الغَيْرِ، وَالوَجْهَانِ الأَوَّلَانِ مِنْ وُجُوهِ الشُّكْرِ عَلَى البَلَاءِ","order":51,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ijtima-al-sabr-wal-shukr-3","name":"How Patience and Gratitude Meet in One Thing (3): Punishment Hastened, Affliction Decreed and Done, and Its Reward","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ اجْتِمَاعِ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ (٣): تَعْجِيلُ العُقُوبَةِ، وَالمُصِيبَةُ المَكْتُوبَةُ قَدْ وَقَعَتْ، وَثَوَابُهَا","order":52,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ijtima-al-sabr-wal-shukr-4","name":"How Patience and Gratitude Meet in One Thing (4): Reports on Patience in Misfortune","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ اجْتِمَاعِ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ (٤): الأَخْبَارُ الوَارِدَةُ فِي الصَّبْرِ عَلَى المَصَائِبِ","order":53,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ijtima-al-sabr-wal-shukr-5","name":"How Patience and Gratitude Meet in One Thing (5): Sayings and Stories of the Patient","nameAr":"بَيَانُ وَجْهِ اجْتِمَاعِ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَاحِدٍ (٥): أَقْوَالُ الصَّابِرِينَ وَأَخْبَارُهُمْ","order":54,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-nima-ala-al-bala","name":"The Superiority of Blessing over Affliction","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضْلِ النِّعْمَةِ عَلَى البَلَاءِ","order":55,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-afdal-min-al-sabr-wal-shukr-1","name":"Which Is Better, Patience or Gratitude? (1): The Answer for the Common People","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَفْضَلِ مِنَ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ (١): المَقَامُ الأَوَّلُ، البَيَانُ عَلَى سَبِيلِ التَّسَاهُلِ","order":56,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-afdal-min-al-sabr-wal-shukr-2","name":"Which Is Better, Patience or Gratitude? (2): Knowledge, States and Works, and Why No Act Is Better Absolutely","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَفْضَلِ مِنَ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ (٢): العُلُومُ وَالأَحْوَالُ وَالأَعْمَالُ، وَأَنَّ الجَوَابَ المُطْلَقَ خَطَأٌ","order":57,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-afdal-min-al-sabr-wal-shukr-3","name":"Which Is Better, Patience or Gratitude? (3): Why the Law Praises Works: the Physician, the Boy Set to Teach, and the Cupper","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَفْضَلِ مِنَ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ (٣): لِمَ أَثْنَى الشَّرْعُ عَلَى الأَعْمَالِ: الطَّبِيبُ، وَالصَّبِيُّ المَأْمُورُ بِالتَّعْلِيمِ، وَالحَجَّامُ","order":58,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-afdal-min-al-sabr-wal-shukr-4","name":"Which Is Better, Patience or Gratitude? (4): Knowledge, State and Work Compared, the Blind and the Seeing, the Poor Man and the Rich","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَفْضَلِ مِنَ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ (٤): مُقَابَلَةُ المَعْرِفَةِ وَالحَالِ وَالعَمَلِ، وَالأَعْمَى وَالبَصِيرُ، وَالفَقِيرُ وَالغَنِيُّ","order":59,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-afdal-min-al-sabr-wal-shukr-5","name":"Which Is Better, Patience or Gratitude? (5): Ibn ʿAṭāʾ and al-Junayd, the Grateful Rich Man, the Degrees of Patience and Gratitude, and the Couple Who Prayed","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَفْضَلِ مِنَ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ (٥): ابْنُ عَطَاءٍ وَالجُنَيْدُ، وَالغَنِيُّ الشَّاكِرُ، وَدَرَجَاتُ الصَّبْرِ وَالشُّكْرِ، وَالزَّوْجَانِ المُصَلِّيَانِ","order":60,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-33-al-khawf-wa-l-raja","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Fear and Hope","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ الخَوْفِ وَالرَّجَاءِ","subtitle":"The thirty-third book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-third book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the third in the quarter on the things that save. Hope and fear are the two wings on which those brought near to God fly: hope draws the servant on toward God, fear holds him back from the Fire. The first half treats hope: what it is and how it differs from delusion and wishful thinking, its virtue, and its remedy, the reflections, verses and reports that bring it on for the despairing and the over-fearful. The second half treats fear: what it is, its degrees and kinds, its virtue, whether fear or hope should prevail, the remedy that brings fear on, the meaning of an evil end, and the fear of the prophets, the angels, the Companions and the righteous.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":33,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-33-al-khawf-wa-l-raja.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-haqiqat-al-raja-1","name":"The Book of Fear and Hope; the Opening, and the Reality of Hope (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الخَوْفِ وَالرَّجَاءِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرَّجَاءِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-raja-2","name":"The Reality of Hope (2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرَّجَاءِ (٢)","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-raja","name":"The Virtue of Hope and the Encouragement to It","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الرَّجَاءِ وَالتَّرْغِيبِ فِيهِ","order":3,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-raja-1","name":"The Remedy of Hope (1): Who Needs It, and Reflection","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرَّجَاءِ (١): مَنْ يَحْتَاجُ إِلَيْهِ، وَالِاعْتِبَارُ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-raja-2","name":"The Remedy of Hope (2): The Verses, and the First Reports","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرَّجَاءِ (٢): الآيَاتُ، وَأَوَّلُ الأَخْبَارِ","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-raja-3","name":"The Remedy of Hope (3): More Reports on God’s Mercy","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرَّجَاءِ (٣): أَخْبَارٌ أُخْرَى فِي سَعَةِ رَحْمَةِ اللَّهِ","order":6,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-raja-4","name":"The Remedy of Hope (4): The Last Reports, and the Sayings of the Forebears","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرَّجَاءِ (٤): آخِرُ الأَخْبَارِ، وَالآثَارُ","order":7,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-raja-5","name":"The Remedy of Hope (5): Worship from Hope, and Stories of Hope","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الرَّجَاءِ (٥): العِبَادَةُ عَلَى الرَّجَاءِ، وَحِكَايَاتُ الرَّجَاءِ","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-khawf-1","name":"The Second Half, on Fear; the Reality of Fear (1)","nameAr":"الشَّطْرُ الثَّانِي فِي الخَوْفِ، وَبَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الخَوْفِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-khawf-2","name":"The Reality of Fear (2): Its Effect on the Qualities, and the Ranks of Restraint","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الخَوْفِ (٢): أَثَرُهُ فِي الصِّفَاتِ، وَمَرَاتِبُ الكَفِّ","order":10,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-khawf","name":"The Degrees of Fear and How It Varies in Strength and Weakness","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الخَوْفِ وَاخْتِلَافِهِ فِي القُوَّةِ وَالضَّعْفِ","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-khawf-1","name":"The Kinds of Fear (1): Things Feared for What They Lead To, the End and the Prior Decree","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الخَوْفِ (١): المَكْرُوهُ لِغَيْرِهِ، وَالخَاتِمَةُ وَالسَّابِقَةُ","order":12,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"aqsam-al-khawf-2","name":"The Kinds of Fear (2): Fear of God Himself, and Fear of What Is Hateful in Itself","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقْسَامِ الخَوْفِ (٢): الخَوْفُ مِنَ اللَّهِ نَفْسِهِ، وَالخَوْفُ مِنَ المَكْرُوهِ فِي نَفْسِهِ","order":13,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-khawf-1","name":"The Virtue of Fear (1): Reflection, the Verses and the Reports","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الخَوْفِ (١): الِاعْتِبَارُ، وَالآيَاتُ وَالأَخْبَارُ","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-khawf-2","name":"The Virtue of Fear (2): Fear and Hope Inseparable, and the Virtue of Weeping","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الخَوْفِ (٢): تَلَازُمُ الخَوْفِ وَالرَّجَاءِ، وَفَضْلُ البُكَاءِ","order":15,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-afdal-1","name":"Whether Fear or Hope Should Prevail (1): Two Remedies, and the Parable of the Seed","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَفْضَلِ مِنَ الخَوْفِ وَالرَّجَاءِ (١): دَوَاءَانِ، وَمَثَلُ البَذْرِ","order":16,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-afdal-2","name":"Whether Fear or Hope Should Prevail (2): Fear in Life, Hope at Death","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَفْضَلِ مِنَ الخَوْفِ وَالرَّجَاءِ (٢): الخَوْفُ فِي الحَيَاةِ، وَالرَّجَاءُ عِنْدَ المَوْتِ","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-khawf-1","name":"The Remedy that Brings On Fear (1): The Ladder of the Stations, and the Two Ways to Fear","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الخَوْفِ (١): تَرْتِيبُ المَقَامَاتِ، وَطَرِيقَا الخَوْفِ","order":18,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-khawf-2","name":"The Remedy that Brings On Fear (2): The Secret of Destiny, and the Prophet’s Fear","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الخَوْفِ (٢): سِرُّ القَدَرِ، وَخَوْفُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ","order":19,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-khawf-3","name":"The Remedy that Brings On Fear (3): The Verses of Fear, and the Fear of the Prophets","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الخَوْفِ (٣): آيَاتُ الخَوْفِ، وَخَوْفُ الأَنْبِيَاءِ","order":20,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-khawf-4","name":"The Remedy that Brings On Fear (4): The Great Calamity, and the Knowers’ Fear of Their End","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الخَوْفِ (٤): الطَّامَّةُ الكُبْرَى، وَخَوْفُ العَارِفِينَ مِنْ سُوءِ الخَاتِمَةِ","order":21,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"dawa-al-khawf-5","name":"The Remedy that Brings On Fear (5): Hypocrisy among the Causes of an Evil End","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَوَاءِ الخَوْفِ (٥): النِّفَاقُ مِنْ أَسْبَابِ سُوءِ الخَاتِمَةِ","order":22,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"su-al-khatima-1","name":"The Meaning of an Evil End (1): Its Two Ranks, the Grave, and the Innovator’s Danger","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى سُوءِ الخَاتِمَةِ (١): رُتْبَتَاهُ، وَعَذَابُ القَبْرِ، وَخَطَرُ المُبْتَدِعِ","order":23,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"su-al-khatima-2","name":"The Meaning of an Evil End (2): The Danger of Theology, and Love of the World","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى سُوءِ الخَاتِمَةِ (٢): خَطَرُ الخَوْضِ فِي الكَلَامِ، وَحُبُّ الدُّنْيَا","order":24,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"su-al-khatima-3","name":"The Meaning of an Evil End (3): The Lesser End, Habit, and the Wandering of Thoughts at Death","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى سُوءِ الخَاتِمَةِ (٣): الخَاتِمَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ، وَالإِلْفُ، وَانْتِقَالُ الخَوَاطِرِ عِنْدَ المَوْتِ","order":25,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"su-al-khatima-4","name":"The Meaning of an Evil End (4): Why the Knowers Feared It, and the Virtue of Martyrdom","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى سُوءِ الخَاتِمَةِ (٤): خَوْفُ العَارِفِينَ مِنْهُ، وَفَضْلُ الشَّهَادَةِ","order":26,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"su-al-khatima-5","name":"The Meaning of an Evil End (5): Preparing for the End, and Contentment with Necessities","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى سُوءِ الخَاتِمَةِ (٥): الِاسْتِعْدَادُ لِلْخَاتِمَةِ، وَالقَنَاعَةُ بِالضَّرُورَةِ","order":27,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"ahwal-al-anbiya-1","name":"The Fear of the Prophets and the Angels (1): The Prophet, Gabriel and Michael, Abraham and David","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ الأَنْبِيَاءِ وَالمَلَائِكَةِ فِي الخَوْفِ (١): النَّبِيُّ ﷺ، وَجِبْرِيلُ وَمِيكَائِيلُ، وَإِبْرَاهِيمُ وَدَاوُدُ","order":28,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ahwal-al-anbiya-2","name":"The Fear of the Prophets and the Angels (2): David’s Lament, John, Jesus and Abraham","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ الأَنْبِيَاءِ وَالمَلَائِكَةِ فِي الخَوْفِ (٢): نَوْحُ دَاوُدَ، وَيَحْيَى، وَعِيسَى، وَالخَلِيلُ","order":29,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"ahwal-al-sahaba-1","name":"The Fear of the Companions and the Righteous (1): Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿAlī and Those Who Followed","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالسَّلَفِ فِي شِدَّةِ الخَوْفِ (١): أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ وَعَلِيٌّ وَمَنْ بَعْدَهُمْ","order":30,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ahwal-al-sahaba-2","name":"The Fear of the Companions and the Righteous (2): ʿAṭāʾ al-Salīmī, Those Who Fainted and the Seven Worshippers","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالسَّلَفِ فِي شِدَّةِ الخَوْفِ (٢): عَطَاءٌ السَّلِيمِيُّ، وَمَنْ صَعِقَ، وَالعُبَّادُ السَّبْعَةُ","order":31,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ahwal-al-sahaba-3","name":"The Fear of the Companions and the Righteous (3): ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz’s Freedwoman, Ibn al-Sammāk and the Monk’s Counsel","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالسَّلَفِ فِي شِدَّةِ الخَوْفِ (٣): مَوْلَاةُ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ العَزِيزِ، وَابْنُ السَّمَّاكِ، وَوَصِيَّةُ الرَّاهِبِ","order":32,"paraCount":10,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-34-al-faqr-wa-l-zuhd","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Poverty and Renunciation","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ الفَقْرِ وَالزُّهْدِ","subtitle":"The thirty-fourth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-fourth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the fourth in the quarter on the things that save. Cutting oneself off from the world comes about in two ways: when the world withdraws from the servant, which is poverty [faqr], and when the servant withdraws from it, which is renunciation [zuhd]. The first half sets out the states of the poor, from the renouncer to the one in dire need; the merit of poverty and of the content and satisfied poor; whether poverty is better than wealth; the manners of the poor man in his poverty and in accepting gifts; and when begging is unlawful. The second half sets out the reality and merit of renunciation, its degrees and divisions, renunciation in the necessities of life, food, clothing and dwelling, and the signs of the true renouncer.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":34,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-34-al-faqr-wa-l-zuhd.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-haqiqat-al-faqr-1","name":"The Book of Poverty and Renunciation; the Opening, and the Reality of Poverty (1): The Five States of the Poor","nameAr":"كِتَابُ الفَقْرِ وَالزُّهْدِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الفَقْرِ (١): أَحْوَالُ الفَقِيرِ الخَمْسَةُ","order":1,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-faqr-2","name":"The Reality of Poverty (2): The One Free of Need, and Renunciation as a Shortcoming","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الفَقْرِ (٢): المُسْتَغْنِي، وَالزُّهْدُ نُقْصَانٌ فِي حَقِّ المُقَرَّبِينَ","order":2,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-faqr-3","name":"The Reality of Poverty (3): Wealth Like Water, the Six Ranks, and the Two Meanings of “Poor”","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الفَقْرِ (٣): المَالُ كَالمَاءِ، وَالمَرَاتِبُ السِّتُّ، وَمَعْنَيَا اسْمِ الفَقِيرِ","order":3,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-faqr-1","name":"The Merit of Poverty in General (1): The Verses, Forty Years and Five Hundred","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الفَقْرِ مُطْلَقًا (١): الآيَاتُ، وَالأَرْبَعُونَ وَالخَمْسُمِائَةِ عَامٍ","order":4,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-faqr-2","name":"The Merit of Poverty in General (2): Jesus, Moses and the Prophet’s Pledged Armour","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الفَقْرِ مُطْلَقًا (٢): المَسِيحُ وَمُوسَى، وَدِرْعُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ المَرْهُونَةُ","order":5,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-faqr-3","name":"The Merit of Poverty in General (3): Fāṭima’s Hunger, and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الفَقْرِ مُطْلَقًا (٣): جُوعُ فَاطِمَةَ، وَآثَارُ السَّلَفِ","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-khusus-al-fuqara","name":"The Particular Merit of the Content, the Satisfied and the Sincere among the Poor","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ خُصُوصِ الفُقَرَاءِ مِنَ الرَّاضِينَ وَالقَانِعِينَ وَالصَّادِقِينَ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-faqr-ala-l-ghina-1","name":"The Superiority of Poverty over Wealth (1): Ibn ʿAṭāʾ’s View and Its Answer","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضْلِ الفَقْرِ عَلَى الغِنَى (١): قَوْلُ ابْنِ عَطَاءٍ وَجَوَابُهُ","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-faqr-ala-l-ghina-2","name":"The Superiority of Poverty over Wealth (2): Why Poverty Is Better for Nearly Everyone","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضْلِ الفَقْرِ عَلَى الغِنَى (٢): الفَقْرُ أَصْلَحُ لِكَافَّةِ الخَلْقِ","order":9,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-al-faqr-ala-l-ghina-3","name":"The Superiority of Poverty over Wealth (3): God’s Attributes in the Servant, and the Covetous Poor and Rich","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضْلِ الفَقْرِ عَلَى الغِنَى (٣): صِفَاتُ الحَقِّ فِي العَبْدِ، وَالفَقِيرُ الحَرِيصُ وَالغَنِيُّ الحَرِيصُ","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-faqir-fi-faqrihi","name":"The Manners of the Poor Man in His Poverty","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ الفَقِيرِ فِي فَقْرِهِ","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qabul-al-ata-1","name":"The Manners of the Poor Man in Accepting Gifts (1): The Wealth, the Giver’s Purpose and His Own","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ الفَقِيرِ فِي قَبُولِ العَطَاءِ (١): نَفْسُ المَالِ وَغَرَضُ المُعْطِي وَغَرَضُ الآخِذِ","order":12,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"qabul-al-ata-2","name":"The Manners of the Poor Man in Accepting Gifts (2): Excess as a Trial, and Seeing the Gift as from God","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ الفَقِيرِ فِي قَبُولِ العَطَاءِ (٢): الزِّيَادَةُ ابْتِلَاءٌ، وَرُؤْيَةُ العَطَاءِ مِنَ اللَّهِ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tahrim-al-sual-1","name":"The Prohibition of Begging without Necessity (1): Its Three Evils, and ʿUmar and the Beggar","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَحْرِيمِ السُّؤَالِ مِنْ غَيْرِ ضَرُورَةٍ (١): المَحْذُورَاتُ الثَّلَاثُ، وَعُمَرُ وَالسَّائِلُ","order":14,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tahrim-al-sual-2","name":"The Prohibition of Begging without Necessity (2): The Four States of Need, and How to Ask without Harm","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَحْرِيمِ السُّؤَالِ مِنْ غَيْرِ ضَرُورَةٍ (٢): الأَحْوَالُ الأَرْبَعَةُ، وَإِخْلَاءُ السُّؤَالِ عَنِ المَحْذُورَاتِ","order":15,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tahrim-al-sual-3","name":"The Prohibition of Begging without Necessity (3): What Is Given out of Shame, and the Limit of Permitted Asking","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَحْرِيمِ السُّؤَالِ مِنْ غَيْرِ ضَرُورَةٍ (٣): مَا يُعْطَى حَيَاءً، وَحَدُّ إِبَاحَةِ السُّؤَالِ","order":16,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"miqdar-al-ghina","name":"The Amount of Wealth That Makes Begging Unlawful","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مِقْدَارِ الغِنَى المُحَرِّمِ لِلسُّؤَالِ","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"ahwal-al-sailin","name":"The States of Those Who Beg","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ السَّائِلِينَ","order":18,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-zuhd-1","name":"The Second Half: Renunciation; the Reality of Renunciation (1): The State","nameAr":"الشَّطْرُ الثَّانِي فِي الزُّهْدِ، وَبَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الزُّهْدِ (١): الحَالُ","order":19,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-zuhd-2","name":"The Reality of Renunciation (2): The Knowledge That Bears It and the Action It Bears","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الزُّهْدِ (٢): العِلْمُ المُثْمِرُ لَهُ وَالعَمَلُ الصَّادِرُ عَنْهُ","order":20,"paraCount":4,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-zuhd-3","name":"The Reality of Renunciation (3): No Renunciation without Power to Have, and What Is Not Renunciation","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الزُّهْدِ (٣): لَا زُهْدَ إِلَّا مَعَ القُدْرَةِ، وَمَا لَيْسَ مِنَ الزُّهْدِ","order":21,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-zuhd-1","name":"The Merit of Renunciation (1): The Verses and the First Hadiths","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الزُّهْدِ (١): الآيَاتُ وَأَوَّلُ الأَخْبَارِ","order":22,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-zuhd-2","name":"The Merit of Renunciation (2): How the Prophets Chose Hunger","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الزُّهْدِ (٢): اخْتِيَارُ الأَنْبِيَاءِ الجُوعَ","order":23,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-zuhd-3","name":"The Merit of Renunciation (3): The Last Hadiths and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الزُّهْدِ (٣): آخِرُ الأَخْبَارِ وَالآثَارُ","order":24,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-zuhd-1","name":"The Degrees and Divisions of Renunciation (1): Its Degrees in Itself and by What Is Sought","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الزُّهْدِ وَأَقْسَامِهِ (١): دَرَجَاتُهُ فِي نَفْسِهِ وَبِالإِضَافَةِ إِلَى المَرْغُوبِ فِيهِ","order":25,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-zuhd-2","name":"The Degrees and Divisions of Renunciation (2): What Is Renounced, and the Sayings on Its Definition","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الزُّهْدِ وَأَقْسَامِهِ (٢): المَرْغُوبُ عَنْهُ، وَأَقَاوِيلُهُمْ فِي حَدِّهِ","order":26,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-zuhd-3","name":"The Degrees and Divisions of Renunciation (3): Its Rulings, Its Hidden Degrees, and the Necessities of Life","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الزُّهْدِ وَأَقْسَامِهِ (٣): أَحْكَامُهُ وَخَفَايَاهُ، وَضَرُورِيَّاتُ الحَيَاةِ","order":27,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"zuhd-fi-l-matam","name":"Renunciation in the Necessities of Life (1): Food","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الزُّهْدِ فِيمَا هُوَ مِنْ ضَرُورِيَّاتِ الحَيَاةِ (١): المَطْعَمُ","order":28,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"zuhd-fi-l-malbas-1","name":"Renunciation in the Necessities of Life (2): Clothing (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الزُّهْدِ فِيمَا هُوَ مِنْ ضَرُورِيَّاتِ الحَيَاةِ (٢): المَلْبَسُ (١)","order":29,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"zuhd-fi-l-malbas-2","name":"Renunciation in the Necessities of Life (3): Clothing (2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الزُّهْدِ فِيمَا هُوَ مِنْ ضَرُورِيَّاتِ الحَيَاةِ (٣): المَلْبَسُ (٢)","order":30,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"zuhd-fi-l-maskan","name":"Renunciation in the Necessities of Life (4): The Dwelling","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الزُّهْدِ فِيمَا هُوَ مِنْ ضَرُورِيَّاتِ الحَيَاةِ (٤): المَسْكَنُ","order":31,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"zuhd-fi-athath-al-bayt","name":"Renunciation in the Necessities of Life (5): The Furnishings of the House","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الزُّهْدِ فِيمَا هُوَ مِنْ ضَرُورِيَّاتِ الحَيَاةِ (٥): أَثَاثُ البَيْتِ","order":32,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"zuhd-fi-l-mankah-wa-l-jah","name":"Renunciation in the Necessities of Life (6): Marriage, and Standing","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الزُّهْدِ فِيمَا هُوَ مِنْ ضَرُورِيَّاتِ الحَيَاةِ (٦): المَنْكَحُ، وَالجَاهُ","order":33,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"zuhd-fi-l-mal","name":"Renunciation in the Necessities of Life (7): Wealth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الزُّهْدِ فِيمَا هُوَ مِنْ ضَرُورِيَّاتِ الحَيَاةِ (٧): المَالُ","order":34,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-al-zuhd","name":"The Signs of Renunciation","nameAr":"بَيَانُ عَلَامَاتِ الزُّهْدِ","order":35,"paraCount":9,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-35-al-tawhid-wa-l-tawakkul","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Divine Unity and Trust in God","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ التَّوْحِيدِ وَالتَّوَكُّلِ","subtitle":"The thirty-fifth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-fifth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the fifth in the quarter on the things that save. Trust in God [tawakkul] is built on knowledge, state and action. After the verses, reports and sayings on its merit, the first half sets out the knowledge on which it rests, divine unity [tawḥīd]: its four degrees, from the hypocrite’s word to the vision of the truthful; the parable of the seeker who questions the paper, ink, pen, hand, power, will, knowledge and heart and is passed on from each to the next until he reaches God; how the servant is compelled in his very choosing; and how unity is reconciled with the Law. The second half sets out the state of trust and its degrees, what the masters said of it, and the practice of those who trust: in earning, in saving, in guarding against harm, when their goods are stolen, and in medical treatment and illness.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":35,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-35-al-tawhid-wa-l-tawakkul.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-fadilat-al-tawakkul","name":"The Book of Divine Unity and Trust in God; the Opening, and the Merit of Trust in God","nameAr":"كِتَابُ التَّوْحِيدِ وَالتَّوَكُّلِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ التَّوَكُّلِ","order":1,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-1","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (1): The Four Degrees of Divine Unity","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (١): مَرَاتِبُ التَّوْحِيدِ الأَرْبَعُ","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-2","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (2): How the Many Is One, and the Unity on Which Trust Is Built","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٢): كَيْفَ يَكُونُ الكَثِيرُ وَاحِدًا، وَالتَّوْحِيدُ الَّذِي يُبْنَى عَلَيْهِ التَّوَكُّلُ","order":3,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-3","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (3): The King’s Pardon and the Pen, and the Speech of the Atoms","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٣): تَوْقِيعُ المَلِكِ وَالقَلَمُ، وَنُطْقُ الذَّرَّاتِ","order":4,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-4","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (4): The Parable of the Pen: Paper, Ink, Pen, Hand, Power and Will","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٤): مِثَالُ القَلَمِ: الكَاغِدُ وَالحِبْرُ وَالقَلَمُ وَاليَدُ وَالقُدْرَةُ وَالإِرَادَةُ","order":5,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-5","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (5): The Parable of the Pen: Reason, Heart and Knowledge, and the Three Worlds","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٥): مِثَالُ القَلَمِ: العَقْلُ وَالقَلْبُ وَالعِلْمُ، وَالعَوَالِمُ الثَّلَاثَةُ","order":6,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-6","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (6): The Parable of the Pen: The Divine Pen, the Right Hand and the Presence","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٦): مِثَالُ القَلَمِ: القَلَمُ الإِلَهِيُّ وَاليَمِينُ وَالحَضْرَةُ","order":7,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-7","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (7): The Denier, the One Who Does Not Understand, and Whether Man’s Movement Is Compelled","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٧): الجَاحِدُ، وَالَّذِي لَا يَفْهَمُ، وَحَرَكَاتُ الإِنْسَانِ","order":8,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-8","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (8): Compelled in Choosing: Natural, Willed and Chosen Acts, and Acquisition","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٨): الجَبْرُ عَلَى الِاخْتِيَارِ، وَالفِعْلُ الطَّبِيعِيُّ وَالإِرَادِيُّ وَالِاخْتِيَارِيُّ، وَالكَسْبُ","order":9,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-9","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (9): Condition, Not Cause: The Order of Created Things and the Parable of Ablution","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (٩): تَرَتُّبُ المَشْرُوطِ عَلَى الشَّرْطِ، وَمِثَالُ المُحْدِثِ فِي المَاءِ","order":10,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-10","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (10): How Unity Is Reconciled with the Law","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (١٠): الجَمْعُ بَيْنَ التَّوْحِيدِ وَالشَّرْعِ","order":11,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-tawhid-11","name":"The Reality of Divine Unity, the Root of Trust (11): Faith in God’s Mercy and Wisdom","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ التَّوْحِيدِ الَّذِي هُوَ أَصْلُ التَّوَكُّلِ (١١): الإِيمَانُ بِالرَّحْمَةِ وَالحِكْمَةِ","order":12,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"hal-al-tawakkul-1","name":"The State of Trust (1): The Trustee and His Four Qualities","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَالِ التَّوَكُّلِ (١): الوَكِيلُ وَخِصَالُهُ الأَرْبَعُ","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hal-al-tawakkul-2","name":"The State of Trust (2): Strength of Heart and the Three Degrees of Trust","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَالِ التَّوَكُّلِ (٢): قُوَّةُ القَلْبِ، وَدَرَجَاتُ التَّوَكُّلِ الثَّلَاثُ","order":14,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"hal-al-tawakkul-3","name":"The State of Trust (3): Planning within Trust, and the Reward of “No Might and No Strength”","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَالِ التَّوَكُّلِ (٣): التَّدْبِيرُ مَعَ التَّوَكُّلِ، وَثَوَابُ «لَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ»","order":15,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"hal-al-tawakkul-4","name":"The State of Trust (4): The Kernel of the Two Phrases, and the Two Obstacles of Unity","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَالِ التَّوَكُّلِ (٤): لُبُّ الكَلِمَتَيْنِ، وَعَقَبَتَا التَّوْحِيدِ","order":16,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"aqwal-al-shuyukh","name":"What the Masters Said of the States of Trust","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا قَالَهُ الشُّيُوخُ فِي أَحْوَالِ التَّوَكُّلِ","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"amal-al-mutawakkilin-1","name":"The Works of Those Who Trust (1): The Four Aims of Effort, and Bringing Benefit by Certain and Likely Means","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَعْمَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ (١): مَقَاصِدُ السَّعْيِ الأَرْبَعَةُ، وَجَلْبُ النَّافِعِ بِالسَّبَبِ المَقْطُوعِ بِهِ وَالمَظْنُونِ","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"amal-al-mutawakkilin-2","name":"The Works of Those Who Trust (2): Al-Khawwāṣ’s Needle and Rope, and Sitting at Home without Earning","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَعْمَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ (٢): إِبْرَةُ الخَوَّاصِ وَحَبْلُهُ، وَالقُعُودُ فِي البَلَدِ بِغَيْرِ كَسْبٍ","order":19,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"amal-al-mutawakkilin-3","name":"The Works of Those Who Trust (3): Imagined Means, and the Three Stations of Those Who Trust","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَعْمَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ (٣): الأَسْبَابُ المَوْهُومَةُ، وَمَقَامَاتُ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ الثَّلَاثَةُ","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"amal-al-mutawakkilin-4","name":"The Works of Those Who Trust (4): Sitting or Earning, and the Sign of Not Relying on One’s Goods","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَعْمَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ (٤): القُعُودُ أَوِ الكَسْبُ، وَعَلَامَةُ عَدَمِ الِاتِّكَالِ عَلَى البِضَاعَةِ","order":21,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"amal-al-mutawakkilin-5","name":"The Works of Those Who Trust (5): The Remedy of Good Opinion of God, and Stories of Provision","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَعْمَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ (٥): دَوَاءُ حُسْنِ الظَّنِّ بِاللَّهِ، وَحِكَايَاتٌ فِي الرِّزْقِ","order":22,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"amal-al-mutawakkilin-6","name":"The Works of Those Who Trust (6): More Stories of Provision, and Abū Ḥamza in the Well","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَعْمَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ (٦): حِكَايَاتٌ أُخْرَى فِي الرِّزْقِ، وَأَبُو حَمْزَةَ فِي البِئْرِ","order":23,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tawakkul-al-muil-1","name":"The Trust of One Who Has Dependants (1): The Family, the Body, and Provision from the Womb","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَوَكُّلِ المُعِيلِ (١): العِيَالُ وَالبَدَنُ، وَالرِّزْقُ مِنْ بَطْنِ الأُمِّ","order":24,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"tawakkul-al-muil-2","name":"The Trust of One Who Has Dependants (2): A Thousand Who Care in Place of One, and the Idle and the Devout","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَوَكُّلِ المُعِيلِ (٢): أَلْفُ مُشْفِقٍ مَكَانَ وَاحِدٍ، وَالبَطَّالُ وَالمُشْتَغِلُ بِاللَّهِ","order":25,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"tawakkul-al-muil-3","name":"The Trust of One Who Has Dependants (3): Contentment and God’s Guarantee, and the Scholar’s Provision","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَوَكُّلِ المُعِيلِ (٣): القَنَاعَةُ وَالضَّمَانُ، وَرِزْقُ العَالِمِ","order":26,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"mithal-al-mutawakkilin","name":"The States of Those Who Trust in Attachment to Means, by Way of a Parable","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ فِي التَّعَلُّقِ بِالأَسْبَابِ بِضَرْبِ مِثَالٍ","order":27,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-iddikhar-1","name":"Storing Provision (1): The Three States, the Forty Days, and Short Hope","nameAr":"التَّعَرُّضُ لِأَسْبَابِ الِادِّخَارِ (١): الأَحْوَالُ الثَّلَاثُ، وَالأَرْبَعُونَ يَوْمًا، وَقِصَرُ الأَمَلِ","order":28,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-iddikhar-2","name":"Storing Provision (2): A Year’s Provision for Dependants, the Prophet’s Example, and Fatḥ al-Mawṣilī","nameAr":"التَّعَرُّضُ لِأَسْبَابِ الِادِّخَارِ (٢): قُوتُ سَنَةٍ لِلْعِيَالِ، وَالِاقْتِدَاءُ بِالنَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَفَتْحٌ المَوْصِلِيُّ","order":29,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"daf-al-darar-1","name":"Warding Off Harm (1): Means That Ward Off Harm, Patience with People, and the Lion’s Paw","nameAr":"مُبَاشَرَةُ الأَسْبَابِ الدَّافِعَةِ لِلضَّرَرِ (١): الأَسْبَابُ الدَّافِعَةُ، وَالصَّبْرُ عَلَى أَذَى النَّاسِ، وَتَسْخِيرُ الأَسَدِ","order":30,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"daf-al-darar-2","name":"Warding Off Harm (2): Trust While Taking Precautions, and Not Grieving over What Is Stolen","nameAr":"مُبَاشَرَةُ الأَسْبَابِ الدَّافِعَةِ لِلضَّرَرِ (٢): التَّوَكُّلُ مَعَ الحَذَرِ، وَتَرْكُ الحُزْنِ عَلَى المَسْرُوقِ","order":31,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutawakkilin-1","name":"The Proprieties of Those Who Trust When Their Goods Are Stolen (1): Locking the Door, Intentions for the Thief, and Not Taking Back What Was Given","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ إِذَا سُرِقَ مَتَاعُهُمْ (١): إِغْلَاقُ البَابِ، وَنِيَّةُ مَا يَأْخُذُهُ السَّارِقُ، وَتَرْكُ الرُّجُوعِ فِيمَا جُعِلَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ","order":32,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"adab-al-mutawakkilin-2","name":"The Proprieties of Those Who Trust When Their Goods Are Stolen (2): Not Cursing the Thief, and Grieving for Him","nameAr":"بَيَانُ آدَابِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ إِذَا سُرِقَ مَتَاعُهُمْ (٢): تَرْكُ الدُّعَاءِ عَلَى السَّارِقِ، وَالحُزْنُ عَلَيْهِ","order":33,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"izalat-al-darar-1","name":"Removing Harm (1): Kinds of Remedy, and the Prophet’s Words, Commands and Practice in Treatment","nameAr":"السَّعْيُ فِي إِزَالَةِ الضَّرَرِ (١): أَقْسَامُ الدَّوَاءِ، وَقَوْلُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَأَمْرُهُ وَفِعْلُهُ فِي التَّدَاوِي","order":34,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"izalat-al-darar-2","name":"Removing Harm (2): Remedies as Means, and Why Cautery Is Unfit for One Who Trusts","nameAr":"السَّعْيُ فِي إِزَالَةِ الضَّرَرِ (٢): الأَدْوِيَةُ أَسْبَابٌ مُسَخَّرَةٌ، وَلِمَ لَا يَلِيقُ الكَيُّ بِالمُتَوَكِّلِ","order":35,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-tadawi-1","name":"When Giving Up Treatment Is Praiseworthy (1): The Forebears Who Left It, and the First Three Reasons","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ تَرْكَ التَّدَاوِي قَدْ يُحْمَدُ (١): مَنْ تَرَكَهُ مِنَ السَّلَفِ، وَالأَسْبَابُ الثَّلَاثَةُ الأُولَى","order":36,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-tadawi-2","name":"When Giving Up Treatment Is Praiseworthy (2): The Fourth Reason, the Reward of Illness","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ تَرْكَ التَّدَاوِي قَدْ يُحْمَدُ (٢): السَّبَبُ الرَّابِعُ، ثَوَابُ المَرَضِ","order":37,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"tark-al-tadawi-3","name":"When Giving Up Treatment Is Praiseworthy (3): The Fifth and Sixth Reasons, Expiation and Restraint from Insolence","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ تَرْكَ التَّدَاوِي قَدْ يُحْمَدُ (٣): السَّبَبَانِ الخَامِسُ وَالسَّادِسُ، التَّكْفِيرُ وَالحَبْسُ عَنِ الطُّغْيَانِ","order":38,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-radd-ala-tafdil-al-tark-1","name":"Refuting Those Who Say Giving Up Treatment Is Always Better (1): ʿUmar and the Plague","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرَّدِّ عَلَى مَنْ قَالَ: تَرْكُ التَّدَاوِي أَفْضَلُ بِكُلِّ حَالٍ (١): عُمَرُ وَالطَّاعُونُ","order":39,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-radd-ala-tafdil-al-tark-2","name":"Refuting Those Who Say Giving Up Treatment Is Always Better (2): Why the Prophet Did Not Leave Treatment","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الرَّدِّ عَلَى مَنْ قَالَ: تَرْكُ التَّدَاوِي أَفْضَلُ بِكُلِّ حَالٍ (٢): لِمَ لَمْ يَتْرُكِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ التَّدَاوِيَ","order":40,"paraCount":5,"published":true},{"id":"izhar-al-marad","name":"The States of Those Who Trust in Making Illness Known or Hiding It","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَحْوَالِ المُتَوَكِّلِينَ فِي إِظْهَارِ المَرَضِ وَكِتْمَانِهِ","order":41,"paraCount":8,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-36-al-mahabba","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Love, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ المَحَبَّةِ وَالشَّوْقِ وَالأُنْسِ وَالرِّضَا","subtitle":"The thirty-sixth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-sixth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the sixth in the quarter on the things that save. Love for God is the furthest goal of the stations: every station after it is one of its fruits, such as longing, intimacy and contentment, and every station before it prepares for it. Against those who said that love for God means only obedience, al-Ghazālī gathers the evidence of revelation, sets out what love is and the five causes of love, and shows that all of them are found truly and completely in God alone, so that He alone deserves love. He then explains why the vision of God in the next world is the greatest of pleasures, what strengthens love and why people differ in it, why minds fall short of knowing God, the meaning of longing, God’s love for the servant, and the signs of the servant’s love. The book closes with intimacy with God and the boldness it brings, contentment with God’s decree, its merit and reality, why prayer and hatred of sin do not contradict it, and stories and sayings of the lovers.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":36,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-36-al-mahabba.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-shawahid-al-shar-1","name":"The Book of Love, Longing, Intimacy and Contentment; the Opening, and the Evidence of the Law for Love (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ المَحَبَّةِ وَالشَّوْقِ وَالأُنْسِ وَالرِّضَا، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ الشَّرْعِ فِي المَحَبَّةِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"shawahid-al-shar-2","name":"The Evidence of the Law for Love (2): Abraham, the Bedouin and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ شَوَاهِدِ الشَّرْعِ فِي المَحَبَّةِ (٢): إِبْرَاهِيمُ وَالأَعْرَابِيُّ وَأَقْوَالُ السَّلَفِ","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-mahabba-1","name":"The Reality of Love and Its Causes (1): Love Follows Perception; the First Cause, Love of Oneself","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ المَحَبَّةِ وَأَسْبَابِهَا (١): الحُبُّ تَابِعٌ لِلْإِدْرَاكِ، وَالسَّبَبُ الأَوَّلُ حُبُّ الإِنْسَانِ نَفْسَهُ","order":3,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-mahabba-2","name":"The Reality of Love and Its Causes (2): Love of the Benefactor, Love of Beauty, and What Beauty Is","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ المَحَبَّةِ وَأَسْبَابِهَا (٢): حُبُّ المُحْسِنِ، وَحُبُّ الجَمَالِ، وَمَعْنَى الحُسْنِ وَالجَمَالِ","order":4,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-mahabba-3","name":"The Reality of Love and Its Causes (3): Inner Beauty, Hidden Affinity, and the Five Causes","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ المَحَبَّةِ وَأَسْبَابِهَا (٣): الجَمَالُ البَاطِنُ، وَالمُنَاسَبَةُ الخَفِيَّةُ، وَالأَسْبَابُ الخَمْسَةُ","order":5,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustahiqq-lil-mahabba-1","name":"That God Alone Deserves Love (1): The First Cause, Love of One’s Own Existence","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ المُسْتَحِقَّ لِلْمَحَبَّةِ هُوَ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ (١): السَّبَبُ الأَوَّلُ حُبُّ الإِنْسَانِ وُجُودَهُ","order":6,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustahiqq-lil-mahabba-2","name":"That God Alone Deserves Love (2): The Second Cause, Love of One’s Benefactor","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ المُسْتَحِقَّ لِلْمَحَبَّةِ هُوَ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ (٢): السَّبَبُ الثَّانِي حُبُّ المُحْسِنِ إِلَيْهِ","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustahiqq-lil-mahabba-3","name":"That God Alone Deserves Love (3): The Third and Fourth Causes, God’s Kindness and His Beauty in Knowledge","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ المُسْتَحِقَّ لِلْمَحَبَّةِ هُوَ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ (٣): السَّبَبُ الثَّالِثُ وَالرَّابِعُ، إِحْسَانُ اللَّهِ إِلَى الخَلْقِ وَجَمَالُ عِلْمِهِ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustahiqq-lil-mahabba-4","name":"That God Alone Deserves Love (4): His Power and His Holiness; the Absolutely Beautiful","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ المُسْتَحِقَّ لِلْمَحَبَّةِ هُوَ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ (٤): القُدْرَةُ وَالتَّنَزُّهُ، وَالجَمِيلُ المُطْلَقُ","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mustahiqq-lil-mahabba-5","name":"That God Alone Deserves Love (5): Worship for Love, Not Reward; the Fifth Cause, the Hidden Affinity","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ المُسْتَحِقَّ لِلْمَحَبَّةِ هُوَ اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ (٥): العِبَادَةُ حُبًّا لَا لِلثَّوَابِ، وَالسَّبَبُ الخَامِسُ المُنَاسَبَةُ الخَفِيَّةُ","order":10,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"ajall-al-ladhdhat-1","name":"That the Greatest of Pleasures Is Knowing God (1): Every Faculty Has Its Pleasure; the Pleasure of Knowledge Follows the Rank of What Is Known","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ أَجَلَّ اللَّذَّاتِ مَعْرِفَةُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١): لِكُلِّ غَرِيزَةٍ لَذَّةٌ، وَلَذَّةُ العِلْمِ بِقَدْرِ شَرَفِ المَعْلُومِ","order":11,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"ajall-al-ladhdhat-2","name":"That the Greatest of Pleasures Is Knowing God (2): Outward and Inward Pleasures; the Knower’s Garden as Wide as the Heavens and the Earth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ أَجَلَّ اللَّذَّاتِ مَعْرِفَةُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢): اللَّذَّاتُ الظَّاهِرَةُ وَالبَاطِنَةُ، وَجَنَّةُ العَارِفِ الَّتِي عَرْضُهَا السَّمَوَاتُ وَالأَرْضُ","order":12,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ajall-al-ladhdhat-3","name":"That the Greatest of Pleasures Is Knowing God (3): The Sayings and Dreams of the Lovers; the Stages of Human Pleasure","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ أَجَلَّ اللَّذَّاتِ مَعْرِفَةُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣): أَقْوَالُ المُحِبِّينَ وَمَنَامَاتُهُمْ، وَأَطْوَارُ الخَلْقِ فِي لَذَّاتِهِمْ","order":13,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"ladhdhat-al-nazar-1","name":"Why Gazing in the Next World Exceeds Knowledge in This World (1): Imagining and Seeing; the Veil of This Life; the Vision Is True","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي زِيَادَةِ لَذَّةِ النَّظَرِ عَلَى المَعْرِفَةِ (١): التَّخَيُّلُ وَالرُّؤْيَةُ، وَحِجَابُ هَذِهِ الحَيَاةِ، وَالرُّؤْيَةُ حَقٌّ","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"ladhdhat-al-nazar-2","name":"Why Gazing in the Next World Exceeds Knowledge in This World (2): Knowledge Is the Seed of Vision; How Much Greater Gazing Is","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي زِيَادَةِ لَذَّةِ النَّظَرِ عَلَى المَعْرِفَةِ (٢): المَعْرِفَةُ بَذْرُ المُشَاهَدَةِ، وَعِظَمُ التَّفَاوُتِ بَيْنَ اللَّذَّتَيْنِ","order":15,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"ladhdhat-al-nazar-3","name":"Why Gazing in the Next World Exceeds Knowledge in This World (3): The Parable of the Veiled Lover; Love of Death and Long Life; Whether the Vision Is in the Eye","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي زِيَادَةِ لَذَّةِ النَّظَرِ عَلَى المَعْرِفَةِ (٣): مَثَلُ العَاشِقِ المَحْجُوبِ، وَحُبُّ المَوْتِ وَطُولِ العُمُرِ، وَمَحَلُّ الرُّؤْيَةِ","order":16,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-asbab-al-muqawwiya-1","name":"The Causes That Strengthen Love for God (1): The First Cause, Emptying the Heart of Love of This World","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَسْبَابِ المُقَوِّيَةِ لِحُبِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١): السَّبَبُ الأَوَّلُ قَطْعُ عَلَائِقِ الدُّنْيَا","order":17,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-asbab-al-muqawwiya-2","name":"The Causes That Strengthen Love for God (2): The Second Cause, Strong Knowledge of God; the Two Paths; the Smallness of the Earth","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَسْبَابِ المُقَوِّيَةِ لِحُبِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢): السَّبَبُ الثَّانِي قُوَّةُ المَعْرِفَةِ، وَالطَّرِيقَانِ، وَصِغَرُ الأَرْضِ","order":18,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-asbab-al-muqawwiya-3","name":"The Causes That Strengthen Love for God (3): The Wonders of the Gnat, the Moth and the Bee","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الأَسْبَابِ المُقَوِّيَةِ لِحُبِّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣): عَجَائِبُ البَعُوضِ وَالفَرَاشِ وَالنَّحْلِ","order":19,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"tafawut-al-nas-fi-l-hubb","name":"Why People Differ in Love","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي تَفَاوُتِ النَّاسِ فِي الحُبِّ","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"qusur-al-afham-1","name":"Why Creatures’ Understanding Falls Short of Knowing God (1): The Most Manifest of Beings, Hidden by His Very Manifestness","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي قُصُورِ أَفْهَامِ الخَلْقِ عَنْ مَعْرِفَةِ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ (١): أَظْهَرُ المَوْجُودَاتِ، وَخَفَاؤُهُ لِشِدَّةِ ظُهُورِهِ","order":21,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"qusur-al-afham-2","name":"Why Creatures’ Understanding Falls Short of Knowing God (2): The Parable of Sunlight; Seeing Only God; Familiarity Dulls the Wonder","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي قُصُورِ أَفْهَامِ الخَلْقِ عَنْ مَعْرِفَةِ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ (٢): مَثَلُ نُورِ الشَّمْسِ، وَمَنْ لَا يَرَى إِلَّا اللَّهَ، وَطُولُ الأُنْسِ بِالمَأْلُوفِ","order":22,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-shawq-1","name":"The Meaning of Longing for God (1): What Longing Is, and Its Two Kinds","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الشَّوْقِ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١): حَقِيقَةُ الشَّوْقِ وَنَوْعَاهُ","order":23,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-shawq-2","name":"The Meaning of Longing for God (2): Reports of Longing; God’s Words to David on Those Who Long","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الشَّوْقِ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢): شَوَاهِدُ الأَخْبَارِ، وَمَا أَوْحَى اللَّهُ إِلَى دَاوُدَ فِي المُشْتَاقِينَ","order":24,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-shawq-3","name":"The Meaning of Longing for God (3): David and the Fourteen Who Long","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الشَّوْقِ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣): دَاوُدُ وَالأَرْبَعَةَ عَشَرَ المُشْتَاقُونَ","order":25,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"al-shawq-4","name":"The Meaning of Longing for God (4): God’s Counsels to David","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الشَّوْقِ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٤): وَصَايَا اللَّهِ لِدَاوُدَ","order":26,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"mahabbat-allah-lil-abd-1","name":"God’s Love for the Servant (1): The Evidence, and What It Means","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَحَبَّةِ اللَّهِ لِلْعَبْدِ وَمَعْنَاهَا (١): الشَّوَاهِدُ وَالمَعْنَى","order":27,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"mahabbat-allah-lil-abd-2","name":"God’s Love for the Servant (2): The King and His Servant; Nearness without Change; the Signs of God’s Love","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَحَبَّةِ اللَّهِ لِلْعَبْدِ وَمَعْنَاهَا (٢): مَثَلُ المَلِكِ وَعَبْدِهِ، وَالقُرْبُ بِلَا تَغَيُّرٍ، وَعَلَامَاتُ حُبِّ اللَّهِ لِلْعَبْدِ","order":28,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-1","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (1): Loving the Meeting with God, and Not Fearing Death","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (١): حُبُّ لِقَاءِ اللَّهِ، وَحُبُّ المَوْتِ","order":29,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-2","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (2): Preferring What God Loves; Whether Disobedience Undoes Love","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢): إِيثَارُ مَا يُحِبُّهُ اللَّهُ، وَهَلْ تُضَادُّ المَعْصِيَةُ المَحَبَّةَ","order":30,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-3","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (3): Devotion to Remembrance and the Qurʾān; Intimacy in Solitude","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣): الاسْتِهْتَارُ بِالذِّكْرِ وَحُبُّ القُرْآنِ، وَالأُنْسُ بِالخَلْوَةِ","order":31,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-4","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (4): Absorption in Intimate Prayer; No Grief but for Time Lost; Delight in Obedience","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (٤): الاسْتِغْرَاقُ فِي المُنَاجَاةِ، وَالتَّأَسُّفُ عَلَى فَوْتِ الذِّكْرِ، وَالتَّنَعُّمُ بِالطَّاعَةِ","order":32,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-5","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (5): Mercy to God’s Servants, Severity to His Enemies; the Pure and the Mixed Drink","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (٥): الشَّفَقَةُ عَلَى عِبَادِ اللَّهِ وَالشِّدَّةُ عَلَى أَعْدَائِهِ، وَالشَّرَابُ الصِّرْفُ وَالمَشُوبُ","order":33,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-6","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (6): Awe and the Fears of Those Who Love","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (٦): الهَيْبَةُ وَمَخَاوِفُ المُحِبِّينَ","order":34,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-7","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (7): A Particle of Knowledge Too Great to Bear; Hiding Love","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (٧): ذَرَّةٌ مِنَ المَعْرِفَةِ لَا تُطَاقُ، وَكِتْمَانُ الحُبِّ","order":35,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"alamat-mahabbat-al-abd-8","name":"The Signs of the Servant’s Love for God (8): Love Shown in Deeds, Not Words; Two Kinds of Lovers; Verses on the Signs","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي عَلَامَاتِ مَحَبَّةِ العَبْدِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى (٨): ظُهُورُ الحُبِّ بِالأَفْعَالِ دُونَ الأَقْوَالِ، وَقِسْمَا المُحِبِّينَ، وَأَبْيَاتٌ فِي العَلَامَاتِ","order":36,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-uns","name":"The Meaning of Intimacy with God","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الأُنْسِ بِاللَّهِ تَعَالَى","order":37,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-inbisat-1","name":"Boldness and Familiarity Born of Intimacy (1): Barkh’s Prayer for Rain and the Oaths of the Intimate","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الانْبِسَاطِ وَالإِدْلَالِ الَّذِي تُثْمِرُهُ غَلَبَةُ الأُنْسِ (١): اسْتِسْقَاءُ بَرْخٍ، وَأَقْسَامُ أَهْلِ الأُنْسِ","order":38,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-inbisat-2","name":"Boldness and Familiarity Born of Intimacy (2): What Is Tolerated from Some and Not Others; the Lessons of the Qurʾān’s Stories","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَعْنَى الانْبِسَاطِ وَالإِدْلَالِ الَّذِي تُثْمِرُهُ غَلَبَةُ الأُنْسِ (٢): مَا يُحْتَمَلُ مِنْ بَعْضِ العِبَادِ دُونَ بَعْضٍ، وَعِبَرُ قَصَصِ القُرْآنِ","order":39,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-rida-1","name":"Contentment with God’s Decree (1): Its Place among the Stations; Its Merit in the Qurʾān and Hadith","nameAr":"القَوْلُ فِي مَعْنَى الرِّضَا بِقَضَاءِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١): مَنْزِلَتُهُ، وَفَضِيلَتُهُ مِنَ الآيَاتِ وَالأَخْبَارِ","order":40,"paraCount":23,"published":true},{"id":"al-rida-2","name":"The Merit of Contentment (2): The Prophet Rebuked, Adam’s Fear, and the Sayings of the Early Generations","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ الرِّضَا (٢): النَّبِيُّ المُعَاتَبُ، وَخَوْفُ آدَمَ، وَآثَارُ السَّلَفِ","order":41,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-rida-1","name":"The Reality of Contentment (1): How Love Makes Pain Unfelt, or Welcome","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرِّضَا وَتَصَوُّرِهِ فِيمَا يُخَالِفُ الهَوَى (١): إِبْطَالُ الإِحْسَاسِ بِالأَلَمِ، وَالرِّضَا بِهِ مَعَ الإِحْسَاسِ","order":42,"paraCount":19,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-rida-2","name":"The Reality of Contentment (2): The Lovers’ Stories, and Content with the Fire","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرِّضَا وَتَصَوُّرِهِ فِيمَا يُخَالِفُ الهَوَى (٢): حِكَايَاتُ المُحِبِّينَ، وَالرِّضَا بِالنَّارِ","order":43,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-rida-3","name":"The Reality of Contentment (3): ʿImrān ibn al-Ḥuṣayn, Saʿd, al-Shiblī and al-Sarī","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرِّضَا وَتَصَوُّرِهِ فِيمَا يُخَالِفُ الهَوَى (٣): عِمْرَانُ بْنُ الحُصَيْنِ، وَسَعْدٌ، وَالشِّبْلِيُّ، وَالسَّرِيُّ","order":44,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-rida-4","name":"The Reality of Contentment (4): Its Two Ways, and Lovers Who Died","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الرِّضَا وَتَصَوُّرِهِ فِيمَا يُخَالِفُ الهَوَى (٤): وَجْهَا إِمْكَانِهِ، وَمَنْ مَاتَ مِنَ العُشَّاقِ","order":45,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"al-dua-wal-rida-1","name":"That Prayer Does Not Contradict Contentment (1): Prayer, Disliking Sin, and the Two Aspects of a Sin","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ الدُّعَاءَ غَيْرُ مُنَاقِضٍ لِلرِّضَا (١): الدُّعَاءُ، وَكَرَاهَةُ المَعَاصِي، وَوَجْهَا المَعْصِيَةِ","order":46,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-dua-wal-rida-2","name":"That Prayer Does Not Contradict Contentment (2): The Parable of the Beloved Who Tests His Lovers","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ الدُّعَاءَ غَيْرُ مُنَاقِضٍ لِلرِّضَا (٢): مَثَلُ المَحْبُوبِ يَمْتَحِنُ مُحِبِّيهِ","order":47,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-dua-wal-rida-3","name":"That Prayer Does Not Contradict Contentment (3): The Secret of Destiny, Prayer as a Cause, and Complaint","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ الدُّعَاءَ غَيْرُ مُنَاقِضٍ لِلرِّضَا (٣): سِرُّ القَدَرِ، وَالدُّعَاءُ سَبَبٌ، وَالشَّكْوَى","order":48,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-firar-min-bilad-al-maasi","name":"That Fleeing Lands Where Sins Abound, and Blaming Them, Do Not Impair Contentment","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ الفِرَارَ مِنَ البِلَادِ الَّتِي هِيَ مَظَانُّ المَعَاصِي وَمَذَمَّتَهَا لَا يَقْدَحُ فِي الرِّضَا","order":49,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-muhibbin-1","name":"Stories of the Lovers (1): The Gnostic Who Was Beloved, and Abū Yazīd’s Night Vigil","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُمْلَةٍ مِنْ حِكَايَاتِ المُحِبِّينَ وَأَقْوَالِهِمْ وَمُكَاشَفَاتِهِمْ (١): العَارِفُ المَحْبُوبُ، وَلَيْلَةُ أَبِي يَزِيدَ","order":50,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-muhibbin-2","name":"Stories of the Lovers (2): The Disciple Who Died Seeing Abū Yazīd, Sahl and the Zanj, and the Houris Refused","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُمْلَةٍ مِنْ حِكَايَاتِ المُحِبِّينَ وَأَقْوَالِهِمْ وَمُكَاشَفَاتِهِمْ (٢): مُرِيدُ أَبِي تُرَابٍ، وَسَهْلٌ وَالزَّنْجُ، وَالحُورُ","order":51,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-muhibbin-3","name":"Stories of the Lovers (3): Unveilings Are Not to Be Denied, and God’s Friends Are Hidden","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُمْلَةٍ مِنْ حِكَايَاتِ المُحِبِّينَ وَأَقْوَالِهِمْ وَمُكَاشَفَاتِهِمْ (٣): لَا تُنْكَرُ المُكَاشَفَاتُ، وَأَوْلِيَاءُ اللَّهِ مَسْتُورُونَ","order":52,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-muhibbin-4","name":"Stories of the Lovers (4): The Broken Heart, Ibn al-Karanbī’s Self-Abasement, and Abū Yazīd’s Cure","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُمْلَةٍ مِنْ حِكَايَاتِ المُحِبِّينَ وَأَقْوَالِهِمْ وَمُكَاشَفَاتِهِمْ (٤): القَلْبُ المُنْكَسِرُ، وَابْنُ الكَرَنْبِيِّ، وَدَوَاءُ أَبِي يَزِيدَ","order":53,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hikayat-al-muhibbin-5","name":"Stories of the Lovers (5): The Conditions of Complete Faith, and Abū Bakr’s Rank","nameAr":"بَيَانُ جُمْلَةٍ مِنْ حِكَايَاتِ المُحِبِّينَ وَأَقْوَالِهِمْ وَمُكَاشَفَاتِهِمْ (٥): شُرُوطُ كَمَالِ الإِيمَانِ، وَمَنْزِلَةُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ","order":54,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"khatimat-al-kitab-1","name":"The Conclusion of the Book (1): Sayings on Love, from Sufyān to Sahl","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةُ الكِتَابِ بِكَلِمَاتٍ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ تَتَعَلَّقُ بِالمَحَبَّةِ يُنْتَفَعُ بِهَا (١)","order":55,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"khatimat-al-kitab-2","name":"The Conclusion of the Book (2): The Lovers’ Longing, God’s Words to David, and the End of the Book","nameAr":"خَاتِمَةُ الكِتَابِ بِكَلِمَاتٍ مُتَفَرِّقَةٍ تَتَعَلَّقُ بِالمَحَبَّةِ يُنْتَفَعُ بِهَا (٢)","order":56,"paraCount":13,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-37-al-niyya","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Intention, Sincerity and Truthfulness","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ النِّيَّةِ وَالإِخْلَاصِ وَالصِّدْقِ","subtitle":"The thirty-seventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-seventh book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the seventh in the quarter on the things that save. Action without intention is toil, intention without sincerity is showing off, and sincerity without truthfulness is dust. The first part sets out the merit of intention [niyya], its reality as the heart’s rising toward what it sees as its aim, why the believer’s intention is better than his action, how intention bears on acts of disobedience, obedience and the permissible, and why a true intention cannot be summoned at will. The second treats sincerity [ikhlāṣ]: its merit and reality, the sayings of the masters about it, the hidden admixtures that cloud it, and the reward of a mixed action. The third treats truthfulness [ṣidq] and its six degrees, from truthfulness in speech to truthfulness in the stations of religion.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":37,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-37-al-niyya.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-fadilat-al-niyya-1","name":"The Book of Intention, Sincerity and Truthfulness; the Opening, and the Merit of Intention (1): The Hadiths","nameAr":"كِتَابُ النِّيَّةِ وَالإِخْلَاصِ وَالصِّدْقِ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَبَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ النِّيَّةِ (١): الأَخْبَارُ","order":1,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-niyya-2","name":"The Merit of Intention (2): Raised on Their Intentions, and the Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضِيلَةِ النِّيَّةِ (٢): البَعْثُ عَلَى النِّيَّاتِ، وَآثَارُ السَّلَفِ","order":2,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-niyya","name":"The Reality of Intention: Knowledge, Will and Power, and the Four Kinds of Motive","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ النِّيَّةِ: العِلْمُ وَالإِرَادَةُ وَالقُدْرَةُ، وَأَقْسَامُ البَوَاعِثِ الأَرْبَعَةُ","order":3,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"niyyat-al-mumin-khayr-min-amalih-1","name":"Why the Believer’s Intention Is Better Than His Action (1): The Meaning of the Hadith, and Food for the Heart","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سِرِّ قَوْلِهِ ﷺ: نِيَّةُ المُؤْمِنِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ (١): مَعْنَى الحَدِيثِ، وَغِذَاءُ القُلُوبِ","order":4,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"niyyat-al-mumin-khayr-min-amalih-2","name":"Why the Believer’s Intention Is Better Than His Action (2): The Heart and the Limbs","nameAr":"بَيَانُ سِرِّ قَوْلِهِ ﷺ: نِيَّةُ المُؤْمِنِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ (٢): القَلْبُ وَالجَوَارِحُ","order":5,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-al-amal-1-al-maasi","name":"Actions as They Relate to Intention (1): Acts of Disobedience","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الأَعْمَالِ المُتَعَلِّقَةِ بِالنِّيَّةِ (١): المَعَاصِي","order":6,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-al-amal-2-al-taat-wa-l-mubahat","name":"Actions as They Relate to Intention (2): Acts of Obedience, and the Permissible: The Example of Perfume","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الأَعْمَالِ المُتَعَلِّقَةِ بِالنِّيَّةِ (٢): الطَّاعَاتُ، وَالمُبَاحَاتُ وَمِثَالُ التَّطَيُّبِ","order":7,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"tafsil-al-amal-3-tafaqqud-al-niyya","name":"Actions as They Relate to Intention (3): Intentions in Eating, Marriage and Loss, and Examining One’s Motives","nameAr":"بَيَانُ تَفْصِيلِ الأَعْمَالِ المُتَعَلِّقَةِ بِالنِّيَّةِ (٣): النِّيَّةُ فِي الأَكْلِ وَالنِّكَاحِ وَالمُصِيبَةِ، وَتَفَقُّدُ البَوَاعِثِ","order":8,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-niyya-ghayr-dakhila-taht-al-ikhtiyar-1","name":"Intention Does Not Fall Under Choice (1): Saying “I Intend” Is Not Intention, and the Early Muslims Who Waited for an Intention","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ النِّيَّةَ غَيْرُ دَاخِلَةٍ تَحْتَ الاخْتِيَارِ (١): قَوْلُ «نَوَيْتُ» لَيْسَ نِيَّةً، وَتَوَقُّفُ السَّلَفِ حَتَّى تَحْضُرَ النِّيَّةُ","order":9,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-niyya-ghayr-dakhila-taht-al-ikhtiyar-2","name":"Intention Does Not Fall Under Choice (2): The Ranks of Intention, and When the Permissible Is Better","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَنَّ النِّيَّةَ غَيْرُ دَاخِلَةٍ تَحْتَ الاخْتِيَارِ (٢): مَرَاتِبُ النِّيَّاتِ، وَمَتَى يَكُونُ المُبَاحُ أَفْضَلَ","order":10,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-ikhlas-1","name":"The Merit of Sincerity (1): Verses and Hadiths, and the Worshipper and the Tree","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الإِخْلَاصِ (١): الآيَاتُ وَالأَخْبَارُ، وَالعَابِدُ وَالشَّجَرَةُ","order":11,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-ikhlas-2","name":"The Merit of Sincerity (2): Sayings of the Masters, the Dead Donkey and the Feedbag","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الإِخْلَاصِ (٢): أَقْوَالُ الشُّيُوخِ، وَالحِمَارُ النَّافِقُ، وَالمِخْلَاةُ","order":12,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-ikhlas-1","name":"The Reality of Sincerity (1): The Single Motive and the Admixtures of the Self","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الإِخْلَاصِ (١): البَاعِثُ الوَاحِدُ وَشَوَائِبُ حُظُوظِ النَّفْسِ","order":13,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-ikhlas-2","name":"The Reality of Sincerity (2): The Lover of God, the Remedy of Sincerity and the Delusion of Scholars","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الإِخْلَاصِ (٢): المُحِبُّ لِلَّهِ، وَعِلَاجُ الإِخْلَاصِ، وَغُرُورُ العُلَمَاءِ","order":14,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"aqawil-al-shuyukh-fi-l-ikhlas","name":"The Sayings of the Masters on Sincerity","nameAr":"بَيَانُ أَقَاوِيلِ الشُّيُوخِ فِي الإِخْلَاصِ","order":15,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"darajat-al-shawaib","name":"The Degrees of the Admixtures and Flaws That Cloud Sincerity","nameAr":"بَيَانُ دَرَجَاتِ الشَّوَائِبِ وَالآفَاتِ المُكَدِّرَةِ لِلْإِخْلَاصِ","order":16,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"hukm-al-amal-al-mashub-1","name":"The Ruling on a Mixed Deed and Its Reward (1): Weighing the Motives","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حُكْمِ العَمَلِ المَشُوبِ وَاسْتِحْقَاقِ الثَّوَابِ بِهِ (١): مُوَازَنَةُ البَوَاعِثِ","order":17,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"hukm-al-amal-al-mashub-2","name":"The Ruling on a Mixed Deed and Its Reward (2): The Hadiths on Partnership, and Not Leaving the Deed","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حُكْمِ العَمَلِ المَشُوبِ وَاسْتِحْقَاقِ الثَّوَابِ بِهِ (٢): أَخْبَارُ الشَّرِكَةِ، وَأَلَّا يُتْرَكَ العَمَلُ","order":18,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-sidq","name":"The Merit of Truthfulness","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ الصِّدْقِ","order":19,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-sidq-sidq-al-lisan","name":"The Reality of Truthfulness and Its Ranks (1): Truthfulness of the Tongue","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الصِّدْقِ وَمَعْنَاهُ وَمَرَاتِبِهِ (١): صِدْقُ اللِّسَانِ","order":20,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"sidq-al-niyya-wa-l-azm","name":"The Reality of Truthfulness and Its Ranks (2): Truthfulness in Intention and in Resolve","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الصِّدْقِ وَمَعْنَاهُ وَمَرَاتِبِهِ (٢): الصِّدْقُ فِي النِّيَّةِ وَفِي العَزْمِ","order":21,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"sidq-al-wafa-wa-l-amal","name":"The Reality of Truthfulness and Its Ranks (3): Truthfulness in Fulfilling the Resolve and in Deeds","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الصِّدْقِ وَمَعْنَاهُ وَمَرَاتِبِهِ (٣): الصِّدْقُ فِي الوَفَاءِ بِالعَزْمِ وَفِي الأَعْمَالِ","order":22,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"sidq-fi-maqamat-al-din","name":"The Reality of Truthfulness and Its Ranks (4): Truthfulness in the Stations of Religion","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الصِّدْقِ وَمَعْنَاهُ وَمَرَاتِبِهِ (٤): الصِّدْقُ فِي مَقَامَاتِ الدِّينِ","order":23,"paraCount":11,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-38-al-muraqaba","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Vigilance and Self-Examination","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ المُرَاقَبَةِ وَالمُحَاسَبَةِ","subtitle":"The thirty-eighth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-eighth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the eighth in the quarter on the things that save. Those who know that God lies in wait for them and that they will be questioned about the smallest glance guard themselves at their soul’s frontier [murābaṭa], as God commanded, in six stations. Like a merchant with his partner, the intellect first sets conditions for the soul each morning [mushāraṭa]; then watches over it while it acts, aware that God sees every secret [murāqaba]; then examines its account at the end of the day [muḥāsaba]; then punishes it for its failings [muʿāqaba]; then drives it to greater effort [mujāhada]; and finally rebukes and reproaches it [muʿātaba], with many examples from the early Muslims.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":38,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-38-al-muraqaba.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba","name":"The Book of Vigilance and Self-Examination: the Opening, and the Six Stations of Guarding the Soul","nameAr":"كِتَابُ المُرَاقَبَةِ وَالمُحَاسَبَةِ: الخُطْبَةُ، وَمَقَامَاتُ المُرَابَطَةِ السِّتَّةُ","order":1,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-musharata-1","name":"The First Station, Setting Conditions (1): The Intellect as Merchant, and the Treasuries of the Hours","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الأَوَّلُ مِنَ المُرَابَطَةِ: المُشَارَطَةُ (١): العَقْلُ تَاجِرًا، وَخَزَائِنُ السَّاعَاتِ","order":2,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-musharata-2","name":"The First Station, Setting Conditions (2): The Charge to the Seven Members, and Reckoning Before Action","nameAr":"المَقَامُ الأَوَّلُ مِنَ المُرَابَطَةِ: المُشَارَطَةُ (٢): الوَصِيَّةُ فِي الأَعْضَاءِ السَّبْعَةِ، وَالمُحَاسَبَةُ قَبْلَ العَمَلِ","order":3,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-muraqaba-1","name":"The Second Station, Vigilance (1): Its Merit","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: المُرَاقَبَةُ (١): فَضِيلَةُ المُرَاقَبَةِ","order":4,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-muraqaba-2","name":"The Second Station, Vigilance (2): Its Reality, and the First Degree, the Vigilance of the Truthful","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: المُرَاقَبَةُ (٢): حَقِيقَةُ المُرَاقَبَةِ، وَالدَّرَجَةُ الأُولَى: مُرَاقَبَةُ الصِّدِّيقِينَ","order":5,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"al-muraqaba-3","name":"The Second Station, Vigilance (3): The Second Degree, and the First Look, Before Action","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: المُرَاقَبَةُ (٣): الدَّرَجَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ، وَالنَّظَرُ الأَوَّلُ قَبْلَ العَمَلِ","order":6,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-muraqaba-4","name":"The Second Station, Vigilance (4): Seeking the Light of Knowledge, and Pausing at What Is Unclear","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: المُرَاقَبَةُ (٤): الِاسْتِضَاءَةُ بِنُورِ العِلْمِ، وَالتَّوَقُّفُ عِنْدَ الِاشْتِبَاهِ","order":7,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-muraqaba-5","name":"The Second Station, Vigilance (5): The Second Look, During Action","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ: المُرَاقَبَةُ (٥): النَّظَرُ الثَّانِي عِنْدَ الشُّرُوعِ فِي العَمَلِ","order":8,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-muhasaba-1","name":"The Third Station, Self-Examination after Action (1): Its Merit","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ: مُحَاسَبَةُ النَّفْسِ بَعْدَ العَمَلِ (١): فَضِيلَةُ المُحَاسَبَةِ","order":9,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-muhasaba-2","name":"The Third Station, Self-Examination after Action (2): Its Reality","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ: مُحَاسَبَةُ النَّفْسِ بَعْدَ العَمَلِ (٢): حَقِيقَةُ المُحَاسَبَةِ","order":10,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"al-muaqaba-1","name":"The Fourth Station, Punishing the Soul for Its Failings (1)","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: مُعَاقَبَةُ النَّفْسِ عَلَى تَقْصِيرِهَا (١)","order":11,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-muaqaba-2","name":"The Fourth Station, Punishing the Soul for Its Failings (2)","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الرَّابِعَةُ: مُعَاقَبَةُ النَّفْسِ عَلَى تَقْصِيرِهَا (٢)","order":12,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujahada-1","name":"The Fifth Station, Striving (1): Making Up for Shortfalls, and the Remedy of Hearing about the Strivers","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: المُجَاهَدَةُ (١): جَبْرُ التَّقْصِيرِ، وَعِلَاجُ النَّفْسِ بِسَمَاعِ أَحْوَالِ المُجْتَهِدِينَ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujahada-2","name":"The Fifth Station, Striving (2): Reports of the Strivers","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: المُجَاهَدَةُ (٢): مِنْ أَخْبَارِ المُجْتَهِدِينَ","order":14,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujahada-3","name":"The Fifth Station, Striving (3): Vigils, Tears and Self-Denial","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: المُجَاهَدَةُ (٣): السَّهَرُ وَالبُكَاءُ وَمُخَالَفَةُ النَّفْسِ","order":15,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujahada-4","name":"The Fifth Station, Striving (4): ʿĀʾisha, ʿUtba, Zamʿa and the Worshippers of the Mountains","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: المُجَاهَدَةُ (٤): عَائِشَةُ وَعُتْبَةُ وَزَمْعَةُ وَعُبَّادُ الجِبَالِ","order":16,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujahada-5","name":"The Fifth Station, Striving (5): Verses, Kurz ibn Wabara, and the Women Who Strove","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: المُجَاهَدَةُ (٥): أَشْعَارٌ، وَكُرْزُ بْنُ وَبَرَةَ، وَالنِّسَاءُ المُجْتَهِدَاتُ","order":17,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujahada-6","name":"The Fifth Station, Striving (6): More Women Who Strove","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: المُجَاهَدَةُ (٦): مِنْ أَخْبَارِ المُجْتَهِدَاتِ","order":18,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-mujahada-7","name":"The Fifth Station, Striving (7): Shaʿwāna’s Prayer, and Not Following One’s Age","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ الخَامِسَةُ: المُجَاهَدَةُ (٧): دُعَاءُ شَعْوَانَةَ، وَتَرْكُ مُوَافَقَةِ أَهْلِ العَصْرِ","order":19,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawbikh-1","name":"The Sixth Station, Rebuking and Reproaching the Soul (1)","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ السَّادِسَةُ: تَوْبِيخُ النَّفْسِ وَمُعَاتَبَتُهَا (١)","order":20,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawbikh-2","name":"The Sixth Station, Rebuking and Reproaching the Soul (2): Its Hypocrisy and Its Putting Off","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ السَّادِسَةُ: تَوْبِيخُ النَّفْسِ وَمُعَاتَبَتُهَا (٢): نِفَاقُهَا وَتَسْوِيفُهَا","order":21,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawbikh-3","name":"The Sixth Station, Rebuking and Reproaching the Soul (3): Hidden Unbelief and Open Folly","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ السَّادِسَةُ: تَوْبِيخُ النَّفْسِ وَمُعَاتَبَتُهَا (٣): الكُفْرُ الخَفِيُّ وَالحُمْقُ الجَلِيُّ","order":22,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawbikh-4","name":"The Sixth Station, Rebuking and Reproaching the Soul (4): Love of Standing, Wasted Days and Self-Admiration","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ السَّادِسَةُ: تَوْبِيخُ النَّفْسِ وَمُعَاتَبَتُهَا (٤): حُبُّ الجَاهِ، وَتَضْيِيعُ الأَيَّامِ، وَالعُجْبُ","order":23,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawbikh-5","name":"The Sixth Station, Rebuking and Reproaching the Soul (5): The Graves, the Reckoning, and Turning to God","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ السَّادِسَةُ: تَوْبِيخُ النَّفْسِ وَمُعَاتَبَتُهَا (٥): أَهْلُ القُبُورِ، وَالحِسَابُ، وَالفَزَعُ إِلَى اللَّهِ","order":24,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"al-tawbikh-6","name":"The Sixth Station, Rebuking and Reproaching the Soul (6): Calling on God in Distress, and the Weeping of Adam and the Worshippers","nameAr":"المُرَابَطَةُ السَّادِسَةُ: تَوْبِيخُ النَّفْسِ وَمُعَاتَبَتُهَا (٦): الِاسْتِغَاثَةُ بِاللَّهِ، وَبُكَاءُ آدَمَ وَالعُبَّادِ","order":25,"paraCount":6,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-39-al-tafakkur","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of Reflection","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ التَّفَكُّرِ","subtitle":"The thirty-ninth book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The thirty-ninth book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the ninth in the quarter on the things that save. An hour’s reflection is better than a year’s worship, for reflection is the key of every good: it brings two pieces of knowledge together in the heart to yield a third, and the knowledge changes the state of the heart, and the state moves the limbs to act. After the verses, reports and sayings on its virtue and an account of its reality and fruit, al-Ghazālī maps its courses: the servant’s daily reflection on his own sins, acts of obedience, destructive and saving traits; reflection on God’s majesty, which must go by way of His acts and not His Essence; and, at length, reflection on His creation: the human being from the drop of fluid, the earth and its plants, minerals and animals, the seas, the air and the clouds, and the heavens with their stars.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":39,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-39-al-tafakkur.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-fadilat-al-tafakkur-1","name":"The Book of Reflection: the Opening, and the Virtue of Reflection (1)","nameAr":"كِتَابُ التَّفَكُّرِ: الخُطْبَةُ، وَفَضِيلَةُ التَّفَكُّرِ (١)","order":1,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-al-tafakkur-2","name":"The Virtue of Reflection (2): the Sayings of the Forebears","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ التَّفَكُّرِ (٢): أَقَاوِيلُ السَّلَفِ","order":2,"paraCount":27,"published":true},{"id":"haqiqat-al-fikr-wa-thamaratuh","name":"The Reality of Thought and Its Fruit","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَقِيقَةِ الفِكْرِ وَثَمَرَتِهِ","order":3,"paraCount":18,"published":true},{"id":"majari-al-fikr-1","name":"The Courses of Thought (1): Its Divisions, and the First Kind: Sins","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجَارِي الفِكْرِ (١): أَقْسَامُهُ، وَالنَّوْعُ الأَوَّلُ: المَعَاصِي","order":4,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"majari-al-fikr-2","name":"The Courses of Thought (2): the Second Kind, Acts of Obedience, and the Third, the Destructive Traits","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجَارِي الفِكْرِ (٢): النَّوْعُ الثَّانِي: الطَّاعَاتُ، وَالنَّوْعُ الثَّالِثُ: الصِّفَاتُ المُهْلِكَةُ","order":5,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"majari-al-fikr-3","name":"The Courses of Thought (3): the Fourth Kind, the Saving Traits; the Qurʾān and the Reports; Beyond Self-Reform","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجَارِي الفِكْرِ (٣): النَّوْعُ الرَّابِعُ: المُنْجِيَاتُ، وَالتَّفَكُّرُ فِي القُرْآنِ وَالأَخْبَارِ، وَمَا وَرَاءَ إِصْلَاحِ النَّفْسِ","order":6,"paraCount":17,"published":true},{"id":"majari-al-fikr-4","name":"The Courses of Thought (4): the Register of Twenty Traits, and the Scholar’s Hidden Vices","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجَارِي الفِكْرِ (٤): جَرِيدَةُ الخِصَالِ العِشْرِينَ، وَخَفَايَا صِفَاتِ العَالِمِ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"majari-al-fikr-5","name":"The Courses of Thought (5): Reflection for People Like Us, and the Second Division: Thought on God’s Majesty","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَجَارِي الفِكْرِ (٥): فِكْرُ أَمْثَالِنَا، وَالقِسْمُ الثَّانِي: الفِكْرُ فِي جَلَالِ اللَّهِ","order":8,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-1","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (1): the Kinds of Created Things, and Man from a Drop of Fluid","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١): أَقْسَامُ المَوْجُودَاتِ، وَخَلْقُ الإِنْسَانِ مِنَ النُّطْفَةِ","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-2","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (2): the Bones and the Muscles","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٢): العِظَامُ وَالعَضَلَاتُ","order":10,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-3","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (3): the Painter and the Drop; the Senses, the Organs and the Hand","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٣): النَّقَّاشُ وَالنُّطْفَةُ، وَالحَوَاسُّ وَالأَعْضَاءُ وَاليَدُ","order":11,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-4","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (4): the Child’s Nurture and Growth; the Earth and Its Plants","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٤): تَدْبِيرُ الطِّفْلِ وَنُمُوُّهُ، وَالأَرْضُ وَنَبَاتُهَا","order":12,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-5","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (5): Minerals and Animals; the Spider","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٥): المَعَادِنُ وَالحَيَوَانُ، وَالعَنْكَبُوتُ","order":13,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-6","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (6): the Seas and Water; What the Drop Says","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٦): البِحَارُ وَالمَاءُ، وَمَا تَقُولُهُ النُّطْفَةُ","order":14,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-7","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (7): the Air, the Clouds and the Rain","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٧): الهَوَاءُ وَالسَّحَابُ وَالمَطَرُ","order":15,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-8","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (8): the Heavens and the Dominion","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٨): السَّمَوَاتُ وَالمَلَكُوتُ","order":16,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-9","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (9): the Sun, the Stars and the Roof of the World","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (٩): الشَّمْسُ وَالكَوَاكِبُ وَسَقْفُ العَالَمِ","order":17,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"kayfiyyat-al-tafakkur-fi-khalq-allah-10","name":"How to Reflect on God’s Creation (10): the Ant in the Palace, and the Close of the Book","nameAr":"بَيَانُ كَيْفِيَّةِ التَّفَكُّرِ فِي خَلْقِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى (١٠): النَّمْلَةُ فِي القَصْرِ، وَخَاتِمَةُ الكِتَابِ","order":18,"paraCount":7,"published":true}]},{"id":"ihya-40-dhikr-al-mawt","title":"Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn: The Book of the Remembrance of Death and What Comes After It","titleAr":"إِحْيَاءُ عُلُومِ الدِّينِ: كِتَابُ ذِكْرِ المَوْتِ وَمَا بَعْدَهُ","subtitle":"The fortieth and last book of al-Ghazālī’s Revival of the Religious Sciences","author":"Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī","authorAr":"أبو حامد الغزالي","description":"The fortieth and last book of al-Ghazālī’s Iḥyāʾ ʿUlūm al-Dīn and the tenth in the quarter on the things that save. Since one prepares for death only when its remembrance is renewed in the heart, the book sets out what the servant must keep recalling, in two halves. The first, in eight chapters, treats what precedes death and follows it until the Trumpet is blown: the merit of remembering death, long and short hope, the throes of death, the deaths of the Prophet and the rightly guided caliphs, the last words of the dying, the sayings of the knowers at graves and the visiting of graves, the reality of death and the life of the grave, and the states of the dead seen in dreams. The second treats what comes after: the Trumpet blast, the Resurrection and its terrors, the reckoning, the Bridge, the intercession, the Pool, the Fire and the Garden, the vision of God, and the breadth of His mercy.","source":"Arabic text of the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.) on turath.io (book 9472), checked against the Dār al-Minhāj critical edition (Jeddah, 2011), read from its page images.","edition":"the Dār al-Maʿrifa print (Beirut, n.d.), vol. 4","order":40,"published":true,"subject":"tazkiya","level":3,"summaryPdf":"summaries/ihya-40-dhikr-al-mawt.pdf","chapters":[{"id":"al-khutba-wa-fadl-dhikr-al-mawt","name":"The Book of the Remembrance of Death and What Comes After It; the Opening, and the Three Kinds of People in Remembering Death","nameAr":"كِتَابُ ذِكْرِ المَوْتِ وَمَا بَعْدَهُ، وَالخُطْبَةُ، وَأَصْنَافُ النَّاسِ فِي ذِكْرِ المَوْتِ","order":1,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"fadl-dhikr-al-mawt","name":"The Merit of Remembering Death in Any Way","nameAr":"بَيَانُ فَضْلِ ذِكْرِ المَوْتِ كَيْفَمَا كَانَ","order":2,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"tariq-tahqiq-dhikr-al-mawt","name":"The Way to Make the Remembrance of Death Real","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الطَّرِيقِ فِي تَحْقِيقِ ذِكْرِ المَوْتِ","order":3,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-qasr-al-amal-1","name":"Long Hope; the Merit of Short Hope (1): The Hadiths","nameAr":"طُولُ الأَمَلِ، وَفَضِيلَةُ قِصَرِ الأَمَلِ (١): الأَخْبَارُ","order":4,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-qasr-al-amal-2","name":"The Merit of Short Hope (2): The Sayings of the Early Muslims","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ قِصَرِ الأَمَلِ (٢): الآثَارُ","order":5,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"fadilat-qasr-al-amal-3","name":"The Merit of Short Hope (3): The Inscribed Stone, Letters and Sermons","nameAr":"فَضِيلَةُ قِصَرِ الأَمَلِ (٣): الحَجَرُ المَنْقُورُ، وَالرَّسَائِلُ، وَالخُطَبُ","order":6,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"sabab-tul-al-amal-wa-ilajuh","name":"The Cause of Long Hope and Its Cure","nameAr":"بَيَانُ السَّبَبِ فِي طُولِ الأَمَلِ وَعِلَاجِهِ","order":7,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"maratib-al-nas-fi-tul-al-amal","name":"The Degrees of People in Long and Short Hope","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَرَاتِبِ النَّاسِ فِي طُولِ الأَمَلِ وَقِصَرِهِ","order":8,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubadara-ila-al-amal-1","name":"Hastening to Work and the Danger of Delay (1)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المُبَادَرَةِ إِلَى العَمَلِ وَحَذَرِ آفَةِ التَّأْخِيرِ (١)","order":9,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"al-mubadara-ila-al-amal-2","name":"Hastening to Work and the Danger of Delay (2)","nameAr":"بَيَانُ المُبَادَرَةِ إِلَى العَمَلِ وَحَذَرِ آفَةِ التَّأْخِيرِ (٢)","order":10,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"sakarat-al-mawt-1","name":"The Throes of Death and Its Severity (1): The Pain of the Pulling Out","nameAr":"سَكَرَاتُ المَوْتِ وَشِدَّتُهُ (١): أَلَمُ النَّزْعِ","order":11,"paraCount":9,"published":true},{"id":"sakarat-al-mawt-2","name":"The Throes of Death and Its Severity (2): What the Prophets and the Early Muslims Said of Its Pain","nameAr":"سَكَرَاتُ المَوْتِ وَشِدَّتُهُ (٢): مَا رُوِيَ فِي أَلَمِهِ عَنِ الأَنْبِيَاءِ وَالسَّلَفِ","order":12,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"dawahi-al-mawt","name":"The Throes of Death and Its Severity (3): The Three Calamities of Death","nameAr":"سَكَرَاتُ المَوْتِ وَشِدَّتُهُ (٣): دَوَاهِي المَوْتِ الثَّلَاثُ","order":13,"paraCount":12,"published":true},{"id":"ma-yustahabb-min-ahwal-al-muhtadar","name":"The States That Are Recommended in the Dying Man at Death","nameAr":"بَيَانُ مَا يُسْتَحَبُّ مِنْ أَحْوَالِ المُحْتَضَرِ عِنْدَ المَوْتِ","order":14,"paraCount":11,"published":true},{"id":"al-hasra-inda-liqa-malak-al-mawt-1","name":"The Sorrow at Meeting the Angel of Death (1): The Proud King, the Believer, and the Rich Men","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الحَسْرَةِ عِنْدَ لِقَاءِ مَلَكِ المَوْتِ (١): المَلِكُ المُتَكَبِّرُ وَالمُؤْمِنُ وَأَصْحَابُ الأَمْوَالِ","order":15,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"al-hasra-inda-liqa-malak-al-mawt-2","name":"The Sorrow at Meeting the Angel of Death (2): The Tyrant, the Sheet of Names, and the Man Who Fled to India","nameAr":"بَيَانُ الحَسْرَةِ عِنْدَ لِقَاءِ مَلَكِ المَوْتِ (٢): الجَبَّارُ، وَصَحِيفَةُ الأَسْمَاءِ، وَالفَارُّ إِلَى الهِنْدِ","order":16,"paraCount":6,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-rasul-allah-1","name":"The Death of the Messenger of God (1): The Lesson of His Death, His Farewell and the Siwāk","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (١): العِبْرَةُ بِمَوْتِهِ، وَوَدَاعُهُ، وَالسِّوَاكُ","order":17,"paraCount":10,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-rasul-allah-2","name":"The Death of the Messenger of God (2): His Last Sermon, His Instructions for His Burial, and Abū Bakr’s Leading the Prayer","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (٢): خُطْبَتُهُ الأَخِيرَةُ، وَوَصِيَّتُهُ فِي غُسْلِهِ وَالصَّلَاةِ عَلَيْهِ، وَإِمَامَةُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ","order":18,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-rasul-allah-3","name":"The Death of the Messenger of God (3): The Angel of Death Asks Leave, Gabriel’s Farewell, and the Last Hour","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (٣): اسْتِئْذَانُ مَلَكِ المَوْتِ، وَوَدَاعُ جِبْرِيلَ، وَالسَّاعَةُ الأَخِيرَةُ","order":19,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-rasul-allah-4","name":"The Death of the Messenger of God (4): The Day He Died, ʿUmar’s Denial, and Abū Bakr’s Lament","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (٤): يَوْمُ وَفَاتِهِ، وَإِنْكَارُ عُمَرَ، وَرِثَاءُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ","order":20,"paraCount":8,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-rasul-allah-5","name":"The Death of the Messenger of God (5): Abū Bakr’s Sermon, ʿUmar’s Return, and the Washing and Burial","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ (٥): خُطْبَةُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَرُجُوعُ عُمَرَ، وَغُسْلُهُ وَدَفْنُهُ","order":21,"paraCount":7,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-abi-bakr","name":"The Death of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ","order":22,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-umar","name":"The Death of ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الخَطَّابِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ","order":23,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"wafat-uthman-wa-ali","name":"The Deaths of ʿUthmān, ʿAlī, al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn","nameAr":"وَفَاةُ عُثْمَانَ وَعَلِيٍّ وَالحَسَنِ وَالحُسَيْنِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ","order":24,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kalam-al-muhtadarin-min-al-khulafa","name":"The Words of the Dying (1): Caliphs and Commanders","nameAr":"كَلَامُ المُحْتَضَرِينَ (١): الخُلَفَاءُ وَالأُمَرَاءُ","order":25,"paraCount":13,"published":true},{"id":"kalam-al-muhtadarin-min-al-salihin-1","name":"The Words of the Dying (2): Companions, Followers and Sufis","nameAr":"كَلَامُ المُحْتَضَرِينَ (٢): الصَّحَابَةُ وَالتَّابِعُونَ وَأَهْلُ التَّصَوُّفِ","order":26,"paraCount":14,"published":true},{"id":"kalam-al-muhtadarin-min-al-salihin-2","name":"The Words of the Dying (3): The Sufis, al-Shāfiʿī and Aḥmad ibn Khiḍrawayh","nameAr":"كَلَامُ المُحْتَضَرِينَ (٣): أَهْلُ التَّصَوُّفِ، وَالشَّافِعِيُّ، وَأَحْمَدُ بْنُ خِضْرَوَيْهِ","order":27,"paraCount":20,"published":true},{"id":"al-janaiz","name":"Funerals: Their Lesson, the Heedless, and Thinking Well of the Dead","nameAr":"الجَنَائِزُ: عِبْرَتُهَا، وَغَفْلَةُ الحَاضِرِينَ، وَحُسْنُ الظَّنِّ بِالمَيِّتِ","order":28,"paraCount":16,"published":true},{"id":"hal-al-qabr","name":"The State of the Grave and Their Sayings at Graves","nameAr":"بَيَانُ حَالِ القَبْرِ وَأَقَاوِيلِهِمْ عِنْدَ القُبُورِ","order":29,"paraCount":15,"published":true},{"id":"abyat-ala-al-qubur","name":"Mourners at Graves and Verses Written on Tombs","nameAr":"النَّائِحُونَ عِنْدَ القُبُورِ، وَأَبْيَاتٌ وُجِدَتْ مَكْتُوبَةً عَلَى 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